CN110416553B - Proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, preparation method thereof and fuel cell system - Google Patents

Proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, preparation method thereof and fuel cell system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN110416553B
CN110416553B CN201910683600.5A CN201910683600A CN110416553B CN 110416553 B CN110416553 B CN 110416553B CN 201910683600 A CN201910683600 A CN 201910683600A CN 110416553 B CN110416553 B CN 110416553B
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catalyst
fuel cell
ruo
nio
proton membrane
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CN110416553A (en
Inventor
潘立升
陈大华
袁中
朱凯
赵国华
郭亚晴
周东峰
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Chery Commercial Vehicle Anhui Co Ltd
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Chery Commercial Vehicle Anhui Co Ltd
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8663—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for catalytic active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/8668—Binders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/9016—Oxides, hydroxides or oxygenated metallic salts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
    • H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/8684—Negative electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Abstract

The invention discloses a proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, a preparation method thereof and a fuel cell system, wherein the proton membrane fuel cell catalyst comprises a Pt/C catalyst and RuO for modifying the Pt/C catalyst 2 NiO composite system, ruO 2 The mass percentage of the NiO composite system is 1-25%. The catalyst for the fuel cell has excellent durability, can effectively improve the occurrence of the phenomenon of low monomer voltage and even reverse polarity under repeated start-stop and low-temperature start, can improve the power and cycle life characteristics of the fuel cell, and can improve the application of the whole system in vehicles.

