CN110252899B - Rapid heating cold die hot plate forming method for titanium alloy thin-wall component - Google Patents
Rapid heating cold die hot plate forming method for titanium alloy thin-wall component Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D22/00—Shaping without cutting, by stamping, spinning, or deep-drawing
- B21D22/02—Stamping using rigid devices or tools
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D37/00—Tools as parts of machines covered by this subclass
- B21D37/10—Die sets; Pillar guides
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D—WORKING OR PROCESSING OF SHEET METAL OR METAL TUBES, RODS OR PROFILES WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21D37/00—Tools as parts of machines covered by this subclass
- B21D37/16—Heating or cooling
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for forming a titanium alloy thin-wall component by a rapid heating cold die hot plate, which comprises the following steps: step one, heating the titanium alloy plate to 800-; step two, closing a heating switch, and transferring the heated titanium alloy plate to a die forming area when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is ex-situ heating; when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is in-situ heating, the titanium alloy plate does not need to be transferred; step three, stamping and forming; step four, taking a part; wherein the total time from the first step to the third step is less than 5 min. According to the invention, by shortening the heating time of the titanium alloy, the phase change, the grain coarsening, the surface oxidation and the like of the titanium alloy material are obviously inhibited, the forming limit of the titanium alloy cold-die hot plate is improved, the forming temperature range is expanded to 800-1000 ℃, the elastic strain of the titanium alloy material can be reduced by increasing the heating temperature, the forming rebound quantity is reduced, and the forming precision of the titanium alloy thin-wall component is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of titanium alloy thin-wall component forming, in particular to a method for forming a titanium alloy thin-wall component by a rapid heating cold-die hot plate.
Background
Titanium alloys have excellent overall mechanical properties such as: high specific strength, corrosion resistance, outstanding high-temperature strength and the like, can be welded and machined, has very obvious structural benefit, and is widely applied to the fields of aerospace, ships and the like in China. However, the price of the titanium alloy member is still very high, and under the same use condition, the price of the titanium alloy member is about 40 times that of steel and 20 times that of aluminum alloy, which directly limits the application range. In recent years, with the development of civil aircrafts and commercial rockets at home and abroad, the nation pays more attention to the reduction of the cost of titanium alloy structural parts.
Because titanium alloy has high strength, poor plasticity, low Young modulus and high forming difficulty under the condition of room temperature, hot forming is mostly adopted. In the traditional hot forming process of the titanium alloy thin-wall component, a die and a plate are usually placed in a heating furnace to be heated to 600-800 ℃, when the size of the formed component is larger, the heating and cooling time is very long, the forming period is generally more than 10 hours, the forming efficiency is low, the energy consumption is serious, the die is seriously abraded, and the processing and manufacturing cost of the product is high; and because of long-time heating, the material is seriously oxidized, crystal grains are easy to grow after forming, and the loss of the component performance is more than that before forming. Therefore, a new process is urgently needed to be developed to reduce the processing and manufacturing cost of the titanium alloy thin-wall component and realize the precise forming and synchronous performance control of the titanium alloy thin-wall component.
In recent years, a high-strength steel hot stamping technology adopting a cold die hot plate is fully developed in the automobile industry, and the principle is as follows: firstly, heating the steel plate to austenitizing temperature for heat treatment, and then rapidly forming and quenching by utilizing a cold die to obtain the high-strength member with the martensite structure. The process has high forming efficiency and remarkable economic benefit, and is successfully expanded to aluminum alloy forming in recent years. Chinese patent publication No. CN106513508A discloses a method for forming a titanium alloy sheet metal part by cold die hot stamping and tooling, however, the technology of forming a titanium alloy cold die hot plate has not been widely used, and the main reason is that, in the process of forming a titanium alloy cold die hot plate, because the temperature of the die is far lower than that of the sheet material, when the sheet material contacts with the die, the temperature of the sheet material will drop rapidly, the sheet material is prone to cracking during the forming process, and because the temperature is low, the control difficulty of springback is large; however, if the plate is heated to a higher temperature, for example, 850 ℃ to 1000 ℃, during a longer heating and heat preservation process, phenomena such as α -to- β transformation, grain coarsening, surface oxidation and the like occur inside the material, and during a forming process, secondary α or martensite is precipitated in a β phase matrix due to a rapid temperature drop, and these structural transformations further reduce the elongation of the material, resulting in cracking. Therefore, when the existing cold-die hot-plate technology is adopted to form the titanium alloy thin-wall component, the springback control and the forming limit control are contradictory, and the forming of the complex component is difficult.
