CN110252747B - Gathering pipeline cleaning device and operation method - Google Patents
Gathering pipeline cleaning device and operation method Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110252747B CN110252747B CN201910512932.7A CN201910512932A CN110252747B CN 110252747 B CN110252747 B CN 110252747B CN 201910512932 A CN201910512932 A CN 201910512932A CN 110252747 B CN110252747 B CN 110252747B
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- Prior art keywords
- scraper
- pipeline
- section
- fixedly connected
- cleaning device
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- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005485 electric heating Methods 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012774 insulation material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007790 scraping Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052755 nonmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B13/00—Accessories or details of general applicability for machines or apparatus for cleaning
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B08—CLEANING
- B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
- B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto
- B08B9/02—Cleaning pipes or tubes or systems of pipes or tubes
- B08B9/027—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages
- B08B9/04—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes
- B08B9/043—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes moved by externally powered mechanical linkage, e.g. pushed or drawn through the pipes
- B08B9/047—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages using cleaning devices introduced into and moved along the pipes moved by externally powered mechanical linkage, e.g. pushed or drawn through the pipes the cleaning devices having internal motors, e.g. turbines for powering cleaning tools
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Cleaning In General (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of gathering and transportation pipe cleaning equipment, and discloses a gathering and transportation pipe cleaning device and an operation method thereof. This gathering pipeline cleaning device and operation method, through setting up the first scraper and the second scraper in middle section at the section of pulling, drive first scraper and second scraper through starter motor and rotate, thereby carry out multistage, the cutting of level by level to the paraffin on the pipeline inner wall, the degree of difficulty that solid paraffin cut on the pipeline inner wall has not only been reduced, avoided the scraper to cause the damage to the pipeline, when having avoided simultaneously when paraffin thickness is thicker in the pipeline, the jam appears easily in the scraper in the use, the cutting dynamics is not enough, thereby the problem that traction force has increased the energy consumption needs to be improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of gathering and transportation pipe cleaning equipment, in particular to a gathering and transportation pipe cleaning device and an operation method.
Background
The gathering and transporting pipeline comprises an oil (gas) outlet pipeline from a single oil (gas) well to an oil (gas) processing plant (or processing device) and an oil (gas) collecting pipeline from the processing plant to an oil (gas) reservoir or a long-distance transporting pipeline head station, the oil and gas gathering and transporting pipeline is managed by an oil field, the gathering and transporting pipeline is characterized by small caliber, low pressure, more steel pipes are adopted as the pipes, and the gathering and transporting pipe cleaning device is a scraping and cleaning device for paraffin solidified in the gathering and transporting pipeline.
However, the existing gathering and transporting pipe cleaning device does not usually have a guide wheel, so that the cleaning device cannot be guided and supported in the movement process of the cleaning device, scraping between the cleaning device and the inner wall of the pipeline is easily caused, the cleaning device and the pipeline are damaged or the cleaning device is stuck in the pipeline, and the existing gathering and transporting pipe cleaning device is usually only provided with a group of scrapers with the same diameter, so that the solid paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline cannot be cut in multiple stages and layers, the paraffin cutting difficulty is increased, the blockage situation is easily caused, meanwhile, larger traction force is needed, and the energy consumption is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a gathering and transportation pipeline cleaning device and an operation method, which have the advantages of multistage cutting and difficult damage to pipelines, and solve the problems that the conventional gathering and transportation pipeline cleaning device is not provided with a guide wheel generally, so that the cleaning device cannot be guided and supported in the movement process of the cleaning device, the cleaning device is easily scraped with the inner wall of the pipeline, the cleaning device and the pipeline are damaged, or the cleaning device is stuck in the pipeline, and the conventional gathering and transportation pipeline cleaning device is only provided with a group of scrapers with the same diameter and size generally, so that the solid paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline cannot be subjected to multistage and hierarchical cutting, the paraffin cutting difficulty is increased, the sticking condition is easily caused, large traction force is required, and the energy consumption is increased.
