CN110406178B - 一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN110406178B
CN110406178B CN201910474782.5A CN201910474782A CN110406178B CN 110406178 B CN110406178 B CN 110406178B CN 201910474782 A CN201910474782 A CN 201910474782A CN 110406178 B CN110406178 B CN 110406178B
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吴林志
杨金水
林壮
李爽
陈思远
张伟明
杨访
曲嘉
杨丽红
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Harbin Engineering University
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Abstract

本发明提供一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构及其制备方法，包括面板和设置在面板间的芯层，所述芯层由单胞结构组成，所述单胞结构为薄壁中空管状结构，且壁厚呈轴向梯度变化和/或胞壁密度呈径向梯度变化；本发明提出融入芯层单胞构型梯度，通过设计单胞高度、胞壁厚度及不同材料径向混杂等方式，实现单胞构型梯度，并结合结构梯度，构成具有双梯度的多层夹芯结构。本发明提出的结构设计和制备方法较为简单，单胞形状可设计性强，层间空隙提供了多功能材料嵌入的空间。结构在受到振动冲击时，不仅能发挥单胞构型梯度的优势，通过阻抗失配隔离或衰减振动的传播，利用弹塑性变形吸收更多的能量。

Description

一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构及其制备 方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种夹芯结构及其制备方法，尤其涉及一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构及其制备方法。
背景技术
功能梯度材料是指材料的化学构成、微观结构和原子排列由一侧向另一侧呈连续梯度变化，从而使材料的性质和功能连续地呈梯度变化。功能梯度材料以仿生思想为指导，已从简单的实体梯度层合板发展为集控温隔热、吸声减振、抗冲防爆等多功能的夹芯结构，如具有低密度、高比刚度、高比强度等诸多优点的蜂窝夹芯结构和点阵夹芯结构。结构的多层与梯度设计，可起到平衡并分散外力的作用，同时重新分配载荷，使各层结构得到充分利用，实现更好的功能效果。目前设计多层功能梯度材料，主要通过改变多层夹芯结构中相邻层单胞结构的材质、壁厚(杆宽)、高度等参数，实现层间密度梯度的变化，从而替代蜂窝式吸振器或传统抗冲防爆材料。然而，现有的多层梯度夹芯结构，其只在层间方向实现了结构梯度，层间单胞结构不具备功能梯度效果。单胞结构的梯度设计可实现阻抗的梯度变化，实现对振动噪声的有效隔离和衰减，因此在减振降噪领域具有明显优势。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了提高多层梯度夹芯结构的吸能减振效果而提供一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构及其制备方法。
本发明的目的是这样实现的：
一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，包括面板和设置在面板间的芯层，所述芯层由单胞结构组成，所述单胞结构为薄壁中空管状结构，且壁厚呈轴向梯度变化和/或胞壁密度呈径向梯度变化
本发明还包括这样一些特征：
1.所述面板至少为三块；
2.所述单胞结构为锥管、圆管和方管；
3.所述金属为不锈钢或铝，所述复合材料为碳纤维、玻璃纤维或芳纶；
4.所述芯层与面板固定连接。
一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤一：制备面板，并对面板表面进行打磨、清洗处理；
步骤二：制备单胞结构，所述单胞结构壁厚呈轴向梯度变化和/或胞壁密度呈径向梯度变化；
步骤三：将一种相对密度的单胞结构按设计方案排列在面板上形成芯层，在芯层上加盖面板；
步骤四：重复步骤四，将另一种相对密度的单胞结构排列在步骤三中加盖的面板上，再加盖一层面板；
步骤五：重复步骤四和步骤五，最后得到金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构。
所述单胞结构通过模具制备：设计并制作单胞结构所用的模具；将具有不同梯度配置的复合材料预浸料卷制于模具上，合模，加温加压至适宜温度和压力后保持一段时间；冷却至室温，降压后脱模，对单胞结构端部进行切割和打磨，最后得到单胞结构；
