CN110244001B - Quantitative weed monitoring method - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention discloses a weed quantitative monitoring method, which can be applied to guide the selection of weed prevention and control measures, belongs to the field of plant protection, and particularly relates to a method for quickly and quantitatively monitoring weeds and weeds in farmlands under different farming modes in a whole growth period by utilizing a seedling stage four-stage visual test method, a growth period sample method, a maturity stage seven-stage visual test method and a soil seed bank investigation before planting, and implementing a targeted weed control strategy according to quantitative indexes of weed and weed occurrence to realize the purpose of continuous weed prevention and control. The continuous monitoring can make clear the occurrence rule and the dynamics of the weeds, reasonably implement the weed prevention and control measures, reduce the use times and the use amount of the herbicide, effectively control the occurrence of the weeds, obviously reduce the planting cost and lighten the environmental pollution.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of crop cultivation management, and particularly relates to a weed quantitative monitoring method.
Background
Weeds are one of the most main factors causing yield reduction of crops, weed control mainly depends on chemical herbicides, and the dependence is aggravated along with intensification and scale development of agricultural production in China. In a rice-wheat (oil) continuous cropping area, three herbicides are used for one-season rice, two-season rice and three-season rice, two herbicides are used for one-season rice and two-season wheat or rape, if the weed base number is high, the two-season rice and rape need to be respectively used for killing gramineous weeds and broadleaf weeds, and the total number of the herbicides is up to 6. However, the long-term application of chemical herbicides in large quantities can cause serious pollution to farmland soil and water sources, bring about serious environmental crisis, cause chemical residues of agricultural products to exceed standards, and some chemical residues are environmental hormones and harm human health. Another technical problem is that the generation of resistant weeds causes a decrease in the control effect, an increase in the amount of herbicide, and a vicious circle, which eventually increases the cost of weeding and reduces the benefit of growers.
With the increasing concern of people on ecological problems such as food safety and environmental deterioration, the weed control technology needs to change the situation that the existing technology almost completely depends on chemical removal technology, the agricultural department also proposes the aim of 'double reduction' for reducing the use of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers, and the use of herbicides accounts for more than 40% of the use amount of pesticides, so that the reduction of the use amount of the herbicides is an important part for realizing the double reduction aim. And how to scientifically make weed control measures, reduce the using times/using amount of the herbicide, need to utilize quantitative monitoring of weeds, organically combine ecological weed control measures and chemical weed control measures based on monitoring and investigation results, develop a comprehensive weed control technology based on quantitative weed monitoring, and finally realize sustainable control of weeds.
CN 103477920B discloses an ecological weeding method based on the research of an ecological weed control system for accelerating an exhausted weed seed bank, which has good weed control effect on rice and wheat continuous cropping field weeds by applying an ecological weed control technology of filtering irrigation water flow and fishing out floating weed seeds in an irrigation field-soaking period, and enables the density of weed seeds in a soil seed bank to be continuously reduced year by year. In farmlands with high weed density, the single use of ecological weed control is not enough to control the occurrence and harm of weeds in the current season, and measures such as chemical herbicides need to be matched. However, no specific technology is available for rapidly and quantitatively monitoring weeds in cultivation and farming modes such as rice-wheat, rice-rape, rice-green manure and rice-winter fallow fields, and selecting a comprehensive weed control strategy based on quantitative monitoring, so that the density of weeds is rapidly reduced, and the using times and using amount of herbicides are reduced. Particularly, there is no clear data index as a basis on how to quickly judge the dominance level (hazard level) of weeds according to indexes such as the abundance, coverage and the like of the weeds in the field.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problem that the farmland weed investigation method is time-consuming and tedious, provides a weed quantitative monitoring method, can rapidly and quantitatively carry out weed monitoring investigation, determines the weed hazard degree, and provides a basis for selecting a weed prevention and control strategy.
The invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
a method of weed quantitative monitoring comprising the steps of:
(1) in the investigation of the seedling stage of the weeds, a four-level visual measurement method is adopted to observe the abundance and the coverage of the weeds in the seedling stage and judge the dominance level of the weeds, wherein the four-level visual measurement method specifically comprises the following steps:
first-stage: when the soil is observed at the straight waist of 3 meters away from the field, the soil is obviously covered by green, which indicates that the weed is generated with high density;
and (2) second stage: standing at the edge of the field or on the straight waist of the field to observe that the visible soil is covered by green, and representing the weed occurrence amount and the weed occurrence density;
third-stage: standing in the field, bending down to observe visible weed seedlings, and indicating the low occurrence amount and density of weeds;
and (4) fourth stage: sporadic weed seedlings can be seen only by standing in the field and squatting for observation, which indicates that the weed generation amount is extremely low and the density is extremely low;
(2) during the investigation of the maturity period of the weeds, observing the height, the abundance and the coverage of the weeds relative to crops by adopting a seven-level visual method, and judging the dominance level of the weeds, wherein the seven-level visual method is named in sequence from high to low according to the dominance level of the weeds:
primary and secondary: the dominance levels are 4 and 5, which indicate that the weed harm is serious;
third stage and fourth stage: the dominance levels are 2 and 3, which indicate moderate weed harm;
and (5) fifth stage: the dominance level is 1, which indicates that the harm of weeds is light;
sixth grade, seventh grade: the dominance level is 0 and T, which indicates that the harm of weeds is extremely light;
(3) in the weed growth period investigation, a W-type nine-point sample method is adopted: each field is designed to have 9 areas of 0.5-1 m in W shape2Respectively counting the weed species and the plant number of each weed in the sample, and calculating the weed density;
(4) after the crops are harvested, adopting a soil seed bank to drill soil for sampling: 9 sampling points are designed in a W shape in each field, 5 points are arranged at the periphery of each sampling point at intervals of 1m according to a plum blossom shape, 1 soil sample is drilled at each point, the soil drilling depth is 15cm, and the soil drilling area of each soil sample is 0.002m2The diameter of the drilled soil is 50mm, and after the soil sample is treated by a water washing method, the types and the number of the weed seeds in the seed bank are counted, so that the scale of the soil weed seed bank is obtained.
Preferably, when the monitoring and investigation result is that the weed occurrence amount is high density, or the dominance degree is 4-5 grades, or the weed density is more than 200 strains/m2Or the scale of the soil weed seed bank is more than 100000 grains/m2In time, the conventional local chemical weeding mode is adopted during the crop planting period, and the use of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' of ecological grass control measures is matched.
Preferably, when the monitoring and investigation result is that the weed occurrence amount is medium density or dominance degree is 2-3 grades, or the weed density is 100-200 strains/m2Or the scale of the soil weed seed bank is 50000-100000 granules/m2Compared with the conventional local chemical weeding mode during crop planting, the method reduces the use of a chemical herbicide once, and is matched with the use of ecological grass control measures of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing'.
Preferably, when monitoring surveysThe result is low density of weed generation amount, or 1 grade of dominance degree, or 50-100 plants/m weed density2Or the scale of the soil weed seed bank is 20000-50000 granules/m2In time, the chemical herbicide is used only once during the crop planting period, and is matched with the use of ecological grass control measures of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing'.
Preferably, when the monitoring and investigation result shows that the weed occurrence amount is extremely low, or the dominance degree is 0-T grade, or the weed density is less than 50 strains/m2Or the scale of the soil weed seed bank is less than 20000 grains/m2In time, no chemical herbicide is used during the crop planting period, and only ecological grass control measures of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' are used for maintaining the weed density in the field at a lower level.
Preferably, the crop is cultivated in a rice-wheat, rice-rape, rice-green manure or rice-winter fallow field.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the invention utilizes a seedling stage four-level visual inspection method, a growth stage sampling method, a mature stage seven-level visual inspection method and a soil seed bank investigation before planting to carry out rapid and quantitative monitoring on the weeds and the weeds in the farmland under different farming modes in the whole growth period, and implements a targeted weed control strategy according to quantitative indexes of the weeds and the weeds so as to realize the purpose of continuous prevention and control of the weeds. The continuous monitoring can make clear the occurrence rule and the dynamics of the weeds, reasonably implement the weed prevention and control measures, reduce the using times and the using amount of the herbicide, realize the quantification of the weed prevention and control, obviously reduce the planting cost while effectively controlling the occurrence of the weeds and reduce the environmental pollution.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in further detail with reference to specific examples.