Therefore, in the cold-die hot-plate forming process of the titanium alloy thin-wall component, how to improve the forming limit and reduce the springback amount is a problem to be solved urgently by the technical personnel in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for forming a titanium alloy thin-wall component by a rapid heating cold-die hot plate, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art, improve the forming limit of the titanium alloy cold-die hot plate, reduce the forming rebound quantity and improve the forming quality.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention provides the following scheme: a method for forming a titanium alloy thin-wall component by a rapid heating cold die hot plate comprises the following steps:
step one, heating a titanium alloy plate
Heating the titanium alloy plate to 800-;
step two, transferring
Closing the heating switch, and transferring the heated titanium alloy plate to a die forming area when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is ex-situ heating; when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is in-situ heating, the titanium alloy plate does not need to be heated;
step three, stamping forming
Closing the upper die and the lower die by a pneumatic press, performing stamping forming and in-die quenching on the plate, and maintaining pressure;
step four, taking the piece
Opening the upper and lower dies, and taking out the formed titanium alloy component;
the total time from the first step to the third step is less than 5 min.
Preferably, in the step one, the heating rate of the titanium alloy plate is 8-200 ℃/s, and the heat preservation time is 0-60 s.
Preferably, in the second step, the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is induction heating, contact heating or current heating.
Preferably, in step three, the dwell time is 3-10 s.
Preferably, for the forming of complex components or components with high precision requirements, the mold is heated before the first step, the mold is heated to 150 ℃ and 300 ℃, and after the third step, the pressure holding time is 0-3 min.
Preferably, the mold is heated by means of a heating rod or induction heating.
Preferably, before forming, firstly, forming preparation is carried out, the surface of the titanium alloy plate is uniformly sprayed with the antioxidant, the surface of the mold is uniformly sprayed with the lubricant, and the titanium alloy plate is fully dried.
Preferably, in preparation for forming, uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the titanium alloy plate, and fully airing.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following technical effects: the invention relates to a method for forming a titanium alloy thin-wall component by a rapid heating cold die hot plate, which comprises the following steps: step one, heating the titanium alloy plate to 800-; step two, closing a heating switch, and transferring the heated titanium alloy plate to a die forming area when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is ex-situ heating; when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is in-situ heating, the titanium alloy plate does not need to be transferred; step three, stamping and forming; step four, taking a part; wherein the total time from the first step to the third step is less than 5 min. According to the invention, by shortening the heating time of the titanium alloy, the phase change, the grain coarsening, the surface oxidation and the like of the titanium alloy material are obviously inhibited, the forming limit of the titanium alloy cold-die hot plate is improved, the forming temperature range is expanded to 800-1000 ℃, the elastic strain of the titanium alloy material can be reduced due to high heating temperature, the forming rebound quantity is reduced, and the forming quality of the titanium alloy thin-wall component is improved.
For the forming of a complex component or a component with high precision requirement, the mold is heated to 150 ℃ to 300 ℃ before the step one, and the heating temperature of the mold can be determined according to the complexity of the component and the specific type of the titanium alloy material by combining numerical simulation analysis. The temperature of the titanium alloy plate and the die is controlled respectively, and the structure performance of the formed component is regulated and controlled, so that the integrated precise forming of the shape and the control performance of the cold die hot plate of the titanium alloy thin-wall component is realized. In addition, the invention improves the forming efficiency and reduces the processing and manufacturing cost of the titanium alloy thin-wall component by reasonably distributing the temperature of the plate and the temperature of the die while ensuring the forming quality.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram comparing a hot plate forming method of a rapid heating cold mold for a titanium alloy thin-walled component of the present invention with a forming method of a titanium alloy thin-walled component of the prior art;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a non-isothermal deformation testing process of a titanium alloy sheet according to the first embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a second step in the first embodiment;
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a third step in the first embodiment;
FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating a fourth step in the first embodiment;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of contact heating in step two of example two;
FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a second step in the second embodiment;
FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a second step in the third embodiment;
FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a third step in the third embodiment;
FIG. 10 is a schematic view showing the heating of the mold according to the fourth embodiment;
FIG. 11 is a schematic view showing heating and press forming of a mold according to the fourth embodiment;
the device comprises a die 1, a plate 2, a punch 3, a pressing block 4, an induction heater 5, an induction coil 6, a heating furnace 7, a contact heating plate 8, a connecting rod 9, an electrode 10, an insulating cushion block 11, a heating element 12 and a conveying belt 13.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
The invention aims to provide a method for forming a titanium alloy thin-wall component by a rapid heating cold-die hot plate, which aims to solve the problems in the prior art, improve the forming limit of the titanium alloy cold-die hot plate, reduce the forming rebound quantity and improve the forming quality.
