CN110422345B - OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystal - Google Patents
OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystal Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of thermal control coatings, in particular to an OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals, which consists of an emitting layer, an ultraviolet light reflecting layer and a visible infrared light reflecting layer, wherein the ultraviolet light reflecting layer is used as a connecting layer, a medium C in the visible infrared light reflecting layer is used as an isolating layer, so that the strong adhesive force and environmental adaptability of the photonic crystals are ensured, the high reflection of the solar ultraviolet-visible-infrared full spectrum is realized, the low absorption of the solar wide spectrum is realized, the high emission physical property of the original OSR thermal control coating is kept, the state density of the photonic crystals to electromagnetic waves in a forbidden band frequency domain is low, the interaction of the electromagnetic waves with a loss medium and an absorption medium is reduced, the solar radiant heat received by a spacecraft is reduced, the surface temperature of the spacecraft is reduced, and the forbidden band property of 200nm-2000nm is finally realized, the forbidden bandwidth of the photonic crystal is widened. The forbidden bandwidth of the original technology in the infrared band is about 200nm at the widest.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of thermal control coatings, in particular to an OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals.
Background
Thermal control coatings are one of the important security systems for spacecraft, solar radiation being the maximum thermal radiation to which spacecraft is exposed, its coverage and ultraviolet, visible and infrared. When the spacecraft runs in space, the temperature of the sunny side can reach 250 ℃ at most, and the lowest temperature of the back sun can reach-20%0 ℃ is used. In this case, the temperature non-uniformity performance of the internal structural components and instruments of the spacecraft reaches +/-50-100 ℃. Most devices of the spacecraft have strict requirements on temperature, and electronic devices are kept at minus 15 ℃ to plus 50 ℃; and Ni-Cd battery tolerates-10 deg.C-40 deg.C; for some special devices, besides the requirement of temperature range, there is also a requirement of temperature change rate, such as space telescope and high precision ground-observing camera. High temperatures and large rates of temperature change are unacceptable for spacecraft equipment. And the spacecraft mainly adopts light alloy materials such as aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and the like. And the emissivity of the metal epsilonHSmall so that the thermal equilibrium temperature is high when the spacecraft is operated under solar radiation. The thermal control coating is coated on the surface of the spacecraft, and the surface temperature of the spacecraft is controlled just like the skin of the spacecraft, so that the normal work of the spacecraft and internal equipment is ensured. The thermal equilibrium temperature of the surface of the spacecraft is expressed as follows:
wherein S is the solar constant, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, APIs the effective area of the spacecraft perpendicular to the solar radiation direction, A is the effective area of the spacecraft, alphaSIs the absorptivity of solar energy on the surface of the spacecraft, epsilonHHemispherical outward infrared emissivity of the spacecraft surface. Wherein the emissivity of the object is defined as the radiation capability E of the object and the radiation capability E of a black body at the same temperaturebThe ratio of. For a particular spacecraft, its S, σ, APAnd a is constant. It can be seen that the equilibrium temperature of the spacecraft surface can be controlled by selecting different alphaS/εHAnd finally, thermal control is realized. Absorption emission ratio alpha of thermal control coatingS/εHThe smaller the value of (A), the greater the cooling degree of the spacecraft; absorption emission ratio alpha of thermal control coatingS/εHThe larger the value of (A) is, the larger the temperature rise degree of the spacecraft is. The spacecraft mainly adopts light alloy materials, such as aluminum alloy, titanium alloy and the like. And the emissivity of the metal epsilonHIs so small that the spacecraft isThe thermal equilibrium temperature can be high when operating under solar radiation. The thermal control coating coated on the surface of the spacecraft reduces the absorption of the surface of the spacecraft on solar energy absorption, increases the surface thermal radiation, reduces the balance temperature of the spacecraft, prolongs the service life of the space craft and ensures that the spacecraft and the instrument equipment therein are maintained within a normal working temperature range. Therefore, the thermal control coating with low absorption-emission ratio is a key technology for ensuring the normal work of the spacecraft and the equipment thereof.