A weed quantitative monitoring method is a method for rapidly and quantitatively monitoring the occurrence of weeds in farmlands under different farming modes by applying a visual method, is used for guiding the reasonable selection of weed prevention and control measures, and comprises the following steps:
(1) in the weed seedling stage investigation, a four-level simple visual method is adopted, the occurrence degree (occurrence amount) of weeds is evaluated mainly according to the green coverage condition of the soil surface, and the dominance level (hazard level) of the weeds is judged. The size of the weed seed pool in different soils determines the amount of weed that occurs. When the emergence of weeds was investigated, the investigators observed the change in angle to confirm the emergence of weeds. The fourth-order visual measurement method comprises the following specific steps: observing the waist in a straight way: when the soil is obviously covered in green (one green field) in a far view (3 meters away from the field), the weed density is high; standing in the field for straight waist observation: the soil is covered in a green way, so that the weed density is low; standing in the field, bending down and observing: the density of weeds is low when the seedlings of the weeds are visible; fourthly, observation in a squatting mode: sporadic seedlings are visible, and the density of weeds is very low. See table 1 for specific classifications.
TABLE 1 four-stage visual determination method for weed seedling stage
(2) During the investigation of the weed maturity stage, a seven-level visual method is adopted to visually observe the height, the abundance and the coverage of weeds relative to crops, and judge the dominance level (harm level) of weeds. The weed hazard degree grades are 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, T and 0 from high to low in sequence, and the total harm degree grades are 7. The heights of the weeds relative to the crops can be divided into an upper layer, a middle layer and a lower layer, the levels of the harmfulness are determined according to different coverage degrees and multiple degrees of the weeds relative to the heights of the crops, and the specific levels are shown in a table 2.
TABLE 2 seven-grade visual grading Standard of dominance of weed communities
(3) The weed growth period is investigated by adopting a W-shaped nine-point sample method, the area of each sample is 0.5m multiplied by 0.5m, the weed species in the samples and the number of strains of each weed are respectively counted, and the weed density is calculated.
(4) After crops are harvested (or before crops are sowed), a soil weed seed bank is investigated, 9 sampling points are designed in a W shape in each field, 5 points are arranged at intervals of 1m in a plum blossom shape at the periphery of each sampling point, 1 soil sample is drilled at each point, the soil drilling depth is 15cm, and the drilling area of each soil sample is 0.002m2(the diameter of the drilled soil is 50mm), after the soil sample is treated by a water washing method, the types and the number of the weed seeds in the seed bank are counted, and the scale (density) of the soil weed seed bank is obtained.
After the rapid quantitative investigation of the field weed damage, the selection of the weed prevention and control strategy is carried out according to the seedling emergence amount of the weeds, or the dominance level of the plants (harmfulness level), or the density of the weeds, or the scale (density) of a soil weed seed bank, and the specific selection of the weed control measures is shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 selection of weed control strategy
The four-level visual measurement method and the seven-level visual measurement method of the weeds can be applied to the rapid quantitative monitoring of the weeds in the rice-wheat, rice-rape, rice-green manure or rice-winter fallow field cultivation mode, and can guide the selection of weed prevention and control measures. The weed occurrence (harm) is continuously monitored, and the weed control measures are adjusted in time according to the monitoring result. Firstly, when the weed occurrence amount is high and the weed occurrence density is high, the local conventional chemical weeding mode is adopted, and the ecological weed control measures of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' are matched, so that the weed occurrence amount in the field is quickly reduced; secondly, when the weed occurrence amount is medium density, the use of chemical herbicide (stem and leaf treatment) is reduced for each crop season on the basis of local conventional removal, and the weed occurrence is effectively controlled by 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' in cooperation with weed control measures; thirdly, when the weed occurrence amount is low density, chemical herbicide is used only once (soil sealing treatment or seedling stem leaf treatment) in each crop season, and then the weed control measures of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' are matched, so that the weed occurrence is continuously controlled while the herbicide use amount (use times) is reduced; fourthly, when the weed occurrence amount is extremely low, only the weed control measures of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' are needed to be implemented in the crop season, and the weed occurrence amount is maintained at a low level.