In order to make the aforementioned objects, features and advantages of the present invention comprehensible, embodiments accompanied with figures are described in further detail below.
Referring to fig. 1-11, wherein fig. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a comparison between a rapid heating cold die hot plate forming method for a titanium alloy thin-walled member according to the present invention and a forming method for a titanium alloy thin-walled member according to the prior art, fig. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating a non-isothermal deformation test flow of a titanium alloy sheet in the first embodiment, fig. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating a second step in the first embodiment, fig. 4 is a schematic diagram illustrating a third step in the first embodiment, fig. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a fourth step in the first embodiment, fig. 6 is a schematic diagram illustrating contact heating in the second step in the second embodiment, fig. 7 is a schematic diagram illustrating the second step in the second embodiment, fig. 8 is a schematic diagram illustrating the second step in the third embodiment, fig. 9 is a schematic diagram illustrating the third step in the third embodiment, fig. 10 is a schematic diagram illustrating heating of a die in the fourth embodiment, and fig. 11 is a.
The invention provides a method for forming a titanium alloy thin-wall component by a rapid heating cold die hot plate, which comprises the following steps:
step one, heating a titanium alloy plate
Heating the titanium alloy plate to 800-;
step two, transferring
Closing the heating switch, and transferring the heated titanium alloy plate to a die forming area when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is ex-situ heating; when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is in-situ heating, the titanium alloy plate does not need to be transferred;
step three, stamping forming
Starting a press machine to close the upper die and the lower die, performing stamping forming and in-die quenching on the titanium alloy plate, and maintaining pressure;
step four, taking the piece
Opening the upper and lower dies, and taking out the formed titanium alloy component;
the total time from the first step to the third step is less than 5 min.
In the prior art, the thermal forming temperature range of a titanium alloy plate member is 600-800 ℃, if the plate is heated to a high temperature of a titanium alloy two-phase region, such as 850-1000 ℃, during a long time heating and heat preservation process, phenomena such as alpha-to-beta transformation, grain coarsening, surface oxidation and the like can occur inside the material, during the forming process, as the temperature is rapidly reduced, secondary alpha or martensite can be separated out from a beta-phase matrix, and the elongation of the material can be further reduced through the transformation of the structures, so that the cracking defect is caused. According to the method for forming the titanium alloy thin-wall component rapid heating cold-die hot plate, the total heating and heat preservation time of the titanium alloy plate is less than 2min, the heating time of the titanium alloy plate is shortened by adopting a rapid heating mode of the titanium alloy plate, so that the phase change, grain coarsening, surface oxidation and the like of the titanium alloy plate are obviously inhibited, the forming limit of the titanium alloy cold-die hot plate is improved, and the forming temperature range is expanded to 800-. Compared with the cold die hot plate forming of the titanium alloy thin-wall component in the prior art, the rapid heating cold die hot plate is higher in forming heating temperature, can obviously reduce the ultimate elastic strain of the material, reduces the rebound quantity after forming and improves the forming quality of the titanium alloy thin-wall component.
Specifically, in the step one, the heating rate of the titanium alloy plate is 8-200 ℃/s, the heating rate can be determined according to the type of the titanium alloy, the characteristics of the component, the heating efficiency and the like, after the titanium alloy plate is heated to 800-.
In addition, in the second step, the heating mode of the plate is induction heating, contact heating or current heating, the induction heating and the contact heating are non-in-situ heating, the titanium alloy plate needs to be transferred to a die forming area after the heating is finished, the transfer can be carried out by adopting a conveyor belt, a manipulator or manual transfer, the current heating belongs to the in-situ heating mode, the titanium alloy plate does not need to be transferred, and time and labor are saved.
In the stamping forming process, the dwell time is 3-10s, and the dwell time can be properly prolonged for a component with a complex structure.
More specifically, for the forming of a complex component or a component with high precision requirement, the mold is heated before the step one, the mold is heated to 150 ℃ to 300 ℃, and the heating temperature of the mold can be determined according to the complexity of the component and the specific type of the titanium alloy material by combining numerical simulation analysis. The temperature of the titanium alloy plate and the die is controlled respectively, and the structure performance of the formed component is regulated and controlled, so that the integrated precise forming of the shape and the control performance of the cold die hot plate of the titanium alloy thin-wall component is realized. In addition, the invention improves the forming efficiency and reduces the processing and manufacturing cost of the titanium alloy thin-wall component by reasonably distributing the temperature of the plate and the temperature of the die while ensuring the forming quality. And step three, after stamping and forming, the pressure maintaining time is 0-3min, and the pressure maintaining time is determined according to the characteristics of the formed component.