The thermal control coating can be divided into the following four types according to the composition of the coating at present: uncoated metal surfaces, such as polished surfaces, grit blasted surfaces; paint type coatings, various organic and inorganic coatings; electrochemical coatings, such as anodized coatings and electroplated coatings; secondary surface mirror type thermal control coatings such as optical solar mirrors (OSA), plastic film type secondary surface mirrors, and paint secondary surface mirrors; the existing white paint and secondary surface mirror are the main technical approaches for obtaining low absorption and high emission. Wherein the white paint mainly comprises ZnO and ZrO2And (c) an iso-white pigment and an organic resin, such as Z-93, YB71, and the like, and the secondary surface mirror mainly comprises F-46 and an optical reflector (OSR). Aiming at the requirements of the current thermal control coating of the spacecraft, the current metal reflecting layer of the OSR has the technical problems of strong solar spectrum absorption capacity, poor reflecting capacity, narrow reflecting frequency band and the like. This allows the OSRs to have a solar absorption ratio alphaSLarge (0.13), solar spectral reflectance ρSLow and narrow reflection spectrum frequency band, etc.
At present, the main material is a thermal control coating consisting of quartz glass and a metal film layer. The coating mainly has the defects that the reflection frequency band is difficult to give consideration to ultraviolet, visible and infrared multiband, and the low absorption of the wide frequency band of 200nm-2000nm is difficult to realize. And because metal can produce electromagnetic oscillation under the effect of electric field, and then produce energy loss. Even at thin skin depths, electromagnetic energy losses are not negligible. On the other hand, the adhesion and environmental resistance of the metal film layer are also poor.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention provides an OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals, solves the problems that the existing OSR structure is difficult to realize high reflection and low absorption of ultraviolet-visible-infrared solar full spectrum, and realizes the wide-band total reflection of 200nm-2000 nm.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
an OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals consists of an emitting layer, an ultraviolet light reflecting layer and a visible infrared light reflecting layer;
the emission layer is made of a material which has an infrared emissivity of more than 0.8, can transmit more than 90% of ultraviolet light, visible light and 200nm-2000nm infrared light, has a high transmission rate, is high-temperature resistant and has a very small thermal expansion coefficient;
the ultraviolet reflecting layer adopts a dielectric type photonic crystal formed by alternately forming a dielectric film A and a dielectric film B, the alternating period is 3-7, the dielectric film A and the dielectric film B are non-metal materials, the ultraviolet reflecting layer is a forbidden band at 200nm-400nm, reflects the ultraviolet light of 200nm-400nm, has strong reflection capacity on the ultraviolet light and has good transmission capacity on visible light and infrared light;
the visible infrared reflecting layer is formed by alternating media C and media D, the alternating period is 4.5-7.5, the media C and the media D are metal photonic crystal films, the equivalent dielectric constant of the visible infrared reflecting layer on visible light and 400nm-2000nm infrared light is smaller than 0, and electromagnetic waves in the frequency domain are prevented from entering the visible-infrared reflection type photonic crystal.
Furthermore, the emitting layer adopts any one of quartz glass and cerium glass, and the thickness is 0.1mm-0.2 mm.
Furthermore, the dielectric film A adopts a non-metallic dielectric material which absorbs photons with a wavelength outside a solar spectrum frequency band, namely less than 200nm and more than 2000nm, or a non-metallic dielectric material which has low absorption and high transmission in visible light and infrared light; the dielectric film B is made of a material with low loss and large dielectric constant.
Further, it consists in: the dielectric film A adopts Al2O3、BaF2、KBr、SiO2、SiC、MgF2And TiO2Any one of (1) and (b); the dielectric film B is made of any one of Si and Ge.
Further, it consists in: the dielectric constant of the dielectric film B is at least 1.5 higher than that of the dielectric film A.
Further, Al is adopted as the dielectric film A of the ultraviolet reflection layer2O3Film, film layer thickness dA80nm-120 nm; the dielectric film B adopts a Si film, and the thickness d of the film layerB5nm-10 nm; the alternation period is set to 4.
Further, the medium C is a high dielectric constant dielectric medium, and the real part of the dielectric constant of the medium C is more than 1.5; the medium D is a metal material with larger reflectivity, and the real part of the dielectric constant of the medium D in visible light and infrared light is less than zero.
Further, it consists in: the medium C adopts Al2O3、SiO2、TiO2And ITO; the medium D adopts any one of Al and Ag. Wherein the ITO is indium tin oxide.