The invention provides the following technical scheme: a gathering pipeline cleaning device comprises a pipeline and a middle section, wherein one side of the middle section is fixedly connected with a front section, one side of an inner cavity of the front section is provided with an electric heating device, the middle parts of two sides of the front section are fixedly connected with a support, one end of the support is fixedly connected with a fixing box, one side of the middle section, which is far away from the front section, is fixedly connected with a rear section, one side of the inner cavity of the rear section is provided with a storage battery, the middle part of one side of the rear section is fixedly provided with a case, the side surface of the case is provided with radiating holes, the inside of the case is fixedly provided with a motor, an output shaft of the motor is fixedly sleeved with a rotating shaft, the rotating shaft is movably sleeved with a support frame positioned in the case, one end of the rotating shaft is fixedly sleeved with a heat insulation sleeve, one end of the heat insulation sleeve, which is far away from the rotating shaft, is fixedly sleeved with a connecting shaft, the connecting shaft is movably sleeved with a bearing positioned in the middle section, and the middle part of connecting axle is fixed the cover and is equipped with the second scraper, one side fixedly connected with that the middle section was kept away from to the anterior segment pulls the section, the fixed cover of one end of connecting axle is equipped with the first scraper that is located and pulls the section.
Carefully, one side fixed mounting that the fixed incasement chamber is close to the support has the telescopic link, the one end movable sleeve of telescopic link is equipped with the spring, and the one end fixedly connected with connecting seat of telescopic link, the middle part movable sleeve of connecting seat is equipped with the fixed axle, the fixed cover in middle part of fixed axle is equipped with the pulley, the outer edge of pulley and the inner wall swing joint of pipeline.
Carefully selecting, the one end and the great one end fixed connection of telescopic link diameter value of spring, and the other end and the connecting seat fixed connection of spring.
Carefully selecting, the size of connecting seat and the size looks adaptation of fixed case inner chamber, and the connecting seat cup joints with the inner chamber activity of fixed case.
Preferably, the electric heating device is electrically connected to the accumulator.
An operation method of a gathering pipeline cleaning device comprises the following operation steps:
s1, firstly, supplying power through a storage battery, electrically heating a bearing through an electric heating device, and conducting the electricity to the first scraper and the second scraper through the bearing so as to heat the first scraper and the second scraper;
s2, driving a first scraper and a second scraper on the rotating shaft to rotate by a starting motor, so that the first scraper is used for carrying out primary cutting on paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline, and the second scraper is used for carrying out secondary cutting on the paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline;
s3, the telescopic rod and the spring in the fixed box are matched to drive the pulley on the connecting seat and the fixed shaft to elastically stretch, so that the pipe diameter of the pipeline is adapted to change, and the first scraper and the second scraper are guided and supported during movement.
The inner wall of the heat insulation sleeve is surrounded by a high-temperature resistant insulation material which is prepared by using ceramic fibers as main materials and adopting a wet forming process.
And selecting, wherein the diameter value of the first scraper is smaller than that of the second scraper, and the first scraper is movably sleeved with the traction section.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. this gathering and transportation pipeline cleaning device, through setting up the second scraper at the first scraper of pulling the section and middle section, drive first scraper and second scraper through starter motor and rotate, thereby carry out multistage to paraffin on the pipeline inner wall, cut in layers, the degree of difficulty that solid paraffin cut on the pipeline inner wall has not only been reduced, avoided the scraper to cause the damage to the pipeline, when having avoided simultaneously when paraffin thickness is thicker in the pipeline, the jam appears easily in the scraper in the use, cut the dynamics inadequately, thereby the problem that traction force has increased the energy consumption needs to be improved.
2. This gathering and transportation pipeline cleaning device, lead and support cleaning device's removal through setting up the pulley, utilize the cooperation of the telescopic link of fixed incasement and spring simultaneously, it is flexible to drive pulley elasticity, thereby adapt to the change that paraffin cut back pipe diameter on pipe internal diameter and the pipe inner wall, thereby avoid first scraper and second scraper to cut when removing with the inside extrusion scraping that takes place of pipeline, thereby damage the problem of scraper and pipeline, and then improve the stability when whole cleaning device uses, avoid the cleaning device card to die in the pipeline simultaneously.
3. This gathering pipeline cleaning device through electric heater unit electrical heating bearing to the conduction through the bearing heats first scraper and second scraper, thereby improves the temperature of first scraper and second scraper, and then improves the efficiency of cutting of first scraper and second scraper to paraffin on the pipeline inner wall, has reduced the degree of difficulty that paraffin struck off on the one hand, and on the other hand avoids the problem that the paraffin of pipeline inner wall caused the scraper card to block up thickly.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural view of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of the structure A of the present invention.