When the mold is heated, a heating rod or an induction heating mode can be adopted.
Furthermore, before forming, firstly, forming preparation is carried out, the surface of the titanium alloy plate is uniformly sprayed with the antioxidant, the surface of the mold is uniformly sprayed with the lubricant, and the titanium alloy plate is fully dried in the air, so that the titanium alloy plate is prevented from being oxidized in the forming process, and the forming quality of the member is improved.
The method for forming the titanium alloy thin-wall component by the rapid heating cold-die hot plate is further explained by the following specific examples:
example one
The specific forming comprises the following steps:
step one, preparation for forming. Uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy plate, uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the die, and fully airing. It should be noted that, the forming step is described by taking a TC4 titanium alloy plate as an example, the method of the present invention is applicable to various grades of titanium alloys, such as TA2, TA18, TA15, TA32, TC1, TC2, TC4, TC21, TC31, and the like.
And step two, rapidly heating the plate. The titanium alloy plate sprayed with boron nitride is placed on the conveyor belt 13 and below the induction coil 6, a power switch of the induction heater 5 is turned on, a switch of the conveyor belt 13 is turned on at the same time, the titanium alloy plate is heated in movement, the titanium alloy plate is heated to 900 ℃ at the heating rate of 100 ℃/s by adjusting the power of the induction heater 5, and the temperature is kept for 15s to be stable.
And step three, transferring. And (4) turning off the heater, and manually and quickly transferring the heated titanium alloy plate to a forming area of the die to place the titanium alloy plate on the lower forming die.
And step four, rapidly stamping and forming. And starting the press machine, enabling the punch 3 and the pressing block 4 to rapidly move downwards at the speed of 60mm/s, closing the upper die and the lower die, carrying out stamping forming on the plate and quenching in the dies, and maintaining the pressure for 5 s.
And step five, taking the parts. The upper and lower molds are opened and the molded article is removed.
And (2) determining the forming process parameters in the second step, performing non-isothermal experiments through a Gleeble3800 thermal simulation testing machine, wherein the testing process flow is shown in figure 2, firstly heating the sample to different temperatures at different heating rates, preserving heat for different time, cooling to the same deformation temperature at the same cooling speed, performing tensile test on the sample, comparing the elongation percentage after deformation under different conditions, obtaining the proper heating temperature, heating rate and heat preservation time, and successfully forming the titanium alloy complex component through optimization of the process parameters.
Example two
Different from the first embodiment, in the second embodiment, a contact heating manner is adopted to realize rapid heating of the titanium alloy sheet, and the forming process includes the following steps:
step one, preparation for forming. Uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy plate, uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the die, and fully airing.
Step two, contact heating. The contact heating plate 8 is heated to 900 c using a heating furnace 7.
And thirdly, rapidly heating the titanium alloy plate. The titanium alloy plate sprayed with boron nitride is placed between the contact heating plates 8, the contact heating plates 8 are rapidly moved downwards, the titanium alloy plate is clamped between the contact heating plates 8, certain pressure is applied through the connecting rod 9, the titanium alloy plate is heated to 900 ℃ at the heating rate of 100 ℃/s, and the temperature is kept for 15s to be stable.
The rest of the steps are the same as the first embodiment.
EXAMPLE III
Different from the second embodiment, in the third embodiment, the titanium alloy plate is rapidly heated by adopting current heating, and the titanium alloy plate does not need to be transferred after reaching the temperature, and the forming process comprises the following steps:
step one, preparation for forming. Uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy plate, uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the die, and fully airing.
And step two, rapidly heating the plate. The titanium alloy plate sprayed with boron nitride is placed between the electrodes 10, and the titanium alloy plate and the die are insulated by the insulating cushion block 11. Closing the electrode 10 to make the electrode closely contact with the titanium alloy plate, turning on a current heating power supply, heating the titanium alloy plate to 900 ℃ at a heating rate of 100 ℃/s by adjusting the heating power, and keeping the temperature for 15s to stabilize the temperature.
And step three, rapidly stamping and forming. And (3) closing the current heating power supply, starting the press machine, enabling the punch 3 and the pressing block 4 to rapidly move downwards at the speed of 60mm/s, closing the upper die and the lower die, carrying out stamping forming on the plate, carrying out in-die quenching on the plate, and maintaining the pressure for 5 s.
