CN110167804A - 车辆液压制动*** - Google Patents

车辆液压制动*** Download PDF

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CN110167804A
CN110167804A CN201780066907.XA CN201780066907A CN110167804A CN 110167804 A CN110167804 A CN 110167804A CN 201780066907 A CN201780066907 A CN 201780066907A CN 110167804 A CN110167804 A CN 110167804A
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cylinder
braking
hydraulic
emergency
hydraulic cylinder
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CN110167804B (zh
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德米特里·瓦迪莫维奇·梅德维德夫
奥维克·莱昂纳多维奇·麦克斯耶
埃夫根尼·埃菲莫维奇·梅佐
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/18—Safety devices; Monitoring
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/58—Combined or convertible systems
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/74—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive
    • B60T13/745—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive acting on a hydraulic system, e.g. a master cylinder
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/12—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release the fluid being liquid
    • B60T13/14—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release the fluid being liquid using accumulators or reservoirs fed by pumps
    • B60T13/142—Systems with master cylinder
    • B60T13/145—Master cylinder integrated or hydraulically coupled with booster
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/12—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release the fluid being liquid
    • B60T13/16—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release the fluid being liquid using pumps directly, i.e. without interposition of accumulators or reservoirs
    • B60T13/161—Systems with master cylinder
    • B60T13/165—Master cylinder integrated or hydraulically coupled with booster
    • B60T13/166—Part of the system directly actuated by booster pressure
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/24—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release the fluid being gaseous
    • B60T13/46—Vacuum systems
    • B60T13/52—Vacuum systems indirect, i.e. vacuum booster units
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/66—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/662—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems characterised by specified functions of the control system components
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/10—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with fluid assistance, drive, or release
    • B60T13/66—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/68—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems by electrically-controlled valves
    • B60T13/686—Electrical control in fluid-pressure brake systems by electrically-controlled valves in hydraulic systems or parts thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/74—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T13/00—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems
    • B60T13/74—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive
    • B60T13/741—Transmitting braking action from initiating means to ultimate brake actuator with power assistance or drive; Brake systems incorporating such transmitting means, e.g. air-pressure brake systems with electrical assistance or drive acting on an ultimate actuator
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/02—Arrangements of pumps or compressors, or control devices therefor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/04—Arrangements of piping, valves in the piping, e.g. cut-off valves, couplings or air hoses
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T17/00—Component parts, details, or accessories of power brake systems not covered by groups B60T8/00, B60T13/00 or B60T15/00, or presenting other characteristic features
    • B60T17/18—Safety devices; Monitoring
    • B60T17/22—Devices for monitoring or checking brake systems; Signal devices
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T7/00—Brake-action initiating means
    • B60T7/02—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation
    • B60T7/04—Brake-action initiating means for personal initiation foot actuated
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/14—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position
    • F16D65/16—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged in or on the brake
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D65/00—Parts or details
    • F16D65/14—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position
    • F16D65/28—Actuating mechanisms for brakes; Means for initiating operation at a predetermined position arranged apart from the brake
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60T—VEHICLE BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF; BRAKE CONTROL SYSTEMS OR PARTS THEREOF, IN GENERAL; ARRANGEMENT OF BRAKING ELEMENTS ON VEHICLES IN GENERAL; PORTABLE DEVICES FOR PREVENTING UNWANTED MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES; VEHICLE MODIFICATIONS TO FACILITATE COOLING OF BRAKES
    • B60T2270/00—Further aspects of brake control systems not otherwise provided for
    • B60T2270/40—Failsafe aspects of brake control systems
    • B60T2270/402—Back-up
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60Y—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO ASPECTS CROSS-CUTTING VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
    • B60Y2400/00—Special features of vehicle units
    • B60Y2400/81—Braking systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2121/00—Type of actuator operation force
    • F16D2121/02—Fluid pressure
    • F16D2121/04—Fluid pressure acting on a piston-type actuator, e.g. for liquid pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16D—COUPLINGS FOR TRANSMITTING ROTATION; CLUTCHES; BRAKES
    • F16D2125/00—Components of actuators
    • F16D2125/18—Mechanical mechanisms
    • F16D2125/58—Mechanical mechanisms transmitting linear movement
    • F16D2125/70—Rods

