CN110150185B - Large-scale cultivation method for megalobrama amblycephala fries - Google Patents
Large-scale cultivation method for megalobrama amblycephala fries Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
- A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
- A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K20/10—Organic substances
- A23K20/163—Sugars; Polysaccharides
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- A23K20/174—Vitamins
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- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
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- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
- Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
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Abstract
The invention relates to a large-scale cultivation method of megalobrama amblycephala fries, and belongs to the technical field of rare special fish cultivation. The invention divides the whole process of cultivating the megalobrama amblycephala into three stages according to the growth and development characteristics of different stages of megalobrama amblycephala larvae, young fishes and juvenile fishes, the ecological habit of cultivation and the nutrition physiological characteristics: glass fiber jar micro-flow water cultivation, large water surface ecological pond cultivation and flow water pond intensive cultivation. The invention constructs a healthy, safe and efficient large-scale fry rearing mode, effectively solves a series of problems of frequent disease, slow growth speed, low facility utilization efficiency and the like in the traditional fry rearing process, and provides reference for the large-scale fry rearing of rare and specific fishes at the upstream of the Yangtze river.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a large-scale cultivation method of fish fries, in particular to a cultivation method of a special fish megalobrama amblycephala in the upper reaches of the Yangtze river.
Background
Megalobrama amblycephala (Megalobrama pellegrini) Belongs to Cyprinales, Cyprinaceae, Erythroculter subfamily and Megalobrama, is mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the main tributaries of the upper reaches of Yangtze river and Minjiang and Jialin, is a settleable fish with larger body size in the upper reaches of Yangtze river, and has higher fishery economic value and nutritive value. Over fishing and water pollution in recent yearsAnd hydraulic engineering construction and the like, the resource amount of the megalobrama amblycephala is sharply reduced, and the indoor acute protection state of the megalobrama amblycephala is quantitatively evaluated from the aspects of threat degree, genetic diversity, value and the like. In order to promote the coordinated development of hydropower engineering development and water ecological environment protection and maintain the diversity of aquatic organisms at the upper reaches of Yangtze river, the Megalobrama amblycephala is definitely taken as a key protection object in the environment protection work of Jinshajiang cascade hydropower development, and the regular organization is required to carry out artificial proliferation and releasing activities.
However, a series of technical problems of strong stress response, high oxygen consumption of fries, slow growth, easy disease outbreak and the like in the process of cultivating megalobrama amblycephala fries seriously puzzle the implementation of the tissue of large-scale breeding and proliferation release work,
at present, on the basis of systematically researching the growth and development characteristics, the physiological and ecological characteristics and the nutritional and physiological requirements of megalobrama amblycephala fries, young megalobrama amblycephala fries, a healthy, environment-friendly and efficient large-scale cultivation method for the megalobrama amblycephala fries is urgently needed to be researched and developed, the anti-stress capability of the fries is remarkably improved, meanwhile, the disease defense capability can be effectively enhanced, the technical problem of large-scale cultivation of the fries is solved, and powerful technical support is provided for the continuous and deep development of species protection work.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a large-scale cultivation method of megalobrama amblycephala fries, aiming at bottleneck technical difficulties existing in the traditional fry cultivation process, the invention effectively solves a series of technical problems of slow growth, strong stress response, easy disease outbreak and the like of the megalobrama amblycephala fries under the artificial cultivation condition by comprehensively utilizing the technical means of predatory fish polyculture, slow release regulation and control of ecological pond fertilizer source, nutrient immunity enhancement, anti-stress training and the like. The invention divides the whole seed cultivation process into 3 stages according to the growth and development characteristics of the megalobrama amblycephala seeds at different stages: the method comprises the following specific operation steps of glass fiber jar micro-flowing water cultivation (2-15 days old), large water surface ecological pond cultivation (16-90 days old) and flowing water pond intensive cultivation (more than 90 days old):
(1) glass fiber cylinder microflow water culture: the early stage of 2-15 days old fry can be cultivated in a glass fiber cylinder micro-flow mode, air stones are uniformly distributed in a cultivation pool for aeration, baits are fed at 3-4 days old, micro-flow water is kept in the whole cultivation process, and the illumination intensity is controlled within 500 lx;
(2) and (3) large water surface ecological pond cultivation: culturing 16-90 days old fish fries in a large-water-surface ecological pond mode, wherein pond water quality culture work is firstly carried out before the fish fries are put into the pond, and the water quality of a seedling culture pond is continuously regulated and controlled in the fry culture process to maintain excellent ecological environment and sufficient and palatable biological baits;
(3) intensive pond culture: juvenile fishes more than 90 days old adopt a pond intensive cultivation mode, fry seedlings are gradually domesticated and fed with artificial compound feed in the stage, pond water inflow is converted into constant flow water, and fry netting exercise is performed regularly.