Further, the medium C adopts an ITO film; the medium D adopts an Ag film, and the thickness of the metal Ag is more than 100 nm; the thickness ratio of the Ag film to the ITO film is more than 1.5.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention provides an OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals, which consists of an emitting layer, an ultraviolet reflecting layer and a visible infrared reflecting layer, wherein the ultraviolet reflecting layer is used as a connecting layer, a medium C in the visible infrared reflecting layer is used as an isolating layer, so that the strong adhesive force and environmental adaptability of the photonic crystals are ensured, the high reflection (the reflectivity is more than 80%) of solar ultraviolet-visible-infrared full spectrum (200nm-2000nm) is realized, the wide-spectrum low absorption of solar energy is realized, the high-emission physical characteristic of the original OSR thermal control coating is kept, the state density of the photonic crystals to electromagnetic waves in a forbidden band frequency domain is low, the interaction of the electromagnetic waves with a lossy medium and an absorbing medium is reduced, the solar radiation heat received by a spacecraft is reduced, and the surface temperature of the spacecraft is reduced. The metal film applied to OSR has two technical problems, one is poor adhesion with quartz glass, and the method for preparing OSR mainly comprises a magnetron sputtering method. Mainly adopts high-temperature deposition of a first layer of ITO and other dielectric film layers, and then adopts normal temperature to sequentially deposit other OSR film layers. After all the film layers are deposited, high-temperature annealing is carried out at the temperature of 300-450 ℃ in a vacuum environment, and the annealing time is 30-45 min. By adopting the method, the technical problem of poor OSR adhesion force can be well solved; on the other hand, the environment adaptability is strong, a protective layer needs to be deposited, and the photonic crystal film consisting of A and B serves as an ultraviolet reflecting layer on one hand; on the other hand, the ultraviolet reflecting layer serves as an isolating layer for D and air, so that the interaction between the environment and D is avoided, and the ultraviolet reflecting layer serves as a protective layer. Structural design is passed through to this scheme, has realized reflection stratum, articulamentum and protective layer integrated design. The dielectric constant, conductivity, light transmittance and other performance parameters of the photonic crystal thin film material can affect the ultraviolet, infrared and visible light transmittance of the photonic crystal to a certain extent. The invention finally realizes the forbidden band characteristic of 200nm-2000nm and widens the forbidden band width of the photonic crystal by continuously optimizing and designing the material property. The forbidden band width of the original technology in the infrared band is about 200nm at the widest.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of an OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals provided by the invention;
FIG. 2 is a working schematic diagram of an OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals provided by the invention;
FIG. 3 is a microstructure of an emitting layer and UV reflecting layer structure and UV reflecting layer;
FIG. 4 is a microstructure of an emissive layer, an ultraviolet reflecting layer, and a visible-infrared reflecting layer structure and a visible-infrared reflecting layer;
FIG. 5 is a graph showing the reflectance and transmittance of an ultraviolet reflecting layer;
FIG. 6 is a graph of the reflectance and absorbance of a visible infrared reflective layer;
FIG. 7 the reflectance and absorption of different metals in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared;
in the figure: 1 is an emitting layer, 2 is an ultraviolet reflecting layer, and 3 is a visible infrared reflecting layer.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
As shown in fig. 1-4, an OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals is composed of an emission layer 1, an ultraviolet light reflection layer 2, and a visible infrared light reflection layer 3;
the emitting layer is made of a material which has an infrared emissivity larger than 0.8, can transmit more than 90% of ultraviolet light, visible light and 200nm-2000nm infrared light, has a high transmission rate, is high-temperature resistant and has a very small thermal expansion coefficient;
the ultraviolet reflecting layer adopts dielectric photonic crystals formed by alternating dielectric films A and dielectric films B, the alternating period is 3-7, the dielectric films A and the dielectric films B are non-metal materials, the ultraviolet reflecting layer is a forbidden band at 200-400 nm, reflects 200-400 nm ultraviolet light, has strong ultraviolet reflecting capacity and good visible light and infrared light transmitting capacity; the dielectric film A is made of a nonmetal dielectric material which absorbs photons with the wavelength outside a solar spectrum frequency band, namely less than 200nm and more than 2000nm, or a nonmetal dielectric material which is low in absorption and high in transmission rate in visible light and infrared light; according to the theory of transition between electron bands of materials, the electron absorption wavelength and the band gap of the material thereof satisfy the formula: the absorption wavelength is hc/Eg 1240nm/Eg, and the component Eg of the ultraviolet type photonic crystal is more than 4.1eV or Eg is less than 0.62 eV. The dielectric film B is made of a material with low loss and large dielectric constant. The dielectric film A adopts Al2O3、BaF2、KBr、SiO2、SiC、MgF2And TiO2Any one of the above; the dielectric film B is made of either Si or Ge. The dielectric constant of the dielectric film B is higher than that of the dielectric film A toLess than 1.5.