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Transportation (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Transmission Of Braking Force In Braking Systems (AREA)
  • Braking Systems And Boosters (AREA)
  • Valves And Accessory Devices For Braking Systems (AREA)
  • Regulating Braking Force (AREA)

Abstract

使用领域：运输工程。所提供的***意图用于紧急状况下的快速减速、提升车辆制动的有效性，以及优化总的道路交通安全性。目标：通过提升在紧急情况下的制动可靠性和效率来优化道路交通安全性。本发明的本质：***包括具有液压储存器的主制动缸、控制踏板和真空助力器，所述主制动缸连接到每个车轮的伺服制动缸。***配备有紧急制动组件，其至少安装在后轮的伺服制动缸的上游。紧急制动组件包括往复的电气机构，电气机构具有杆，液压缸的活塞附接到所述杆。液压缸的进口端口联接到与主制动缸连接的线。出口端口连接到伺服制动缸。补偿端口设置在直接靠近电气机构的液压缸的上部，所述端口连接到与主制动缸连接的线。紧急制动组件的液压缸的壳体的底部被定位成不低于伺服缸的顶层。

Description

车辆液压制动***
技术领域
本发明涉及运输车辆工程，并且所要求保护的液压制动***被设计为用于正在运行的车辆的快速减速、提高紧急情况下车辆制动的有效性并增加汽车在道路上的交通安全性。
背景技术
现有技术中已知一种车辆制动***，包括与常用制动的制动缸连通的压力供应源、制动衬块、与制动衬块连通的紧急制动缸，其中紧急制动缸容纳具有高热膨胀系数的物质并且具有电加热器，电加热器通过带有逻辑块的控制单元连接到电源。为了控制制动***状态和车轮减速速率的模式，已知的制动***具有指示块，该指示块包括连接到逻辑块的输出引线的至少四个LED，该逻辑块至少包括四个AND电路，其输出引线连接到阈值元件和具有至少4个通道的切换器和输出引线。所述具有4个通道的切换器的输出引线相应地连接到具有压力传感器的紧急制动元件，而所述具有4个通道的切换器的输入引线连接到高频发生器、放大器和晶闸管、电源(苏联发明人证书No.1757937，分类号为В60Т13/74)。
现有技术中已知的上述制动***的缺点是由于***的复杂配置而产生的可靠性不足，***在需要使用具有高热膨胀系数的物质和电加热器的紧急制动缸之外还包括指示块和逻辑块。这种***配置为自制动风险奠定了基础，特别是当车辆在炎热天气中使用时。
现有技术还已知一种车辆液压制动***，包括具有控制踏板的主制动缸，其中所述主制动缸的腔室与驱动器的两个独立电路连通，该驱动器用于驱动车辆前后轮的操作制动缸，并且制动***还包括电液信号装置，该电液信号装置包括壳体，壳体包围用于切换信号电路的活塞，电液信号装置的每个端部腔室与相应的独立电路连通。已知的液压制动***的操作制动缸具有紧急开关块，用于将操作制动缸从故障制动电路切换到可操作制动电路，并且配备有操作制动缸的紧急驱动器的水力烟火装置，万一两个电路都不可操作。每个紧急开关块构造成液压缸，该液压缸具有浮动活塞、通道(该通道将液压缸的端部腔室和在浮动活塞之间的腔室与操作制动缸连通)、通道(该通道用于将液压缸的端部腔室连接到由安装在浮动活塞中的一个上的阀关闭的制动回路)、以及电连接到电液信号装置的相应引线上的电磁驱动的关闭阀门。操作制动缸的水力烟火装置(hydro-pyrotechnic means)被构造成具有烟火仓的液压缸，其点火保险丝连接到由制动踏板以最大踏板行程控制的开关电路，而所述液压缸的腔室通过一个止回阀与在紧急开关块的浮动活塞之间限定的腔室连通(苏联发明人证书No.1202930，分类号为В 60T11/32)。