The ecological grass control measures of 'closure' and 'net fishing' are implemented under different planting modes: after wheat/rape/green manure/idle winter field, before rice is planted, ploughing is carried out, and then watering is carried out. During irrigation, a 'cut-off' measure is used, namely a filter screen is erected at a water inlet and a water outlet of a field before irrigation for the first time, weed seeds in irrigation water flow are filtered and removed, the filter screen can be a nylon screen, a stainless steel screen or a wire mesh, and the aperture of the filter screen is 50-150 meshes; soaking the field after irrigation, keeping the water layer of the field to be more than 10cm during field soaking, and taking a 'net fishing' measure, namely fishing out the weed seeds floating on the water surface by using a fishing net when the weed seeds floating on the water surface are blown to the corners or edges of the field, wherein the fishing net can be a nylon net, and the aperture of the fishing net is 80-120 meshes; and in the later stage of field soaking, carrying out rotary tillage and field harrowing, harrowing the field blocks, standing, keeping the water layer for a period of time, and carrying out 'net fishing' operation again.
Example 1
The implementation time is as follows: 2016-2018.
The implementation place is as follows: the professional cooperative society of Zhengyang plantation in the abated garden of Jiangsu dormitory city.
The implementation scheme is as follows: the test field is a rice-wheat continuous cropping mode, wheat is planted in winter, the wheat variety is 'Huai wheat 26', the seeding amount is 35 kg/mu, rice is planted in summer, the rice variety is 'continuous japonica 11', the row spacing of transplanting (mechanical transplanting) is 30cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, and 5 seedlings are planted in each hole. Before the test is carried out: the weeds in the test field are removed conventionally. During the wheat planting period, the 'primary sealing and secondary stem leaf' means that the soil sealing herbicide is used for spraying after the wheat is sowed and before seedlings; in the 3-leaf 1-heart stage of wheat, spraying stem-leaf herbicide; applying the herbicide for 1 time after wheat leaves are 4 to stem and leaf period. During the rice planting period, the herbicide is used as 'one-sealing, two-killing and three-supplementing', namely, the closed herbicide is applied before seedling after the rice is sowed, the stem and leaf herbicide is sprayed in the seedling stage after the rice is sowed (before 3 leaves and 1 heart stage of weeds), and the stem and leaf treatment agent is applied again in the seedling stage.
Quantitative monitoring of weeds: a soil seed bank base number survey was conducted after 2016 rice harvest. During the 2016 year wheat planting period, a wheat field seedling stage weed occurrence amount survey (basic survey) is carried out, the survey is carried out in 11 months in 2016 years (no herbicide is applied), then overground weed community survey monitoring of a seedling stage and a mature stage is carried out for each crop season, and the selection of subsequent weed control measures is guided according to the survey results: the investigation of the weeds in the seedling stage of the rice field is carried out 30 days after the rice is transplanted, and the investigation of the weeds in the mature stage is carried out at the beginning of 10 months (before the rice is harvested); the wheat field seedling stage weed investigation is carried out 30 days after sowing, and the mature stage weed investigation is carried out at the beginning of 5 months (before wheat harvest). And the investigation of the soil weed seed bank is carried out after the crops (rice and wheat) are harvested.
The investigation result shows that the weed occurrence amount in the wheat field in 2016 is medium density, namely, a small amount of green weeds can cover the row space when the weeds are observed in a straight waist mode, weed plants can be observed when the weeds are observed in a bent waist mode, and obvious weed seedlings are observed when the weeds are observed in a squatting mode. The number of the weed seedlings is 123 plants/m2The soil weed seed bank has medium size of 85456 grains/m2. Weed monitoring and selection of corresponding weed control measures are detailed in table 4.
