CN110393240A - 一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料 - Google Patents
一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，该饲料包括蛋白源原料、脂肪源原料、糖源原料和辅料，其特征在于：包括重量百分比为27％的发酵豆粕；蛋白源为鱼粉以及大豆分离蛋白；脂肪源为鱼油和大豆卵磷脂；糖源为木薯淀粉和糊精；辅料为氯化胆碱、微晶纤维素、复合维生素、复合矿物质磷酸二氢钙；其中，饲料由以下重量百分比的营养成分组成：粗蛋白47.20～48.35％，粗脂肪10.71～11.15％，余下为碳水化合物、粗纤维、灰分和水分。本发明的人工配合饲料对双棘黄姑鱼的生长没有显著影响，但可以降低饲料成本以及鱼体脂肪含量，从而提高双棘黄姑鱼养殖经济价值，改善双棘黄姑鱼肌肉品质。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及鱼类饲料领域，具体涉及一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料。
背景技术
我国是水产养殖大国，是目前唯一一个水产养殖产量超过捕捞量的国家。随着水产养殖业的飞速发展，配合饲料原料的需求量逐步增大，饲料蛋白源供应的缺乏问题日益凸显。鱼粉是主要的饲料蛋白源，过度的捕捞、环境污染及厄尔尼诺现象等不良气候的影响，野生鱼粉资源日益减少，导致鱼粉产量急剧下降，原料成本不断上升。这些迫使人们不断地寻找新的鱼粉替代蛋白源，从而有效地降低肉食性鱼类饲料鱼粉用量，以及饲料成本，同时减少氮、磷排放。
我国是粮食生产及消耗大国，在我国有大量价格低廉且来源广泛的如豆粕、棉粕、菜粕、花生粕等植物蛋白资源。其中，豆粕作为饲料中替代鱼粉应用最为广泛的一种，然而，豆粕中存在多种抗营养因子，如植酸、大豆凝集素、大豆抗原蛋白、胰蛋白酶抑制因子、低聚糖等，鱼类长期食用后会导致生长缓慢，体重减轻，体质下降，免疫力降低，死亡率升高等。发酵豆粕是以优质豆粕为原料利用现代生物发酵工程技术与传统固体发酵技术相结合的手法，接种一种或多种微生物，对豆粕进行发酵处理，后经过干燥、粉碎而成的产品。与物理、化学、作物育种等方法相比，发酵具有成本低、无化学残留、应用较安全，对饲料营养成分的影响较小，且能使营养物质更易被动物吸收等优点。发酵可以减少或消除豆粕中抗营养因子，提高其蛋白质消化利用率。此外，发酵豆粕含有益生菌、酶制剂、肽等多种功能成分，有助于促进鱼体生长。
双棘黄姑鱼(Nibea diacanthus)是一种近海暖水性底层鱼类，广泛分布于中国、朝鲜、日本、印度、锡兰、缅甸、马来半岛、印度尼西亚、菲律宾和越南沿海，在我国则主要分布在南北沿海。双棘黄姑鱼生长迅速，个体较大，可达10kg以上，肉味鲜美。其鱼鳔可加工成高级食品鱼胶，具有滋补强身、消炎、补气功效，是一种适于我国沿海海水网箱养殖的新的优良品种，深受闽、粤等地广大网箱养殖户的青睐，具有较好的经济价值和广阔的养殖前景。
然而，双棘黄姑鱼作为一种肉食性鱼类，其养殖成本仍然居高不下，这是阻碍其集约化生产的最主要原因。因此，研究双棘黄姑鱼饲料中植物蛋白源替代鱼粉显得非常重要，能够为双棘黄姑鱼的集约化绿色生态养殖提供一定的理论指导。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于，提供一种含发酵豆粕并可降低饲料成本，对双棘黄姑鱼的生长没有显著影响，但可以改善双棘黄姑鱼肉品质的人工配合饲料。
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：蛋白源原料、脂肪源原料、糖源，辅料和重量百分比为9～36％的发酵豆粕；其中，所述饲料的营养成分按重量百分比组成如下：粗蛋白47.20～48.35％，粗脂肪10.71～11.15％，余下为碳水化合物、粗纤维、灰分和水分。
优选的，所述发酵豆粕的重量百分比为27％。
优选的，所述蛋白源原料为鱼粉、大豆分离蛋白中的一种或多种；所述脂肪源原料为鱼油和卵磷脂中的一种或多种；所述糖源原料为木薯淀粉；所述辅料为氯化胆碱、微晶纤维素、复合维生素、复合矿物质、磷酸二氢钙、丙氨酸、混合氨基酸中的一种或几种。
优选的，所述饲料包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉25～50％，大豆分离蛋白10～12.5％，鱼油4.4～6.6％，木薯淀粉11～13％，微晶纤维素0.9～13％，大豆卵磷脂1％，氯化胆碱1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，混合矿物质1％，发酵豆粕9～36％。
优选的，所述饲料包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉31.25％，大豆分离蛋白12.5％，鱼油6.1％，木薯淀粉13％，微晶纤维素4.1％，大豆卵磷脂1％，氯化胆碱1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，混合矿物质1％，发酵豆粕27％。