现有技术中已知的上述车辆液压制动***的缺点是制动***的复杂构造，该制动***除了主制动缸之外，还包括紧急开关块，紧急开关块用于将操作制动缸从故障制动电路切换到可操作制动电路，并配备操作制动缸的紧急驱动器的水力烟火装置，万一两个电路均不可操作。此外，每个紧急开关块构造成具有浮动活塞、电磁驱动器的关闭阀的液压缸，其中电磁阀驱动器电连接到电液信号装置。已知的液压制动***还包括水力烟火装置，其增加了***配置的复杂性并且增加了与***维护有关的问题，因为需要重新装载所使用的烟火仓。此外，在主液压驱动器或备用液压驱动器由于任何原因(例如由于管线损坏或崩解)而发生故障的情况下，由于***配置不够可靠，制动***可能变得不可操作。
技术上讲，从现有技术中已知可以被认为是最接近要求保护的制动***，是液压驱动的制动***(在Legkovye Avtomobily Journal的第5版修订和扩展参考文献中的“TheManual on Training《B》Category Vehicle Drivers”所公开的，其作者为莫斯科的K.S.Shestopalov，由DOSAAF组织出版，苏联，1984年，第149-151页)。现有技术中已知的类似车辆液压制动***包括操作制动***的踏板、主制动缸、供应制动液的液压储存器、真空助力器和存在于车辆后轮液压电路中的压力调节器、管线和柔性线、停车制动***驱动器的杆、均衡器、缆线、制动衬块释放杆、后轮制动机构。操作制动***的液压驱动器布置成产生单独的动作，即，这种由共同的脚踏板启动的液压驱动器分别作用在车辆的前轮和后轮的相应制动机构上。
如果在液压流体管线的(服务于车辆的前轮或后轮)一个电路中发生密封损失，则设置单独的液压驱动器确保车辆减速。
在这种已知的制动***中，服务制动器的脚踏板联接到在主制动缸的活塞腔室中暴露的推动器，具有壳体的主制动缸设有安装在所述壳体上方并且布置为与所述制动缸腔室流体连通的制动器流体供应储存器。由于有管线，所述主制动缸与车辆的每个车轮的操作制动缸流体连通。操作制动缸包括活塞，所述活塞布置成能够与制动衬块相互作用，制动衬块与活塞通过联接弹簧彼此联接。制动衬块定位成能够与制动鼓相互作用。为了增加压力，该***具有真空助力器和压力调节器，压力调节器可用于调节车辆后轮的液压驱动器中的压力。
上述已知的液压制动***的一个很大的缺点是道路交通安全性较低，因为所述车辆液压制动***可能变得不可操作，所以在紧急情况下车辆可能无法停止，例如由于在主制动缸中可能发生的故障，或者由于密封失效或液压***的物理解体或损坏而导致制动液泄漏，或者构成制动***的液压驱动器的两个电路的管线损坏的情况下。如果发生这种情况，则驾驶员不能停止运行中的车辆，并且由于前述原因可能在道路上发生紧急情况。
发明内容
本发明的目的是通过提高在紧急情况下车辆减速的可靠性和有效性来增强道路交通安全性。