TABLE 4 Supper migration test field weed monitoring and control measure selection
And guiding the implementation of the grass control measures according to the investigation result of the weeds in the wheat field. According to the investigation result of the weed occurrence amount in the wheat field in 2016, the weed occurrence amount and the medium density are reduced by using a comprehensive weed control measure of 'subtractive chemical removal + interception + net fishing', namely, the wheat field is not subjected to herbicide 'sealing' treatment any more in the current season, then is subjected to 'primary stem and leaf' treatment at the bottom of 11 months (3-leaf period of wheat and before 3-leaf period of weeds), and is subjected to 'primary stem and leaf' treatment in the last ten days of 2 months. According to the quantitative monitoring result of the weeds in the wheat field in 2016, compared with the conventional chemical removal in the local area, the chemical removal times can be properly reduced in 2017, and the comprehensive grass control measures of 'reduction chemical removal + interception + net fishing' are used to reduce the weed occurrence amount and the seed bank scale in cooperation with the ecological grass control measures: namely after wheat harvest in 2017, taking the measures of 'closure' and 'net fishing' before rice planting; the herbicide is used during the rice planting period, the treatment of 'one-sealing and one-time stem leaf' is carried out, after land preparation and raking, the 'one-killing' is carried out by using a sealing herbicide, and the 'two-killing' is carried out by spraying the stem leaf herbicide after sowing in the seedling stage (before the 3-leaf and 1-heart stages of weeds). Weed monitoring is continuously carried out, and the selection of weed control measures in the next crop season can be reasonably guided. And according to the result of continuously monitoring weeds in 2017, continuously selecting a grass control strategy of 'reducing and eliminating, intercepting and fishing with a net' in 2018. The weed monitoring results show that the damage degree of weeds in the wheat field and the rice field in 2016 + 2018 is reduced, and in general, the quantitative monitoring of the weeds enables the selection of a weed control strategy to be more reasonable, so that the use frequency (use amount) of the herbicide is reduced on the basis of effective weed control.
Example 2
The implementation time is as follows: 2016-2018.
The implementation place is as follows: the Huaiyin area of Huai city of Jiangsu Huai-an city reaches the home lake of summer in the bridge.
The implementation scheme is as follows: the test field is a rice-wheat continuous cropping mode, wheat is planted in winter, the wheat variety is 'Huai wheat 26', the seeding amount is 35 kg/mu, rice is planted in summer, the rice variety is 'continuous japonica 11', the row spacing of transplanting (mechanical transplanting) is 30cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, and 5 seedlings are planted in each hole. Before the test is carried out: the weeds in the test field are removed conventionally. During the wheat planting period, the soil sealing herbicide is used for spraying before wheat seedlings after wheat is sowed; in the 3-leaf 1-heart period of wheat, the stem-leaf herbicide is sprayed. During the rice planting period, the herbicide is used as 'one-sealing, two-killing and three-supplementing', namely, the closed herbicide is applied before seedling after the rice is sowed, the stem and leaf herbicide is sprayed in the seedling stage after the rice is sowed (before 3 leaves and 1 heart stage of weeds), and the stem and leaf treatment agent is applied again in the seedling stage.
Quantitative monitoring of weeds: during the 2016 year rice planting period, the investigation of the occurrence amount of weeds in the seedling stage of a rice field is carried out (basic investigation is carried out when no herbicide is applied in the 7 th and the last th days of the 2016 year; the investigation of weeds in the mature stage of the rice field is carried out in the 10 th month of the 2016 year; then the investigation and monitoring of overground weed communities in the seedling stage and the mature stage are carried out in each crop season respectively, and the selection of subsequent weed control measures is guided according to the investigation results, wherein the investigation of weeds in the seedling stage of the rice field is carried out 30 days after rice transplanting, the investigation of weeds in the mature stage is carried out in the early 10 month (before rice harvesting), the investigation of weeds in the wheat field is carried out in the early 5 month (before wheat harvesting), and the investigation of a soil weed database is carried out after the crops (rice and wheat) are harvested.
The investigation result shows that the weed occurrence amount in 2016 years is medium density, and the number of the weed seedlings is 79 plants/m2The soil weed seed bank has a medium size of 75236 grains/m2. Weed monitoring and selection of corresponding weed control measures are detailed in table 5.
TABLE 5 weeds monitoring and control measures selection in Huaian test fields
Seed bank size was moderate after 2016 rice harvest (75236 grains/m)2) In 2016 (2016, 11-month sowing), the wheat is treated by 'one-time sealing and one-time stem and leaf'. According to the quantitative monitoring results of the weed communities and the seed banks in 2016 and 2017, compared with the conventional chemical removal in the local, the chemical removal frequency can be properly reduced in 2017, and the comprehensive grass control measures of 'reduction chemical removal + interception + net fishing' are adopted to reduce the weed occurrence amount and the seed bank scale in cooperation with the ecological grass control measures: namely after wheat harvest in 2017, taking the measures of 'closure' and 'net fishing' before rice planting; the herbicide is used during the rice planting period, the treatment of 'one-sealing and one-time stem leaf' is carried out, after land preparation and raking, the 'one-killing' is carried out by using a sealing herbicide, and the 'two-killing' is carried out by spraying the stem leaf herbicide after sowing in the seedling stage (before the 3-leaf and 1-heart stages of weeds). According to the results of continuous monitoring of weed communities and seed banks in 2017 and 2018, the weed occurrence amount in rice fields and wheat fields is low, and the seed banks are small in scale (<50000 grains/m2) Therefore, the grass control strategy of 'one-time removal, interception and net fishing' is selected and used in 2018.