优选的，所述饲料通过如下方法制备：
将除所述鱼油外的其他原料及辅料预先粉碎并过80～120目筛，混合后加入水分，混匀后膨化制粒，膨化温度为100～115℃，最后将所述鱼油喷涂在膨化粒表面，完全吸收后，即得所述饲料成品。
一种上述含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料的应用，其特征在于，用于改善双棘黄姑鱼肌肉品质和提高经济价值。
实施本发明，具有如下有益效果：
由于双棘黄姑鱼是肉食性鱼类，且饲养周期较长，导致其养殖成本一直居高不下，限制了其作为一种经济适用型鱼类的潜力。为了降低养殖成本，提高其经济价值，本发明用适当比例的发酵豆粕替代饲料原料中的鱼粉。经研究，本发明的饲料对双棘黄姑鱼的生长没有显著影响，但可以降低双棘黄姑鱼鱼体中的脂肪含量，从而改善双棘黄姑鱼肉品质，并达到降低养殖成本的效果，为为双棘黄姑鱼的集约化绿色生态养殖提供理论指导。
具体实施方式
为使本发明的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚，下面将结合具体实施例对本发明作进一步地详细描述。
实施例1
一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉31.25％，大豆分离蛋白12.5％，鱼油6.1％，木薯淀粉13％，微晶纤维素4.1％，大豆卵磷脂1％，氯化胆碱1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，混合矿物质1％，发酵豆粕27％。
实施例2
一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉37.5％，大豆分离蛋白12.5％，鱼油5.7％，木薯淀粉13％，微晶纤维素7.3％，大豆卵磷脂1％，氯化胆碱1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，混合矿物质1％，发酵豆粕18％。
实施例3
一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉43.75％，大豆分离蛋白12.5％，鱼油5.3％，木薯淀粉13％，微晶纤维素10.5％，大豆卵磷脂1％，氯化胆碱1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，混合矿物质1％，发酵豆粕9％。
实施例4
一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉25～50％，大豆分离蛋白12.5％，鱼油4.4～6.6％，木薯淀粉11～13％，微晶纤维素1～13％，大豆卵磷脂1％，氯化胆碱1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，混合矿物质1％，发酵豆粕0～36％。
实施例5
本发明饲料的效果检测：
养殖试验地点为广东省汕头市南澳县吴平寨村汕头大学南澳临海试验站，实验幼鱼购自汕头南澳当地一家育苗孵化厂。实验所用为海水浮式网箱(2.0×1.0×1.5m)，其内部设有50目的密网(高于水面20cm)以防止投喂饲料飘走，网箱上部设有盖网，可防止试验鱼逃逸和鸟类啄食。按实施例4的配方设计饲料中发酵豆粕含量分别为0、9、18、27、36％五个梯度的饲料，编号为Ⅰ～Ⅴ，饲料配方如表1所示(数值为百分比)，每组3个重复，每个重复25尾鱼。养殖期间的温度为26.5～30.5℃，盐度为32‰左右，溶解氧含量在6mg/L以上，养殖周期为8周。
表1实验饲料配方及营养成分(干重％)
表2发酵豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对双棘黄姑鱼幼鱼生长、饲料利用以及形态学指数的影响
注：数据为平均值±标准误；同行数据中，无相同小写字母标注者表示相互间差异显(P<0.05)
在实验过程中，所有实验组鱼都能很快适应相应的实验饲料，各组成活率均在80％以上，发酵豆粕替代水平对双棘黄姑鱼成活率无显著影响。由表2看出，饲料中发酵豆粕添加水平小于等于27％时，双棘黄姑鱼增重率，特定生长率，饲料效率，蛋白质效率，肝体比，脏体比与对照组(0％)相比均无显著差异，这表明，双棘黄姑鱼能在一定程度上很好的利用发酵豆粕这种蛋白源。本实验中在27％和36％添加组鱼体摄食率仍然显著低于鱼粉组和低添加组。可能是由于高水平发酵豆粕的添加，掩盖了本身饲料中鱼粉的气味，且发酵豆粕中含有不少纤维素等糖类不易于双棘黄姑鱼消化利用，导致饲料适口性差，摄食率下降；另一方面是由于发酵豆粕本身氨基酸组成方面的差异，虽然发酵豆粕本身氨基酸较平衡，但仍然无法和鱼粉相比，故高水平替代必然导致氨基酸不平衡，致使鱼体摄食生长下降。在形态学指标中，肝体比和脏体比都随着饲料发酵豆粕替代比例的增加而显著下降，这与本实验中肝脏脂肪含量随替代水平显著降低这一指标相符合。