所述模具由阳模和阴模组成，所述阳模与阴模相配合；所述阳模由细长小模具拼接而成；
所述不同梯度配置的复合材料由相同材料卷制切削、压制形成或由不同材料通过铺层设计压制而成。
与现有技术相比，本发明的有益效果是：
目前广泛研究的功能梯度夹芯材料只具有层间结构梯度，本发明提出融入芯层单胞构型梯度，通过设计单胞高度、胞壁厚度及不同材料径向混杂等方式，实现单胞构型梯度，并结合结构梯度，构成具有双梯度的多层夹芯结构。本发明提出的结构设计和制备方法较为简单，单胞形状可设计性强，层间空隙提供了多功能材料嵌入的空间。结构在受到振动冲击时，不仅能发挥单胞构型梯度的优势，通过阻抗失配隔离或衰减振动的传播，利用弹塑性变形吸收更多的能量，还能利用结构梯度，分散、平衡、重新分配外力提高结构的缓冲减振性能。
附图说明
图1a-1c是本发明实施例1中具有轴向梯度的各层单胞结构轴向剖面示意图；
图2a-2b是本发明实施例2中具有轴向梯度的各层单胞结构轴向剖面示意图；
图3是为本发明制备具有梯度构型的复合材料单胞结构所需的模具示意图；
图4a-b是本发明提供的多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的两个实施例结构示意图。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图与具体实施方式对本发明作进一步详细描述。
本发明为提高多层梯度夹芯结构的吸能减振效果，在层间结构梯度的基础上，引入了结构单胞构型梯度，设计了一种多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构并提供了其制备方法。
本发明涉及的一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，包含多层面板和芯层。所述芯层由多个具有压缩吸能特性的单胞结构构成；所述单胞结构为薄壁中空管状结构，且壁厚呈轴向梯度变化或胞壁密度呈径向梯度变化，形成单胞构型梯度；所述多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，芯层间相对密度逐渐变化，形成结构梯度。所述多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构在受到振动冲击时，不仅能发挥单胞构型梯度的优势，通过弹塑性变形吸收更多的能量，还能利用结构梯度达到缓冲减振的效果。
本发明所述结构还包括以下特征：
所述结构为多层，其层数及尺寸可根据需求设计，通过芯层相对密度的变化，形成结构梯度；
所述芯层单胞结构尺寸及形状可按要求设计，包括壁厚、高度等参数；
所述芯层单胞结构为薄壁中空管状结构，且通过构型设计使壁厚呈轴向梯度变化或通过材料的混杂实现胞壁密度呈径向梯度变化，从而形成单胞构型梯度；
所述面板及单胞结构可由一种或多种不同材料制备而成；
一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构制备方法步骤如下：
(1)根据单胞结构尺寸，设计并通过卷制切割工艺制备不同相对密度的金属梯度空心管状单胞结构；
(2)制备多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构所需的金属/复合材料面板，并对其表面进行打磨、清洗处理；
(3)设计并制作复合材料单胞结构所需的模具；
(4)将具有不同梯度配置的复合材料预浸料卷制于模具上，合模，加温加压至适宜温度和压力后保持一段时间；
(5)冷却至室温，降压后脱模，对复合材料梯度单胞结构端部进行切割、打磨；
(6)将一种相对密度的金属/复合材料梯度单胞结构按设计方案排列在面板上，在芯层上加盖面板；
(7)重复(6)的操作，将另一种相对密度的金属/复合材料梯度单胞结构排列在(6)中加盖的面板上，再加盖一层面板；
(8)重复(6)和(7)的操作，完成金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的组装；
(9)利用焊接或胶结的工艺将面板与芯子连接，整体成型金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构。
本发明制备方法还有一些特征：
所述制备的中空管状单胞结构可根据需求设计为锥形、圆柱或其他形状；
所述制备方法中根据不同材质的面板进行相应的表面处理方法和工序，包括化学处理、打磨、清洗等工序；
所述制备复合材料单胞结构所需的模具由阳模和阴模两部分组成；为避免合模过程中造成材料挤出等情况的发生，阳模设计为多块相同构型的细长小模具拼接而成；
所述具有梯度的材料可由相同材料卷制切削或压制形成，也可由不同材料通过铺层设计压制而成；
所述制备方法中，当芯子与面板采用胶结的方式固定，则所用面板需先贴胶膜再使用。
实施例1