Example 3
The implementation time is as follows: 2016-2018.
The implementation place is as follows: and (3) a chikungunya city ecological garden in Jiangsu Kunshan town.
The implementation scheme is as follows: the test field is a rice-rape continuous cropping mode, rape planted in winter is threo oil No. 8, the row spacing is 40cm, the plant spacing is 15cm, the rice variety is threo rice No. 5, the row spacing of transplanting (mechanical transplanting) is 25cm, the plant spacing is 24cm, and 5 seedlings are planted in each hole. Before the test is carried out: the weeds in the test field are removed conventionally. The rape field is treated by 'sealing and stem and leaf', namely the rape is sealed by using a sealing herbicide 2 days before the rape is transplanted after rice is harvested, and the herbicide is sprayed by using the stem and leaf of the rape at the 6-8 leaf age of the rape; during the rice planting period, the herbicide is used as 'one-sealing, two-killing and three-supplementing', namely, the closed herbicide is applied before seedling after the rice is sowed, the stem and leaf herbicide is sprayed in the seedling stage after the rice is sowed (before 3 leaves and 1 heart stage of weeds), and the stem and leaf treatment agent is applied again in the seedling stage.
Quantitative monitoring of weeds: a soil seed bank base number survey was conducted after 2016 rice harvest. During 2016 rape planting, a rape field weed survey (basal survey) was conducted, which was conducted in the middle of the 11 th month of 2016 (no herbicide applied). Then, carrying out investigation and monitoring on the above-ground weed communities in the seedling stage and the mature stage for one time in each crop season: the investigation of the weeds in the seedling stage of the rice field is carried out 35 days after the rice is transplanted, and the investigation of the weeds in the mature stage is carried out at the beginning of 10 months (before the rice is harvested); the weeds in the seedling stage of the rape field are investigated 25 days after transplanting, and the weeds in the mature stage are investigated in the middle 5 th of the month (before harvesting of the rape). And the investigation of the soil weed seed bank is carried out after the crops (rice and rape) are harvested.
And guiding the implementation of the grass control measures according to the investigation results of the soil seed bank after 2016 rice harvest and the weed community in the rape field in the seedling stage. The investigation result shows that the weed occurrence amount in the rape field in 2016 years is high density (245 strains/m)2) Larger-scale soil weed seed bank (113285 grains/m)2) Therefore, in 2016, the local conventional removal of rape is maintained, and in the period of rice planting in the next season (2017), ecological grass control measures are matched, and the weed occurrence amount and the seed bank scale are reduced by using the comprehensive grass control measures of 'conventional + cut-off + net fishing'. Weed monitoring and selection of corresponding weed control measures are detailed in table 6.
TABLE 6 weed monitoring and control strategy selection for Kunshan test fields
According to the monitoring result of weeds in the mature period of the rape field of 5 months in 2017, the harm level of the weeds is 4, so that the conventional removal of the weeds in the next rape planting season (in the winter of 2017) is still maintained, and the investigation result of the mature period of the weeds in the rice field in 2017 shows that the harm level is 3 (medium), so that the weed monitoring method can be used for reducing the chemical removal, stopping the flow and fishing the net in the rice planting season in 2018, and the use of a herbicide for treating stems and leaves once can be reduced. Weed monitoring is implemented, the harm degree of weeds in rape fields and paddy fields is reduced in 2018 by the matching use of ecological weed control measures and chemical weeding, and the use frequency of herbicides is reduced.
Example 4
The implementation time is as follows: 2016-2018.
The implementation place is as follows: jiangxi Jian Shang Gao county.