The visible infrared reflection layer is formed by alternating media C and media D, the alternating period is 4.5-7.5, the media C and the media D are metal photonic crystal films, the equivalent dielectric constant of the visible infrared reflection layer in visible light and 400nm-2000nm infrared light is smaller than 0, and electromagnetic waves in the frequency domain are prevented from entering the visible-infrared reflection type photonic crystal. The medium C is a high-dielectric-constant dielectric medium, and the real part of the dielectric constant of the medium C is more than 1.5; the medium D is a metal material with larger reflectivity, and the real part of the dielectric constant of the medium D in visible light and infrared light is less than zero. The medium C adopts Al2O3、SiO2、TiO2And ITO; the medium D adopts any one of Al and Ag.
In this embodiment, the emitting layer is made of one of quartz glass and cerium glass, and has a thickness of 0.1mm-0.2mm, and the specification of the glass sheet can be 40mm × 40mm, 40mm × 20mm, and 20mm × 20 mm. The thickness of the emitting layer of the thermal control coating is designed according to the requirement of the thermal control coating on emissivity.
In this embodiment, Al is used for the UV reflective layer dielectric film A2O3Film, film layer thickness dA80nm-120 nm; the dielectric film B adopts a Si film, and the thickness d of the film layerB5nm-10 nm; the alternation period is set to 4. The structure of the second photonic crystal film layer is not limited to the above structure, as long as the ultraviolet photonic crystal is ensured to satisfy the forbidden band of 200nm-400 nm.
In this embodiment, the medium C is an ITO thin film; the medium D adopts an Ag film, and the thickness of the metal Ag is more than 100 nm; the thickness ratio of the Ag film to the ITO film is more than 1.5.
When the solar spectrum passes through the coating, the emitting layer has stronger transmission capability to the solar full spectrum. Thus, ultraviolet-visible-infrared rays are transmitted through the emitting layer to be incident to the surface of the ultraviolet reflection type photonic crystal, and due to the forbidden band characteristic of the ultraviolet reflection type photonic crystal, nearly 100% of ultraviolet rays (200nm-400nm) are reflected back theoretically and pass through the emitting layer to be reflected into space; and visible-infrared (400nm-2000nm) electromagnetic waves continue to be incident on the surfaces of the ultraviolet and visible-infrared reflection type photonic crystals. Since the designed visible-infrared photonic crystal has a negative equivalent dielectric constant between 400nm and 2000nm, the electromagnetic wave in the frequency domain is reflected into space. Therefore, the effects of low absorption emission ratio and high solar full spectrum reflection can be generated, the paths through which the electromagnetic waves of all frequency bands pass are media with low absorption (no energy band transition) and low loss (no free electron oscillation), and the solar absorption ratio is low.
The implementation effect of the scheme is achieved. The ultraviolet and visible-infrared spectrum solar spectrum reflection and transmission spectrogram of the structure designed by the scheme is calculated by adopting a time domain finite element difference method and is shown in figures 5 and 6: in fig. 5, (a) is the reflectance of the ultraviolet reflection type photonic crystal, and (b) is the transmittance of the ultraviolet reflection type photonic crystal; the reflectivity is more than 75% (200nm-400nm), the transmissivity is more than 90% (250nm-400nm) and less than 3% (250 nm-375 nm); the sum of the reflectance and transmittance in the ultraviolet region is about 1, which has negligible absorption of ultraviolet light. In FIG. 6, (a) is the visible-infrared (400nm-2000nm) reflectance and (b) is the visible-infrared (400nm-2000nm) absorbance, with the visible-infrared reflectance > 85% (400nm-2000nm) and the absorbance < 10%; the transmission is almost zero.