Description

Proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, preparation method thereof and fuel cell system
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of new energy fuel cells, and particularly relates to a proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, a preparation method thereof and a fuel cell system.
Background
The fuel cell system includes a stack having a structure in which several to several tens of unit cells composed of a Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) and separators (bipolar plates) are stacked together. The membrane electrode assembly includes an anode ("fuel electrode" or "oxidizing electrode") and a cathode ("air electrode" or "reducing electrode") disposed with a polymer electrolyte membrane having a hydrogen ion conducting polymer therebetween. In the power generation process within a proton membrane fuel cell, fuel is supplied to an anode (i.e., a fuel electrode) to be adsorbed on an anode catalyst and oxidized to generate hydrogen ions and electrons, the generated electrons are conducted along an external circuit to a cathode (i.e., an oxidizing electrode), and the hydrogen ions are conducted to the cathode through a polymer electrolyte membrane. An oxidant is supplied to the cathode, and the oxidant, hydrogen ions, and electrons react at the cathode catalyst to produce electricity while producing water as a byproduct. However, these catalysts tend to corrode over time, and thus, a more durable catalyst is presently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention aims to solve at least one of the technical problems existing in the prior art. Therefore, the invention provides a proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, a preparation method thereof and a fuel cell system, and aims to improve durability and improve monomer voltage over low or even reverse polarity phenomena under repeated start-stop and low-temperature start.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a proton membrane fuel cell catalyst comprises a Pt/C catalyst and RuO for modifying the Pt/C catalyst 2 NiO composite system, ruO 2 The mass percentage of the NiO composite system is 1-25%.
The RuO is 2 NiO and RuO in NiO composite system 2 The mass ratio of the substances is 1:5-1:1.
The mass percentage of platinum in the Pt/C catalyst is 25-75%.
The preparation method of the proton membrane fuel cell catalyst comprises the steps of preparing a Pt/C catalyst and RuO 2 Adding the NiO composite system into water, stirring by adding adhesive, ultrasonic stirring, adding isopropanol, and repeating ultrasonic stirring.
A fuel cell system comprises an electric energy generator, a fuel supply and an oxidant supply, wherein the electric energy generator comprises a membrane electrode assembly and separators arranged on two sides of the membrane electrode assembly, the membrane electrode assembly comprises a cathode, an anode and a polymer dielectric membrane, the cathode comprises an electrode substrate and a catalyst layer arranged on the electrode substrate, and the catalyst layer comprises the proton membrane fuel cell catalyst.
The electrode substrate functions to diffuse the fuel and the oxidant into the catalyst layer while supporting the electrodes, thereby making the fuel and the oxidant easily accessible to the catalyst layer. As the electrode substrate, a conductive substrate including carbon paper, carbon cloth, or carbon felt may be used, but is not limited thereto.
The electrode substrate may be treated with a fluorine-based resin to be waterproof to prevent deterioration of diffusion efficiency due to water generated during operation of the fuel cell. The fluorine resin can be polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or copolymer thereof.
The microporous layer is formed by coating a composition including conductive powder, binder resin, and solvent on a conductive substrate. Preferred binder resins may include polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyperfluorosulfonyl fluorides, alkoxy vinyl ethers, and the like.
The catalyst layer further includes a binder resin using a polymer resin having proton conductivity. The polymer resin includes polyimide-based polymers, polyetherimide-based polymers, polyphenylene sulfide-based polymers, poly (perfluorosulfonic acid), poly (perfluorocarboxylic acid), carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups and derivatives thereof, and polymer resins having a cation exchange group of sulfonic acid groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups and derivatives thereof bonded to an aryl ketone or poly (2, 5-benzimidazole) or the like in a side chain thereof.
The binder resins may be used alone or in combination. The adhesion of the polymer electrolyte membrane is improved by using a non-conductive polymer and a binder resin. As the non-conductive compound, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, etc. can be used.
The fuel supplied by the fuel supply device is hydrogen, and the oxidant supplied by the oxidant supply device is oxygen or air.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the catalyst for the fuel cell has excellent durability, can effectively improve the occurrence of the phenomenon of low monomer voltage and even reverse polarity under repeated start-stop and low-temperature start, can improve the power and cycle life characteristics of the fuel cell, and can improve the application of the whole system in vehicles.
Drawings
The present specification includes the following drawings, the contents of which are respectively:
fig. 1 is a schematic view of the structure of a fuel cell system of the present invention.
Marked in the figure as:
1. bipolar plate 2, membrane electrode assembly 3, bipolar plate 4, electric energy generator 5, fuel cell system 6, oxidant supplier 7, fuel supplier.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the embodiments of the invention, given by way of example only, is presented in the accompanying drawings to aid in a more complete, accurate and thorough understanding of the concepts and aspects of the invention, and to aid in its practice, by those skilled in the art. The term "vehicle" or "vehicular" or other similar terms as used herein include motor vehicles in general, for example, passenger vehicles including Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs), buses, trucks, various business vehicles, watercraft including various boats and ships, aircraft, and the like, and include hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, hydrogen-powered vehicles, and other alternative fuel vehicles (e.g., fuels derived from sources other than petroleum). As referred to herein, a hybrid vehicle is a vehicle having two or more power sources, for example, a vehicle having gasoline power and electric power.
The invention provides a proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, which comprises a Pt/C catalyst and RuO for modifying the Pt/C catalyst 2 NiO composite system. Wherein the Pt/C catalyst is an existing catalyst, the loading of platinum may be implemented in the range of 25wt% to 75wt% based on 100wt% of carbon. RuO (Ruo) 2 The NiO composite system is NiO and RuO 2 A porous nanomaterial composed of nanoparticles. Carbon may be used as a carrier, and may be crystalline carbon or amorphous carbon.
NiO is used as a difunctional promoter through NiO and RuO 2 The potential induction synergistic effect between the two catalyst systems simultaneously improves the OER and HER catalytic performance of the composite catalytic system so as to improve RuO 2 And reduce the amount thereof. The catalytic system is designed mainly based on a great deal of theoretical calculation and mechanism research. For OER half-reaction, niO strengthens RuO to a certain extent 2 The ability to adsorb oxygen can further increase its OER activity. Under the OER oxidation potential, niO is oxidized into NiOOH, and the obtained NiOOH has strong adsorptivity to oxygen, so that the oxygen adsorption characteristic of RuO2 can be improved to improve OER performance. On the other hand, niO is able to effectively promote cleavage of water molecules in alkaline electrolytes for HER half-reaction. Under HER potential, ruO2 surface can be reduced to Ru, and the obtained Ru has stronger adsorption property to hydrogen atoms, so that the adsorption of hydrogen atoms generated by water splitting can be accelerated, and HER dynamics is improved.
The NiO and RuO are synthesized by a simple wet chemical method 2 A porous nanoplatelet array of nanoparticles, wherein the mass fraction of RuO2 is about 18.2%. Tests show that RuO 2 OER catalytic Activity ratio RuO of NiO composite System 2 2.6 times higher, HER catalytic activity was comparable to Pt/C. As a bifunctional catalyst, only 1.5V was required to obtain 10mA/cm 2 Is superior to the one of Pt/C and IrO 2 A standard catalytic system is composed. Meanwhile, electrochemical theoretical analysis and experimental test based on Tafel slope further prove that the RuO is prepared by the method 2 And NThe potential between ios induces a synergistic effect.