表3发酵豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对双棘黄姑鱼幼鱼全鱼常规成分(湿重％)的影响
注：数据为平均值±标准误；同行数据中，无相同小写字母标注者表示相互间差异显(P<0.05)
表4发酵豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对双棘黄姑鱼幼鱼肌肉常规成分(湿重％)的影响
注：数据为平均值±标准误；同行数据中，无相同小写字母标注者表示相互间差异显(P<0.05)
表5发酵豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对双棘黄姑鱼幼鱼肝脏常规成分(湿重％)的影响
注：数据为平均值±标准误；同行数据中，无相同小写字母标注者表示相互间差异显(P<0.05)
由表3-5可知，发酵豆粕的添加对双棘黄姑鱼全鱼、肌肉和肝脏常规分组成产生了不同程度的影响。总体趋势是，随饲料中发酵豆粕含量的上升，各组分水分含量上升，干物质、蛋白以及脂肪含量下降。说明，鱼类对植物蛋白源的利用率低于鱼粉。
表6发酵豆粕替代鱼粉蛋白对双棘黄姑鱼幼鱼常见消化酶活性的影响
注：数据为平均值±标准误；同行数据中，无相同小写字母标注者表示相互间差异显(P<0.05)
由表6可知，当发酵豆粕添加水平小于等于27％，各组织蛋白酶与对照组均无显著差异，但再次提高发酵豆粕的替代水平则会使蛋白酶活性显著降低，这可能与鱼体本身耐受植物蛋白能力有关。
综合以上研究结果可知，发酵豆粕可以较好的替代双棘黄姑鱼饲料中的鱼粉蛋白，添加量可高达27％(根据鱼粉和发酵豆粕蛋白含量不同略有变化)，且对其生长不具有显著影响，同时降低其体脂含量改善了肉质。因此，本研究的实施，有助于双棘黄姑鱼养殖成本的降低，提升其经济效益，并可作为扩大其饲养规模的潜在依据。
以上所揭露的仅为本发明的较佳实施例而已，当然不能以此来限定本发明之权利范围，因此依本发明权利要求所作的等同变化，仍属本发明所涵盖的范围。
Claims (7)
1.一种含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，其特征在于，包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：蛋白源原料、脂肪源原料、糖源，辅料和重量百分比为9～36％的发酵豆粕；其中，所述饲料的营养成分按重量百分比组成如下：粗蛋白47.20～48.35％，粗脂肪10.71～11.15％，余下为碳水化合物、粗纤维、灰分和水分。
2.根据权利要求1所述含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，其特征在于，所述发酵豆粕的重量百分比为27％。
3.根据权利要求1所述含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，其特征在于，所述蛋白源原料为鱼粉、大豆分离蛋白中的一种或多种；所述脂肪源原料为鱼油和卵磷脂中的一种或多种；所述糖源原料为木薯淀粉；所述辅料为氯化胆碱、微晶纤维素、复合维生素、复合矿物质、磷酸二氢钙、丙氨酸、混合氨基酸中的一种或几种。
4.根据权利要求1所述含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉25～50％，大豆分离蛋白10～12.5％，鱼油4.4～6.6％，木薯淀粉11～13％，微晶纤维素0.9～13％，大豆卵磷脂1％，氯化胆碱1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，混合矿物质1％，发酵豆粕9～36％。
5.根据权利要求4所述含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料包括如下重量百分比的原料制备而成：鱼粉31.25％，大豆分离蛋白12.5％，鱼油6.1％，木薯淀粉13％，微晶纤维素4.1％，大豆卵磷脂1％，氯化胆碱1％，磷酸二氢钙1％，复合维生素1％，混合矿物质1％，发酵豆粕27％。
6.根据权利要求1～5任一项所述含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料，其特征在于，所述饲料通过如下方法制备：
将除所述鱼油外的其他原料及辅料预先粉碎并过80～120目筛，混合后加入水分，混匀后膨化制粒，膨化温度为100～115℃，最后将所述鱼油喷涂在膨化粒表面，完全吸收后，即得所述饲料成品。
7.一种根据权利要求1～5任一项所述含发酵豆粕的双棘黄姑鱼人工配合饲料的应用，其特征在于，用于改善双棘黄姑鱼肌肉品质和提高经济价值。
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