And step four, taking the parts. The upper and lower molds are opened and the molded article is removed.
Example four
When the TC4 titanium alloy member to be formed is very complicated, unlike the first to third embodiments, in this embodiment, the mold is in a warm state, and specifically includes the following steps:
step one, preparation for forming. Uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the TC4 titanium alloy plate, uniformly spraying boron nitride on the surface of the die, and fully airing.
And step two, heating the mould. The mold is heated to 150 c by heating element 12 within the mold.
The rest of the steps are the same as the first embodiment.
According to the method for forming the titanium alloy thin-wall component by the rapid heating cold-die hot plate, the heating time of a titanium alloy plate is greatly shortened, and phase change, grain coarsening and surface oxidation in the heating process are reduced, so that the forming temperature of the plate can be increased, and the reduction of the elongation percentage caused by the evolution of high-temperature tissues can be avoided, so that the forming limit of the titanium alloy thin-wall component is improved, the rebound quantity is reduced, the performance loss of the component is avoided, and the processing and manufacturing cost of the titanium alloy thin-wall component is reduced.
The principle and the implementation mode of the invention are explained by applying a specific example, and the description of the embodiment is only used for helping to understand the method and the core idea of the invention; meanwhile, for a person skilled in the art, according to the idea of the present invention, the specific embodiments and the application range may be changed. In view of the above, the present disclosure should not be construed as limiting the invention.
Claims (5)
1. A method for forming a titanium alloy thin-wall component by a rapid heating cold die hot plate is characterized by comprising the following steps:
heating the die to 150-;
step one, heating a titanium alloy plate
Heating the titanium alloy plate to 900 ℃ and preserving heat, wherein the total heating and heat preserving time is less than 2min, the heating rate of the titanium alloy plate is 8-200 ℃/s, and the heat preservation time is 0-60 s;
step two, transferring
Closing the heating switch, and transferring the heated titanium alloy plate to a die forming area when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is ex-situ heating; when the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is in-situ heating, the titanium alloy plate does not need to be transferred;
step three, stamping forming
Starting a press machine to close the upper die and the lower die, carrying out stamping forming and in-die quenching on the plate, and maintaining the pressure for 3-10 s;
step four, taking the piece
Opening the upper and lower dies, and taking out the formed titanium alloy component;
the total time from the first step to the third step is less than 5 min.
2. The method for forming a titanium alloy thin-walled component by rapid-heating and cold-molding a hot plate according to claim 1, wherein: in the second step, the heating mode of the titanium alloy plate is induction heating, contact heating or current heating.
3. The method for forming a titanium alloy thin-walled component by rapid-heating and cold-molding a hot plate according to claim 1, wherein: for the forming of complex components or components with high precision requirements, the mold is heated before the first step, the mold is heated to 150 ℃ and 300 ℃, and after the third step, the pressure maintaining time is 0-3 min.
4. The method for forming a titanium alloy thin-walled component by rapid-heating and cold-die hot-plate according to claim 3, wherein: the mould is heated by means of a heating rod or induction heating.
5. The method for forming a titanium alloy thin-walled component by rapid-heating and cold-molding a hot plate according to claim 1, wherein: before forming, firstly, forming preparation is carried out, antioxidant is uniformly sprayed on the surface of the titanium alloy plate, lubricant is uniformly sprayed on the surface of the mould, and the mould is fully dried.
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| CN112742938A (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2021-05-04 | 中铝瑞闽股份有限公司 | Hot stamping forming method for 5-series aluminum alloy for automobile |
| CN111036907A (en) * | 2019-12-27 | 2020-04-21 | 航天海鹰(哈尔滨)钛业有限公司 | Method for preparing TA32 titanium alloy part based on selective laser melting forming technology |
| CN111408900A (en) * | 2020-02-18 | 2020-07-14 | 中南大学 | Deep-cooling shaping method for stamping precision aluminum alloy thin-wall easily-rebounded component |
| CN112157157B (en) * | 2020-09-11 | 2023-03-24 | 中国航空制造技术研究院 | Forming method and correcting device for titanium alloy thin-wall component |
| CN113432576B (en) * | 2021-06-17 | 2023-03-03 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Titanium alloy thin-wall component differential temperature forming resilience testing device and method |
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| CN108823520A (en) * | 2018-07-05 | 2018-11-16 | 长沙理工大学 | A kind of multistage heat treatment process improving titanium alloy fatigue behaviour |
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