Ruthenium (Ru) is a noble metal that is very stable and has an extremely high water-splitting ability compared to Pt at the same voltage (1.6V). The modified second catalyst, as described above, comprises RuO composed of a combination of nickel and ruthenium 2 NiO composite system. Compared with Pt, the RuO 2 The NiO composite system has extremely high water decomposition capacity (e.g., O 2 Capacity, OER (oxygen evolution reaction, reaction to decompose water to produce oxygen)), and thus effectively decompose water. Therefore, when the modified second catalyst is used for the cathode of the fuel cell, when an overpotential (for example, SU/SD (on/off)) occurs due to the lack of fuel, corrosion of the carbon support of the cathode can be prevented. The principle why corrosion of the cathode carbon support is prevented is as follows.
In general, when an overpotential occurs (for example, at SU/SD), a fuel deficiency occurs due to air permeation to the anode, the fuel deficiency causes a hydrogen ion (h+) deficiency, which is supplemented by corrosion of the cathode carbon support, instead of the anode operation [ reaction: c+
2H 2 O→CO 2 +4H + +4e-]。
In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, the modified second catalyst having excellent OER reactivity may be used as a catalyst layer to decompose water present in the catalyst layer instead of the carbon support of the cathode [ reaction formula: 2H (H) 2 O→O 2 +4H + +4e-]Thereby generating hydrogen ions to prevent the corrosion of the carbon carrier, and effectively improving the condition that the voltage of the monomer is too low and even eliminating the occurrence of the phenomenon of counter electrode.
Can adjust the original Pt/C catalyst and the modified RuO 2 Mixing ratio of NiO composite system, thus RuO relative to 100wt% Pt/C catalyst 2 The content of the NiO composite system is about 1wt% to 25wt%. When the mixing ratio of the first catalyst and the second catalyst is within the above range, the optimum carbon oxidation resistance can be obtained. Wherein RuO is as follows 2 NiO and RuO in NiO composite system 2 The mass ratio of the substances may be 1:5 to 1:1.
The proton membrane fuelThe preparation method of the material battery catalyst comprises the steps of mixing a Pt/C catalyst and RuO 2 Adding the NiO composite system into water, stirring by adding adhesive, ultrasonic stirring, adding isopropanol, and repeating ultrasonic stirring.
Based on the proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, the invention also provides a cathode for a fuel cell, which comprises a catalyst layer containing the catalyst and an electrode substrate. The catalyst layer may further include a binder resin to improve adhesion of the catalyst layer and transfer protons.
The binder resin may be a polymer resin having proton conductivity. The polymer resin includes polyimide-based polymers, polyetherimide-based polymers, polyphenylene sulfide-based polymers, poly (perfluorosulfonic acid), poly (perfluorocarboxylic acid), carboxylic acid groups, phosphoric acid groups, phosphonic acid groups and derivatives thereof, and has a sulfonic acid group, carboxylic acid group, phosphoric acid group, phosphonic acid group and derivatives thereof cation exchange group in its side chain bonded to aryl ketone or poly (2, 5-benzimidazole) or the like side chain.
The binder resins may be used alone or in combination. Specifically, the binder resin may be used together with the non-conductive polymer to improve adhesion to the polymer electrolyte membrane.
Examples of the non-conductive compound may be selected from tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, chlorotrifluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, and the like.
The electrode substrate functions to diffuse the fuel and the oxidant into the catalyst layer while supporting the electrodes, thereby making the fuel and the oxidant easily accessible to the catalyst layer. As the electrode substrate, a conductive substrate may be used, and representative examples thereof include carbon paper, carbon cloth, or carbon felt, but are not limited thereto.
The electrode substrate may be treated with a fluorine-based resin to be waterproof to prevent deterioration of diffusion efficiency due to water generated during operation of the fuel cell. The fluorine resin can be polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or copolymer thereof.
The microporous layer is formed by coating a composition including conductive powder, binder resin, and solvent on a conductive substrate. Preferred binder resins may include polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyperfluorosulfonyl fluorides, alkoxy vinyl ethers, and the like.
As shown in fig. 1, based on the above cathode, the present invention also provides a fuel cell system including at least one electric power generator, a fuel supply and an oxidant supply, the electric power generator including a membrane electrode assembly including a cathode, an anode and a polymer dielectric film, and separators (bipolar plates) provided on both sides of the membrane electrode assembly, the cathode including an electrode substrate and a catalyst layer provided on the electrode substrate, the catalyst layer including the above proton membrane fuel cell catalyst. The electric power generator functions to generate electricity through an oxidation reaction of fuel and a reduction reaction of an oxidant. The fuel supply serves to supply fuel to the electric power generator and the oxidant supply serves to supply an oxidant, such as oxygen or air, to the electric power generator.
As shown in fig. 1, the fuel cell system supplies fuel and oxidant to the electric power generator after depressurizing the high-pressure hydrogen gas in the hydrogen storage tank. The fuel cell system 5 includes at least one electric power generator 4 that generates electric power by an oxidation reaction of fuel and a reduction reaction of an oxidizing agent, a fuel supply 7 that supplies fuel to the electric power generator 4, and an oxidizing agent supply 6 that supplies the oxidizing agent to the electric power generator 4. The electric power generator 4 includes a membrane electrode assembly 2 for performing oxidation and reduction reactions of hydrogen and oxygen, and bipolar plates 1 and 3 for supplying fuel and oxidant to both sides of the membrane electrode assembly. Thus, at least one electric power generator 4 is assembled to constitute a battery pack. In specific implementation, the oxidant supply device adopts an air system comprising an air compressor, and the fuel supply device adopts a hydrogen system comprising a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank.
Example 1
5.0g of the original Pt/C first catalyst (Pt loading: 55 wt%) and 0.30g of RuO 2 NiO composite material (NiO and RuO) 2 The substance content ratio (n/n) was 1/5) was added to 10.0ml of distilled water, followed by adding 5.0g of ionomer as a binder to the above solution and stirring continuously, and after 1 hour of ultrasonic treatment, adding 15.0g of isopropyl alcohol to the obtained mixtureStirring continuously, repeating ultrasonic treatment for three times, and lasting for 1 hr to obtain RuO 2 NiO modified Pt/C catalyst.
The catalyst was coated on a carbon paper substrate and dried to prepare a cathode. Thereafter, after Pt/C was added to a Nafion solution to prepare an anode composition, the composition was coated and dried to prepare an anode. A membrane electrode assembly was prepared by using a cathode, an anode, and a commercial Nafion (perfluorosulfonic acid) polymer electrolyte membrane, and was used as a unit cell.
Example 2
5.0g of the original Pt/C first catalyst (Pt loading: 55 wt%) and 0.30g of RuO 2 NiO composite material (NiO and RuO) 2 Adding distilled water with a material content ratio (n/n) of 1/1) to 10.0ml, adding 5.0g ionomer as binder into the above solution, stirring continuously, adding 15.0g isopropanol into the obtained mixture after 1 hr of ultrasonic treatment, stirring continuously, and repeating ultrasonic treatment for 1 hr each time to obtain RuO 2 NiO modified Pt/C catalyst.
The catalyst was coated on a carbon paper substrate and dried to prepare a cathode. Thereafter, after Pt/C was added to a Nafion solution to prepare an anode composition, the composition was coated and dried to prepare an anode. A membrane electrode assembly was prepared by using a cathode, an anode, and a commercial Nafion (perfluorosulfonic acid) polymer electrolyte membrane, and was used as a unit cell.
Comparative example 1
This comparative example differs from example 1 in that the composite material uses an Ir-Ru alloy.
The test results show that the example 1, the example 2 and the comparative example 1 have durability, but the comparative example 1 is easy to generate the phenomenon of excessively low monomer voltage and even reverse polarity under repeated start-stop and low-temperature start, and the example 1 and the example 2 can effectively improve the occurrence of the phenomenon of excessively low monomer voltage and even reverse polarity under repeated start-stop and low-temperature start.
The invention is described above by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will be clear that the invention is not limited to the embodiments described above. As long as various insubstantial improvements are made using the method concepts and technical solutions of the present invention; or the invention is not improved, and the conception and the technical scheme are directly applied to other occasions and are all within the protection scope of the invention.