The implementation scheme is as follows: the test field was in rice-winter idle mode. Planting rice in summer, transplanting rice by a rice transplanter, and planting the rice in the middle ten days of 5 months, wherein the variety is '361% in the morning of the river'. Before the test is carried out: in the idle period of winter, before the weeds are fructified, the weeding agent is used for killing the weeds for one time; the method is used during rice planting, secondary sealing and primary stem and leaf treatment are carried out, primary sealing is carried out after land preparation and raking, the sealing is carried out 7-10 days after planting, the sealing is carried out again, and the primary stem and leaf treatment is carried out before 3-leaf 1-heart period of weeds after planting.
Quantitative monitoring of weeds: the herbicide is used before rice harvest in 2016 to carry out basic investigation on overground weed communities in the mature period of the rice field. Then 2 weed monitoring were performed in each rice planting season: the investigation of the weeds in the seedling stage of the rice field is carried out 30 days after the rice is transplanted, and the investigation of the weeds in the mature stage is carried out at the beginning of 10 months (before the rice is harvested). Soil weed seed bank investigation is carried out before rice transplantation every year. Weed monitoring and selection of corresponding weed control measures are detailed in table 7.
TABLE 7 selection of weed monitoring and control measures in test fields in Jiangxi province
The investigation result of the weeds in the mature period of 2016 shows (Table 7), the hazard level of the weeds is 4, the hazard is serious, so that the chemical weed control measures in the rice field of 2017 still maintain the local conventional removal, and the ecological weed control measures of 'cut-off + net fishing' are matched, after 1-year treatment, the hazard level of the weeds in the mature period of the rice field of 2017 is 3, and the hazard is reduced compared with the last year, so that the weed control measures in the next season (2018) are adjusted, and one-time 'closed treatment' is reduced. Continuously monitoring weeds, and guiding the selection of a measure for controlling weeds in the paddy field in the next season (2019) according to the monitoring result in 2018. Through weed quantitative monitoring, a practical basis is provided for the selection of a weed control strategy.
Example 5
The implementation time is as follows: 2016-2018.
The implementation place is as follows: anhui Hefei city Lujiang county white lake farm.
The implementation scheme is as follows: the test field is in a rice-green manure mode, rice is planted in summer, the rice variety is 'Hui Liang you 996', the row spacing is 35cm, the plant spacing is 17cm, and 4 seedlings are planted in each hole. Sowing astragalus sinicus 15 days before harvesting, harvesting in the full bloom period (late 4 months), and turning over and returning the astragalus sinicus to the field after harvesting; transplanting the rice in the first ten days of June. Before the test is carried out: during the rice planting period, the herbicide is used as 'one-sealing, two-killing and three-supplementing', namely, the closed herbicide is applied before seedling after the rice is sowed, the stem and leaf herbicide is sprayed in the seedling stage after the rice is sowed (before 3 leaves and 1 heart stage of weeds), and the stem and leaf treatment agent is applied again in the seedling stage.
Quantitative monitoring of weeds: a basic investigation of weeds in a rice field at the seedling stage is carried out at the end of 6 months in 2016 (no herbicide is applied), and a four-level visual method is used for the investigation. Following this 2 weed monitoring was performed during rice planting: the investigation of the weeds in the seedling stage of the rice field is carried out 25 days after the rice is transplanted, and the investigation of the weeds in the mature stage is carried out at the beginning of 10 months (before the rice is harvested). Soil weed seed bank investigation is carried out before rice transplantation every year. Weed monitoring and selection of corresponding weed control measures are detailed in table 8.
TABLE 8 weed monitoring and control measures selection for Anhui test field
The 2016 seed bank and seedling weed survey results showed (Table 8), moderate soil seed bank scale (98748 seeds/m)2) The emergence amount of weeds in the seedling stage of the rice field is medium density (123 plants/m)2) The stem and leaf treatment is carried out twice, and the investigation of the mature weeds in the rice field in the current season shows that the weed hazard degree is 3 grade, so that the closure and the net fishing are used in the rice planting period of the next season (2017) and are matched with the closure and the stem and leaf treatment for one time. And (3) continuously monitoring weeds, and confirming that the grass control measures in 2018 are still selected as 'cut-off and net fishing' and then matched with 'primary sealing and primary stem and leaf' according to quantitative monitoring results (such as weed damage) of the weeds in the seedling stage and the mature stage in 2017.