图1为本发明提供的一个实施例中具有轴向梯度的各层单胞结构轴向剖面示意图。其中H为单胞结构高度，也决定了此单胞结构所在的芯层高度，D1为单胞结构底部外径，D2为单胞结构顶部外径，t1为单胞结构底部壁厚，t2为单胞结构顶部壁厚。图中给出的空心锥管A和B是以t1和t2为变量，设计出的轴向梯度单胞结构；空心锥管C是在t1和t2相等时，通过铺设3层不同的材料，设计出的径向梯度单胞结构。
参见图1，单胞结构相对密度可通过调整任意参数进行设计，图1中给出的空心锥管A和B是以t1和t2为变量，设计出的轴向梯度单胞结构。将单胞与面板装配固定制备的多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构如图4(a)所示。
因此一种金属多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的制备实施方式为：
(1)根据需求计算单胞结构尺寸，在单胞质量相同的前提下，以t1和t2为变量，设计出相对密度不同的轴向梯度薄壁空心锥管型单胞结构A和B；
(2)制备该多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构所需面板，本实施例选用304不锈钢为原料，切割后，去除面板表面的油污并清洗晾干；
(3)设计并制作单胞结构制备所需的模具，如图3所示，模具中单胞的数量可适当调整，以操作方便，制备高效为原则；
(4)将经切削后具有梯度的平板不锈钢裁剪，卷制于模具上，合模，加温加压至适宜温度和压力后保持一段时间；
(5)冷却至室温，降压后脱模，对梯度单胞结构端部进行切割、打磨；
(6)将空心锥管A按设计方案排列在面板上，在芯层上加盖一层面板；
(7)重复(6)的操作，将空心锥管B排列在(6)中加盖的面板上，再加盖一层面板；
(8)重复(6)和(7)的操作，完成多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的组装；
(9)采用真空钎焊将面板与芯子固定，即为所述一种多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构。
制备得到的多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构如图4(a)所示，其中，相邻层单胞排列方式可为底部与顶部同时接触一层面板，也可为底部与底部，顶部与顶部同时接触一层面板。
实施例2
图2为本发明提供的另一个实施例中具有轴向梯度的各层单胞结构轴向剖面示意图。参数含义与图1中参数含义相同，空心圆管E是以t1和t2为变量，设计出的轴向梯度单胞结构；空心圆管F是在t1和t2相等时，通过铺设3层不同的材料，设计出的径向梯度单胞结构。
参见图2，复合材料单胞结构相对密度可通过调整任意参数进行设计，图2中给出的空心圆管F是在t1和t2相等时，通过铺设3层不同的材料，设计出的径向梯度单胞结构。将单胞与面板装配固定制备的多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构如图4(b)所示。
因此一种复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的制备实施方式为：
(1)根据需求计算单胞结构尺寸，在t1和t2相等时，通过铺设碳纤维、玻璃纤维与芳纶3种不同的复合材料，设计出多种相对密度呈轴向梯度变化的薄壁空心圆柱型管状单胞结构，图2中空心圆管F仅为其中一种构型；
(2)制备该多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构所需面板，本实施例选用碳纤维、玻璃纤维与芳纶混杂的复合材料板为原料，切割后，经打磨、丙酮清洗，晾干；
(3)设计并制作单胞结构制备所需的模具，模具中单胞的数量可适当调整，以操作方便，制备高效为原则；
(4)将碳纤维、玻璃纤维与芳纶混杂的复合材料板裁剪，卷制于模具上，合模，加温加压至适宜温度和压力后保持一段时间；
(5)冷却至室温，降压后脱模，对梯度单胞结构端部进行切割、打磨、丙酮清洗，晾干；
(6)在需要的所有面板上贴胶膜后，将空心圆管F按设计方案排列在面板上，在芯层上加盖一层面板；
(7)重复(6)的操作，将另一种材料铺层方式的空心圆管排列在(6)中加盖的面板上，再加盖一层面板；
(8)重复(6)和(7)的操作，完成多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的组装；
(9)使用硫化机加温加压至适宜值，将面板与芯子固化，降温降压后即为所述一种多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构。
制备得到的多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构如图4(b)所示，其中，相邻层单胞结构在设计时，高度可不相等，直径可不相等。
所述金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构中层数、尺寸可按需设计；