In the figure: 1. a pipeline; 2. a middle section; 3. a front section; 4. an electric heating device; 5. a support; 6. a stationary box; 601. a telescopic rod; 602. a spring; 603. a connecting seat; 604. a fixed shaft; 605. a pulley; 7. a rear section; 8. a storage battery; 9. a chassis; 10. heat dissipation holes; 11. a motor; 12. a rotating shaft; 13. a support frame; 14. a heat insulating sleeve; 15. a connecting shaft; 16. a bearing; 17. a second scraper; 18. a traction section; 19. a first scraper.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all of the embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Referring to fig. 1-2, a gathering pipeline cleaning device comprises a pipeline 1, a middle section 2, a front section 3 fixedly connected to one side of the middle section 2, an electric heating device 4 arranged on one side of the inner cavity of the front section 3, a support 5 fixedly connected to the middle parts of both sides of the front section 3, a fixing box 6 fixedly connected to one end of the support 5, a rear section 7 fixedly connected to one side of the middle section 2 away from the front section 3, a storage battery 8 arranged on one side of the inner cavity of the rear section 7, a case 9 fixedly installed in the middle part of one side of the rear section 7, heat dissipation holes 10 formed in the side of the case 9, a motor 11 fixedly installed in the case 9, a rotating shaft 12 fixedly installed on an output shaft of the motor 11, a support frame 13 positioned in the case 9 movably installed on the rotating shaft 12, a heat insulation sleeve 14 fixedly installed on one end of the rotating shaft 12, and a connecting shaft 15 fixedly installed on one end of the heat insulation sleeve 14 away from the rotating shaft 12, the movable sleeve of connecting axle 15 is equipped with the bearing 16 that is located the middle section 2, and the fixed cover in middle part of connecting axle 15 is equipped with second scraper 17, and one side fixedly connected with that the middle section 2 was kept away from to anterior segment 3 pulls the section 18, and the fixed cover of one end of connecting axle 15 is equipped with the first scraper 19 that is located on pulling the section 18.
Wherein, a telescopic rod 601 is fixedly installed at one side of the inner cavity of the fixed box 6 close to the bracket 5, a spring 602 is movably sleeved at one end of the telescopic rod 601, a connecting seat 603 is fixedly connected at one end of the telescopic rod 601, a fixed shaft 604 is movably sleeved at the middle part of the connecting seat 603, a pulley 605 is fixedly sleeved at the middle part of the fixed shaft 604, and the outer edge of the pulley 605 is movably connected with the inner wall of the pipeline 1.
Wherein, one end of the spring 602 is fixedly connected with the larger end of the diameter value of the telescopic rod 601, and the other end of the spring 602 is fixedly connected with the connecting seat 603.
The size of the connecting seat 603 is matched with the size of the inner cavity of the fixed box 6, and the connecting seat 603 is movably sleeved with the inner cavity of the fixed box 6.
Wherein the electric heating device 4 is electrically connected with the storage battery 8,
the electric heating device electrically heats the bearing, thereby heating the first scraper and the second scraper through the conduction of the bearing, the electric heating device 4 is connected with the bearing 16 through the electric wire, and the electric heating device 4 is electrically connected with the storage battery 8, the electric heater is a very popular electric heating device in the prior art, can generate huge heat through an electric heating element to achieve the purpose of supplying to people, the electric heater converts electric energy into heat energy to heat an object by using the joule effect of current, generally divided into direct resistance heating and indirect resistance heating, the power voltage of the former is directly applied to the heated object, when current flows, the heated object generates heat, the heat is generated in the heated object, belonging to internal heating, the heat efficiency is high, the indirect resistance heating needs to be made of alloy material or non-metal material to form the heating element, the heating element generates heat energy, and the heat energy is transferred to the heated object by radiation, convection, conduction and the like.