In the rice-green manure farming mode, besides the mode of returning milk vetch to the field, ryegrass, alfalfa and the like can be planted in green.
Claims (2)
1. A method for quantitative weed monitoring, comprising the steps of:
(1) in the investigation of the seedling stage of the weeds, a four-level visual measurement method is adopted to observe the abundance and the coverage of the weeds in the seedling stage and judge the dominance level of the weeds, wherein the four-level visual measurement method specifically comprises the following steps:
first-stage: when the soil is observed at the straight waist of 3 meters away from the field, the soil is obviously covered by green, which indicates that the weed is generated with high density;
and (2) second stage: standing at the edge of the field or on the straight waist of the field to observe that the visible soil is covered by green, and representing the weed occurrence amount and the weed occurrence density;
third-stage: standing in the field, bending down to observe visible weed seedlings, and indicating the low occurrence amount and density of weeds;
and (4) fourth stage: sporadic weed seedlings can be seen only by standing in the field and squatting for observation, which indicates that the weed generation amount is extremely low and the density is extremely low;
(2) during the investigation of the maturity period of the weeds, observing the height, the abundance and the coverage of the weeds relative to crops by adopting a seven-level visual method, and judging the dominance level of the weeds, wherein the seven-level visual method is named in sequence from high to low according to the dominance level of the weeds:
primary and secondary: the dominance levels are 4 and 5, which indicate that the weed harm is serious;
third stage and fourth stage: the dominance levels are 2 and 3, which indicate moderate weed harm;
and (5) fifth stage: the dominance level is 1, which indicates that the harm of weeds is light;
sixth grade, seventh grade: the dominance level is 0 and T, which indicates that the harm of weeds is extremely light;
(3) in the weed growth period investigation, a W-type nine-point sample method is adopted: each field is designed to have 9 areas of 0.5-1 m in W shape2Respectively counting the weed species and the plant number of each weed in the sample, and calculating the weed density;
(4) after the crops are harvested, adopting a soil seed bank to drill soil for sampling: 9 sampling points are designed in a W shape in each field, 5 points are arranged at the periphery of each sampling point at intervals of 1m according to a plum blossom shape, 1 soil sample is drilled at each point, the soil drilling depth is 15cm, and the soil drilling area of each soil sample is 0.002m2The diameter of the drilled soil is 50mm, and after the soil sample is treated by a water washing method, the types and the number of weed seeds in the seed bank are counted, namely the scale of the soil weed seed bank;
(5) performing the following processing according to the monitoring and investigation results of the steps (1) to (4):
firstly, when the results of monitoring and investigation are that the weed occurrence amount is high density, or the dominance degree is 4-5 grades, or the weed density is more than 200 plants/m2Or the scale of the soil weed seed bank is more than 100000 grains/m2During the planting period, the local conventional chemical weeding mode is adopted, and the use of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' of ecological grass control measures are matched;
secondly, when the monitoring and investigation result shows that the weed emergence amount is medium density, or the dominance degree is 2-3 grades, or the weed density is 100-200 plants/m2Or the scale of the soil weed seed bank is 50000-100000 granules/m2Compared with the local conventional chemical weeding mode during the crop planting period, the method reduces the use of a primary chemical herbicide, and is matched with the use of ecological grass control measures of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing';
thirdly, when the monitoring and investigation result is miscellaneousThe grass has low emergence density or dominance degree of 1 grade or the density of weeds is 50-100 plants/m2Or the scale of the soil weed seed bank is 20000-50000 granules/m2In the time, the chemical herbicide is used only once during the crop planting period, and the use of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' of ecological grass control measures is matched;
fourthly, when the monitoring and investigation result shows that the weed generating amount is extremely low, or the dominance degree is 0 to T grade, or the weed density is less than 50 plants/m2Or the scale of the soil weed seed bank is less than 20000 grains/m2In time, no chemical herbicide is used during the crop planting period, and only ecological grass control measures of 'cut-off' and 'net fishing' are used for maintaining the weed density in the field at a lower level.
2. The method of quantitative weed monitoring according to claim 1, wherein the crop cultivation mode is rice-wheat, rice-oilseed rape, rice-green manure or rice-winter fallow.
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| AUPR457401A0 (en) * | 2001-04-26 | 2001-05-24 | Weed Control Australia Pty Ltd | Selective weed discrimination |
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