通过提供一种车辆液压制动***来获得所要求的目的，该液压制动***包括具有供应制动液的液压储存器的主制动缸、控制脚踏板和通过主管线连接到每个车轮的操作制动缸的真空助力器，该***还具有紧急制动组件，该紧急制动组件至少安装在后轮的操作制动缸之前，所述紧急制动组件包括以往复方式操作并具有杆的电气机构，所述杆附接到液压缸的活塞上，液压缸的顶部具有进口孔和出口孔，所述进口孔连接到主管线，所述出口孔与操作制动缸连通，其中液压缸的顶部具有紧邻电气机构的补偿端口，所述补偿端口接收与主管线通信的附加管线。
本发明的目的还在于，紧急制动组件的液压缸的壳体的底部布置成不低于操作制动缸的上层。
设置为了紧急制动而通过按下车辆仪表板的控制按钮来启动的具有紧急制动组件的液压制动***，无论主制动缸的可操作性、整个制动***的完整性和防漏性如何，在***中存在制动液和由于泄漏而导致缺少制动液的情况下，或者在管线不完整或损坏的情况下，都能使得车辆驾驶员对车辆进行有效的紧急减速。这有助于提升车辆可靠性和道路交通安全性。
紧急制动组件可以安装在后轮的操作制动缸之前和所有车轮的操作制动缸之前，因此进一步提高了在紧急情况下使车辆减速的可靠性和有效性。
在液压缸中形成进口孔和出口孔，允许将所述紧急制动组件附接到管线，所述管线将主制动缸与操作制动缸连通，并且所述紧急制动组件连接到任何类型的制动***，而不管机械部件的差异。
为了在任何情况下在操作制动缸中产生制动液压，将液压缸活塞附接到电气机构杆，能够提升紧急制动的可靠性和有效性。
设置连接到与主制动缸连通的管线的补偿端口，能够在液压缸的运动期间避免液压缸的杆端区域中的负压。这使得紧急制动组件和整个制动***的操作更可靠。
在液压缸的壳体的顶部制造进口孔和补偿端口，允许避免制动液损失，从而使整个制动***更可靠。
液压缸壳体底部的位置不低于操作制动缸的顶层也能够在管线不完整的情况下避免制动液损失，从而更有助于整个制动***的可靠性。
附图说明
所提供的发明附有一组说明性附图，其中图1示意性地示出了所要求保护的制动***的操作原理，图2示出了处于怠速状态的紧急制动组件，图3示出了紧急情况(例如，当主制动缸发生故障时)下的紧急制动组件，图4示出了在液压驱动管损坏和***中制动液完全损失的情况下处于运行状态的紧急制动组件。
具体实施方式
车辆液压制动***包括主制动缸1，其通过真空助力器3连接到弹簧辅助的脚制动踏板2，其中供应制动液的液压储存器4安装在所述主制动缸上。主制动缸1构造成经由管线5与每个车轮7的操作制动缸6流体连通。
在每个车轮7的所述操作制动缸6的前面，存在紧急制动组件，紧急制动组件包括设计成以往复方式操作的电气机构8和液压缸9。为了更好的制动效果，所述紧急制动组件可以安装在四个车轮7中的每一个的所述操作制动缸6之前。
液压缸9以气密密封的方式与所述电动机构8连通。电气机构8(图2)的杆10附接到液压缸9的活塞11。所述液压缸9的壳体的顶部具有进口孔12，该进口孔12接收与主制动缸2连通的管线5(图1)。液压缸9的所述壳体的顶部还具有补偿端口13，补偿端口13通过附加管线14与上述管线5连通。补偿端口13形成在液压缸9的壳体中并紧邻电气机构8。液压缸9的一端具有出口孔15，该出口孔15接收每个后轮7的操作液压缸6。
所述紧急制动组件的液压缸9的壳体的底部设置成不低于操作缸6的上层(图2)。
车辆的仪表板(未示出)具有按钮16以控制紧急制动组件。
每个车轮7的操作制动缸6(图1)包括活塞17，活塞17被安装成能够与制动衬块18相互作用，活塞17与制动衬块18通过联接弹簧19彼此联接。制动衬块18定位成能够与每个车轮7的制动鼓20相互作用。
管线5、主制动缸1、液压缸9和所有操作缸6的腔室包含来自液压储存器4的制动液，以供给制动液。