An operation method of a gathering pipeline cleaning device comprises the following operation steps:
s1, supplying power through the battery 8, electrically heating the bearing 16 by the electric heating device 4, and conducting the power to the first scraper 19 and the second scraper 17 through the bearing 16, thereby heating the first scraper 19 and the second scraper 17;
s2, the starting motor 11 drives the first scraper 19 and the second scraper 17 on the rotating shaft 12 to rotate, so that the first scraper 19 is used for carrying out primary cutting on the paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline 1, and the second scraper 17 is used for carrying out secondary cutting on the paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline 1;
s3, the telescopic rod 601 in the fixed box 6 is matched with the spring 602 to drive the connecting seat 603 and the pulley 605 on the fixed shaft 604 to elastically stretch and retract, so that the pipe diameter change of the pipeline 1 is adapted, and the first scraper 19 and the second scraper 17 are guided and supported during movement.
Wherein, the inner wall of the heat insulation sleeve 14 is surrounded by high temperature resistant insulation material made by the wet forming process and using ceramic fiber as main material, and the heat insulation sleeve 14 is used for insulating and insulating the rotating shaft 12 and the connecting shaft 15, thereby avoiding the influence on the operation of the motor 11 caused by the heat conducted to the motor 11 through the rotating shaft 12 when the electric heating device 4 is started.
Wherein, the diameter value of first scraper 19 is less than the diameter value of second scraper 17, and first scraper 19 cup joints with drawing the activity of section 18, through setting up first scraper 19 and the second scraper 17 of middle section 2 on drawing section 18, drives first scraper 19 and second scraper 17 through starter motor 11 and rotates to carry out multistage, hierarchical cutting to the paraffin on the pipeline 1 inner wall.
It is noted that, herein, relational terms such as first and second, and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action from another entity or action without necessarily requiring or implying any actual such relationship or order between such entities or actions. Also, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Also in the description of the present invention, it is to be understood that the terms "center", "longitudinal", "lateral", "length", "width", "thickness", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "clockwise", "counterclockwise", and the like, indicate orientations and positional relationships based on those shown in the drawings, and are used only for convenience of description and simplicity of description, and do not indicate or imply that the equipment or element so referred to must have a particular orientation, be constructed and operated in a particular orientation, and therefore, should not be considered as limiting the present invention.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (2)
1. The utility model provides a gathering pipeline cleaning device, includes pipeline (1), middle section (2), its characterized in that: one side of the middle section (2) is fixedly connected with a front section (3), one side of the inner cavity of the front section (3) is provided with an electric heating device (4), the middle parts of the two sides of the front section (3) are fixedly connected with a support (5), one end of the support (5) is fixedly connected with a fixing box (6), one side of the middle section (2) far away from the front section (3) is fixedly connected with a rear section (7), one side of the inner cavity of the rear section (7) is provided with a storage battery (8), the middle part of one side of the rear section (7) is fixedly provided with a case (9), the side surface of the case (9) is provided with a radiating hole (10), the inside of the case (9) is fixedly provided with a motor (11), an output shaft of the motor (11) is fixedly sleeved with a rotating shaft (12), the rotating shaft (12) is movably sleeved with a support frame (13) positioned in the case (9), and one end of the rotating shaft (12) is provided with a heat insulation sleeve (14), a connecting shaft (15) is fixedly sleeved at one end, far away from the rotating shaft (12), of the heat insulation sleeve (14), a bearing (16) positioned in the middle section (2) is movably sleeved on the connecting shaft (15), a second scraper (17) is fixedly sleeved at the middle part of the connecting shaft (15), a traction section (18) is fixedly connected to one side, far away from the middle section (2), of the front section (3), and a first scraper (19) positioned on the traction section (18) is fixedly sleeved at one end of the connecting shaft (15); a telescopic rod (601) is fixedly installed on one side, close to the support (5), of the inner cavity of the fixed box (6), a spring (602) is movably sleeved at one end of the telescopic rod (601), a connecting seat (603) is fixedly connected to one end of the telescopic rod (601), a fixed shaft (604) is movably sleeved at the middle of the connecting seat (603), a pulley (605) is fixedly sleeved at the middle of the fixed shaft (604), and the outer edge of the pulley (605) is movably connected with the inner wall of the pipeline (1); one end of the spring (602) is fixedly connected with the end with the larger diameter value of the telescopic rod (601), and the other end of the spring (602) is fixedly connected with the connecting seat (603); the size of the connecting seat (603) is matched with that of the inner cavity of the fixed box (6), and the connecting seat (603) is movably sleeved with the inner cavity of the fixed box (6); the electric heating device (4) is electrically connected with a storage battery (8); the inner wall of the heat insulation sleeve (14) is surrounded by a high-temperature resistant heat insulation material which is prepared by a wet forming process and takes ceramic fibers as main materials; the diameter value of the first scraper (19) is smaller than that of the second scraper (17), and the first scraper (19) is movably sleeved with the traction section (18); the pulley is driven to elastically stretch by utilizing the matching of a telescopic rod and a spring in the fixed box, so that the change of the inner diameter of the pipeline and the pipe diameter of the cut paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline is adapted, and the problems that the first scraper and the second scraper are extruded and scraped with the inside of the pipeline during moving cutting, and the scrapers and the pipeline are damaged are solved; the problem of when paraffin thickness was thick in the pipeline, the scraper appeared the card easily in the use, and the cutting dynamics is not enough, thereby need to improve traction force and increased the energy consumption is avoided.