所述金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构可用不锈钢、铝等金属制备，亦可用碳纤维、玻璃纤维与芳纶等复合材料混杂制备，还可利用塑料等材料3D打印技术制备；
所述由具有梯度构型的单胞结构可设计为锥管、圆管、方管及其他形状；
由本发明提出并制备的金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，单胞结构的梯度设计可实现阻抗的梯度变化，实现对振动或噪声的有效隔离和衰减，因此在减振降噪领域具有明显优势。本发明结合结构梯度的概念，提出一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，兼具结构梯度与单胞构型梯度，通过细观梯度单胞结构的弹塑性变形吸能到宏观层间梯度结构的缓冲减振的双重梯度作用，使结构吸能减振效果明显提高。
图3为本发明制备具有梯度构型的复合材料单胞结构所需的模具示意图。其中1为阴模，2为阳模，为避免合模过程中造成材料挤出等情况，阳模设计为多块细长小模具拼接而成，如图3中2-1与2-2为小模具。
以上内容仅为本发明的较佳实施案例，对于本技术领域的技术人员，依据本发明的思想，在具体实施方式及应用范围上均可有改变之处，本说明书内容不应理解为对本发明限制。
综上所述：本发明涉及一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构及其制备方法。随着汽车、船舶、航天等领域对先进轻质材料和结构提出的更轻、更安全的要求，力学性能优异的轻质夹芯结构受到了广泛关注。与传统的均匀夹芯结构相比，梯度夹芯结构在吸能减振方面的性能更为优异。不同于现有的多层梯度夹芯结构，本发明公开的是一种芯子单胞壁厚呈梯度变化且芯层相对密度呈梯度变化的双梯度多层夹芯结构。中空芯子单胞的壁厚线性变化，形成了单胞构型梯度；多层结构的芯层相对密度逐渐变化，形成了结构层间梯度。该结构可同时实现细观单胞和宏观层级结构的双重梯度效应，从而显著提高结构的吸能减振性能。

Claims (9)

1.一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，其特征是，包括面板和设置在面板间的芯层，所述芯层由单胞结构组成，单胞间不连续排列，所述单胞结构为薄壁中空管状结构，且壁厚呈轴向梯度变化和胞壁密度呈径向梯度变化，径向梯度变化由材料混杂设计实现， 所述面板至少为三块， 芯层至少为两块，芯层间相对密度逐渐变化，形成结构梯度。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，其特征是，所述单胞结构为锥管、圆管和方管。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，其特征是，所述金属为不锈钢或铝，所述复合材料为碳纤维、玻璃纤维或芳纶。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，其特征是，所述芯层与面板固定连接。
5.根据权利要求3所述的一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构，其特征是，所述芯层与面板固定连接。
6.一种金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的制备方法，其特征是，包括如下步骤：
步骤一：制备面板，并对面板表面进行打磨、清洗处理；
步骤二：制备单胞结构，所述单胞结构壁厚呈轴向梯度变化和胞壁密度呈径向梯度变化；
步骤三：将一种相对密度的单胞结构按设计方案排列在面板上形成芯层，在芯层上加盖面板；
步骤四：重复步骤三，将另一种相对密度的单胞结构排列在步骤三中加盖的面板上，再加盖一层面板；
步骤五：重复步骤三和步骤四，最后得到金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构。
7.根据权利要求书6所述的金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的制备方法，其特征是，所述单胞结构通过模具制备：
设计并制作单胞结构所用的模具；将具有不同梯度配置的复合材料预浸料卷制于模具上，合模，加温加压至适宜温度和压力后保持一段时间；冷却至室温，降压后脱模，对单胞结构端部进行切割和打磨，最后得到单胞结构。
8.根据权利要求书7所述的金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的制备方法，其特征是，所述模具由阳模和阴模组成，所述阳模与阴模相配合；所述阳模由细长小模具拼接而成。
9.根据权利要求书7或8所述的金属/复合材料多层双梯度吸能减振夹芯结构的制备方法，其特征是，所述不同梯度配置的复合材料由相同材料卷制切削、压制形成或由不同材料通过铺层设计压制而成。
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