车辆液压制动***以下述方式操作。
在制动期间，当驾驶员通过主缸1向踏板3施加压力时，所述制动液移动到管线5和每个车轮7的操作缸6(图1)。每个后轮7的操作制动缸6接收通过液压缸9的孔12和15而来的制动液(图2)。在怠速状态下，液压缸9内的活塞11设置在电气机构8紧邻处。液压缸9的腔室包含填充杆端区域(图2)并沿着附加管线14流动的制动液。
被容纳在每个车轮的操作制动缸6内时，制动液使活塞17移动，并且由于这种运动，制动衬块18被迫抵靠在制动鼓20上。当制动衬块18和制动鼓20之间的间隙消失时，制动液不可能从主制动缸1移动到操作制动缸6。施加到踏板3的压力的进一步增加，导致制动***中制动液的更大压力，从而启动所有车轮7的同时制动。
施加到踏板3的力越大，主制动缸1产生的作用在流体上的压力越大，并且制动衬块18上通过每个操作制动缸6的活塞17作用的力越大。
当踏板3上的压力作用被中断时，所有所述构件返回到它们的初始位置，并且被压缩的弹簧19使制动衬块18从制动鼓20缩回。操作制动缸6的活塞17彼此接近以将制动液从每个制动缸6移动到主制动缸1。
在紧急情况下，例如当由于主制动缸1(图3)的故障而导致车辆的主制动器失效时，或者主制动器如果由于整个液压制动***开封或由于管线5(图4)的损坏而导致制动液泄漏，则制动缸6中没有压力，并且不能进行制动。在这种特殊情况下，驾驶员通过按下控制按钮16来启动电气机构8。所述电气机构8的杆10使液压缸9的活塞11运动。同时，在这样的运动过程中，液压缸9的所述活塞11覆盖进口孔12，来自管线5的上述制动液(或空气)通过附加管线14经由补偿端口13到达液压缸9的杆端，从而防止在电气机构8和活塞11之间的液压缸9的腔室中产生真空。保留在液压缸9中的制动液在活塞11的压力下通过出口孔15进入操作制动缸6。
制动液被容纳在每个车轮7的操作制动缸6内时，制动液使得活塞17运动，并且由于这种运动，制动衬块18出于这个特殊原因而被迫抵靠制动鼓20并紧急制动。
本发明所提供的车辆液压制动***用于安装在配备ABS***或没有这种ABS***的汽车上。所提供的***完全适合替换电动停止(停车)制动器或手制动器。
所提供的车辆液压制动***适用于任何配备液压制动***的车辆，无论车辆上可用的有哪种类型的制动器(盘式或鼓式制动器)。此外，所要求保护的制动***能够在停在汽车修理厂中正在***作的那些车辆上安装紧急制动组件，而不必对汽车设计进行任何修改。所提供的制动***结构能够在主制动器故障引起的任何紧急情况下使车辆减速，主制动器故障包括液压电路中制动液的损失，并且所提供的制动***还能够避免在道路上发生紧急情况，从而有助于提升道路交通安全性。

Claims (2)

1.一种车辆液压制动***，包括具有供应制动液的液压储存器的主制动缸、控制脚踏板和通过主管线连接到每个车轮的操作制动缸的真空助力器，其特征在于，该***具有至少安装在后轮的操作制动缸之前的紧急制动组件，所述紧急制动组件包括电气机构，所述电气机构以往复方式操作并具有杆，所述杆附接到液压缸的活塞，所述液压缸的顶部具有进口孔和出口孔，所述进口孔连接到所述主管线，所述出口孔与所述操作制动缸连通，其中所述液压缸的所述顶部具有紧邻所述电气机构的补偿端口，所述补偿端口接收与所述主管线连通的附加管线。
2.根据权利要求1所述的车辆液压制动***，其特征在于，所述紧急制动组件的所述液压缸的壳体的底部设置成不低于所述操作制动缸的上层。
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