2. A method of operating a gathering line cleaning device according to claim 1, characterized in that: comprises the following steps:
s1, firstly, supplying power through the storage battery (8), electrically heating the bearing (16) by using the electric heating device (4), and conducting the power to the first scraper (19) and the second scraper (17) through the bearing (16) so as to heat the first scraper (19) and the second scraper (17);
s2, the starting motor (11) drives the first scraper (19) and the second scraper (17) on the rotating shaft (12) to rotate, so that the first scraper (19) is used for primary cutting of paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline (1), and the second scraper (17) is used for secondary cutting of paraffin on the inner wall of the pipeline (1);
s3, the telescopic rod (601) in the fixed box (6) is matched with the spring (602) to drive the connecting seat (603) and the pulley (605) on the fixed shaft (604) to elastically stretch and retract, so that the pipe diameter change of the pipeline (1) is adapted, and the first scraper (19) and the second scraper (17) are guided and supported during movement.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910512932.7A CN110252747B (en) | 2019-06-14 | 2019-06-14 | Gathering pipeline cleaning device and operation method |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201910512932.7A CN110252747B (en) | 2019-06-14 | 2019-06-14 | Gathering pipeline cleaning device and operation method |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| CN110252747A CN110252747A (en) | 2019-09-20 |
| CN110252747B true CN110252747B (en) | 2022-06-14 |
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| CN201910512932.7A Expired - Fee Related CN110252747B (en) | 2019-06-14 | 2019-06-14 | Gathering pipeline cleaning device and operation method |
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| CN113522825B (en) * | 2021-07-21 | 2022-05-17 | 浙江中平粉末冶金有限公司 | Iron-based powder preparation equipment and processing method thereof |
| CN115254828A (en) * | 2022-08-25 | 2022-11-01 | 天地(榆林)开采工程技术有限公司 | Coal mine filling pipeline cleaning device and using method thereof |
| CN116274207A (en) * | 2023-04-03 | 2023-06-23 | 郯城县鹏程印务有限公司 | Printing is with sewage bucket inner wall cleaning device |
Family Cites Families (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5146644A (en) * | 1991-07-10 | 1992-09-15 | Crocco Domenic C | Pipeline cleaning device |
| CN2468616Y (en) * | 2001-03-23 | 2002-01-02 | 赵书辉 | Floating type means for cleaning wax contg. crude oil pipeline |
| CN201329360Y (en) * | 2008-12-24 | 2009-10-21 | 石建忠 | Roll traveling type tube cleaner |
| CN206229791U (en) * | 2016-11-25 | 2017-06-09 | 魏明哲 | Multiple elements design cleaning device |
| CN106424033B (en) * | 2016-11-26 | 2018-09-14 | 西南石油大学 | A kind of rotary irradiating flow pattern wiper |
| CN207681130U (en) * | 2017-11-17 | 2018-08-03 | 于建军 | Gathering line cleaning device |
| CN207914272U (en) * | 2018-01-08 | 2018-09-28 | 岳鑫 | A kind of crude oil long-distance transmission pipeline ball collecting chamber paraffin removal tool |
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Granted publication date: 20220614 |