Fig. 7 shows the ultraviolet, visible and infrared reflectances and absorptances of different metals, in which the solid line shows the reflectance and the dotted line shows the absorptance, the reflectance drops suddenly when the wavelength of the metal Ag with strong visible-infrared reflectance is less than 400nm, and the metal Ag has strong absorption in the visible light, and the absorptance is greater than 70%. While metal Al has the characteristic of wide spectrum reflection in ultraviolet-visible-infrared, but the reflection performance of the metal Al is obviously lower than that of metal Ag, the reflection capability of the metal Al is poor, and the metal Al also has obvious absorption in infrared. And metals such as Cu, Pt and the like have poor solar spectrum reflection capability and strong absorption, and the absorption is more than 80% in a wider spectrum range. Therefore, the inherent physical properties of the metal thin film cause the OSR to have the defects of poor solar spectrum reflection capability, narrow reflection frequency band and large absorption ratio at present. Therefore, the key to solve the technical problem is to design a novel solar reflecting layer to replace the metal reflecting layer of the OSR by adopting a new method and a new principle. The novel solar reflective film at present adopts indium tin oxide layered reflective film besides metal. The reflection frequency band of the structure can be freely controlled through the structural design, and the structure has high reflection performance, and the reflectivity can reach more than 90%. However, the defects are mainly that the reflection frequency band is narrow, and the purpose of full-spectrum high reflection of the solar spectrum is difficult to realize. In addition, the reflection frequency band of the photonic crystal is expanded by adopting the frequency domain superposition of the photonic crystal and the disordered photonic crystal. Compared with a single reflecting material, the reflecting mirror based on the photonic crystal has the advantages of designable reflecting frequency band, overlapping reflecting frequency band and the like. The scheme designs a novel OSR structure constructed by a surface layer, an ultraviolet reflection type photonic crystal and a visible-infrared reflection type photonic crystal through construction. The high reflection and low absorption of the full spectrum of the OSR thermal control coating solar energy are realized.
Although only the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes can be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention within the knowledge of those skilled in the art, and all changes are included in the scope of the present invention.
Claims (5)
1. An OSR thermal control coating based on photonic crystals, which is characterized in that: the ultraviolet-visible light-infrared reflective coating comprises an emitting layer, an ultraviolet light reflective layer and a visible-infrared light reflective layer;
the emission layer is made of a material which has an infrared emissivity of more than 0.8, can transmit more than 90% of ultraviolet light, visible light and 200nm-2000nm infrared light, has a high transmission rate, is high-temperature resistant and has a very small thermal expansion coefficient; the emitting layer adopts any one of quartz glass and cerium glass;
the ultraviolet reflection layer adopts a dielectric type photonic crystal formed by alternately forming a dielectric film A and a dielectric film B, the alternating period is 3-7, the dielectric film A and the dielectric film B are made of non-metal materials, and the ultraviolet reflection layer is a forbidden band at 200-400 nm;
the visible infrared light reflecting layer is formed by alternately arranging media C and media D, the alternating period is 4.5-7.5, the media C and the media D are metal photonic crystal films, and the equivalent dielectric constant of the visible infrared light reflecting layer on visible light and infrared light of 400nm-2000nm is less than 0;
the dielectric film A is made of a nonmetal dielectric material which absorbs photons with a wavelength outside a solar spectrum frequency band, namely less than 200nm and more than 2000nm, or a nonmetal dielectric material which is low in absorption of visible light and infrared light and high in transmission; the dielectric film B is made of a material with low loss and large dielectric constant;
the dielectric film A adopts Al2O3、BaF2、KBr、SiO2、SiC、MgF2And TiO2Any one of the above; the dielectric film B adopts any one of Si and Ge;
the medium C is a high-dielectric-constant dielectric medium, and the real part of the dielectric constant of the medium C is more than 1.5; the medium D is a metal material with larger reflectivity, and the real part of the dielectric constant of the medium D in visible light and infrared light is less than zero; the medium D adopts any one of Al and Ag;
the medium C adopts Al2O3、SiO2、TiO2And ITO.
2. The photonic crystal based OSR thermal control coating of claim 1, wherein: the thickness of the emission layer is 0.1mm-0.2 mm.
3. The photonic crystal based OSR thermal control coating of claim 1, wherein: the dielectric constant of the dielectric film B is at least 1.5 higher than that of the dielectric film A.
4. The photonic crystal based OSR thermal control coating of claim 1, wherein: the dielectric film A of the ultraviolet reflecting layer adopts Al2O3Film, film layer thickness dA=80nm-120 nm; the dielectric film B adopts a Si film, and the thickness d of the film layerB=5nm-10 nm; the alternation period is set to 4.
5. The photonic crystal based OSR thermal control coating of claim 1, wherein: the medium C adopts an ITO film; the medium D adopts an Ag film, and the thickness of the metal Ag is more than 100 nm; the thickness ratio of the Ag film to the ITO film is more than 1.5.
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