Claims (2)

1. A fuel cell system comprising a cathode provided with a proton membrane fuel cell catalyst;
the cathode comprises an electrode substrate and a catalyst layer which is arranged on the electrode substrate and contains the proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, wherein the catalyst layer also comprises adhesive resin, and the adhesive resin adopts polymer resin with proton conductivity;
the electrode substrate is treated with a fluorine-based resin selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride or copolymers thereof;
the binder resin is selected from polytetrafluoroethylene, polyhexafluoropropylene, polyperfluorosulfonyl fluoride and alkoxy vinyl ether;
the proton membrane fuel cell catalyst comprises a Pt/C catalyst and RuO for modifying the Pt/C catalyst 2 NiO composite system, ruO 2 The mass percentage of the NiO composite system is 1-25%;
the RuO is 2 NiO and RuO in NiO composite system 2 The mass ratio of the substances is 1:5-1:1;
the preparation method of the proton membrane fuel cell catalyst comprises the following steps: pt/C catalyst and RuO 2 Adding the NiO composite system into water, and then sequentially stirring by adding adhesive, carrying out ultrasonic treatment, adding isopropanol, stirring and repeating ultrasonic treatment to obtain the composite material;
the mass percentage of platinum in the Pt/C catalyst is 25-75%;
the fuel supplied by the fuel supply device in the system is hydrogen, and the oxidant supplied by the oxidant supply device is oxygen or air.
2. The fuel cell system according to claim 1, wherein the adhesion of the polymer electrolyte membrane is improved by using a non-conductive polymer and a binder resin.
CN201910683600.5A 2019-07-26 2019-07-26 Proton membrane fuel cell catalyst, preparation method thereof and fuel cell system Active CN110416553B (en)

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CN111697237B (en) * 2020-05-25 2021-08-27 中国科学院广州能源研究所 Anti-reverse electrode membrane electrode for fuel cell and preparation method thereof

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