Preferably, in the step (1), the fry rearing pond is a circular glass fiber cylinder with the diameter of 6.0m and the water depth of 60cm, 3-5 eel and loach fries are transferred into the pond 1-2 days after the glass fiber cylinder is filled with water, 2-day old Megalobrama amblycephala fries are transferred into the pond after the eel and the loach gradually adapt to the farming environment 2-3 days, and the rearing density is 1500-2000 fries/m 2. Feeding boiled egg yolk serving as initial bait when the yolk sac of 3-4 days is exhausted, wherein the feeding is carried out for 1 time in the morning, in the middle and at the evening, and the daily bait feeding amount is 2% -3% of the body weight; the cultivation pool adopts a micro-flow mode, the daily exchange capacity is about 5-10% of the water quantity of the whole pool, and the water temperature of the seedling cultivation pool is 20-22 ℃.
Preferably, in the step (2), the 16-day-old young fishes are cultured in a large-water-surface ecological pond from a glass fiber cylinder micro-flow water culture mode, the seedling culture pond is preferably a rectangular soil pond, the depth of the pond is 1.5-2 m, and the area of the pond is preferably 2-3 mu. And (3) starting related preparation work such as water quality cultivation, installation and debugging of a jet aerator and the like 7-10 days before the fry enters the pond, and transferring the fry into the pond when the pond water is slightly green and the cladocera and copepod larvae reach 2-3/ml. Before transferring the fry, plant polysaccharide (Vigorboom brand 'stress detoxification agent') is splashed in a full pool according to the concentration of 2-3 ppm, the stress response of the fry in the initial stage of the pond is reduced, and the fry cultivation density is controlled to be 80-100 tails/m2. The culture pond adopts a micro-flow mode, an aerator is started at the regular time of 4:00, 12:00 and 20:00 every day for aeration and oxygenation, and the dissolved oxygen is maintained to be more than 5 mg/L. No external bait is needed to be added during the seedling culture period, and only pond culture is adoptedFeeding zooplankton (cladocera, copepods); the kit is used for monitoring the main water quality indexes of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and dissolved oxygen in the seedling culture pond every week, and the key water quality indexes are ensured to be in the proper range for seedling growth.
The water quality cultivation work is operated according to the following steps: the fry rearing pond is matched with 1 source water allocation pond, the source water allocation pond is preferably a rectangular cement pond, the pond depth is 1.5-2.0 m, the area is 100-200 m2, a round PVC drainage station pipe is arranged at a water outlet position in the pond, the pipe diameter is 150-250 mm, the height of the station pipe is 1.50m, a drainage hole is arranged at a position, more than 1.0m away from the pond bottom, of the drainage station pipe, drainage on the middle surface layer can be carried out, and the water outlet of the allocation pond is the source water of the fry rearing pond. Before 7-10 days when the fry is transferred into a fry culturing pool, 100-150 kg of organic fertilizer (chicken manure) is put into a blending pool, new water is added to 50-60 cm, and simultaneously bacillus subjected to amplification culture (Vigordonia brand) is splashed into the whole pool according to the concentration of 1-2 ppm. After 2-3 days of fermentation and cultivation, adding new water into the blending water tank, and controlling the water inlet amount to be 3-5 m3H is used as the reference value. At the moment, organic fertilizer water on the inner surface layer of the blending water tank can overflow and be discharged into the seedling culturing tank through a drainage hole of the station pipe. Besides the water inflow of the water blending pool, the seedling culture pool is also started to supply exogenous water, and the water inflow is controlled to be 20-30 m3H is used as the reference value. And (4) filtering the water inlet of the blending water tank and the seedling culture tank by using a 40-80-mesh silk screen, and removing large-scale harmful organisms. The method is characterized in that the exogenous water inlet can be closed after the seedling culture pond is filled with water, the water inlet amount of the allocation pond is reduced, water-adjusting bottom-improving medicines such as 'water-cooling essence', 'water-benefiting treasure' and 'Yileduojun' brands are splashed to the allocation pond every 7-10 days during seedling culture, the allocation pond continuously replenishes water to the seedling culture pond in a low-speed slow-flow mode all the time, and the daily water replenishing amount is controlled to be 5-10 m3。
Preferably, in the step (3), the juvenile fish of more than 90 days old can be converted into an intensive cultivation mode in a running water pond, and the stage is started to feed exogenous water, wherein the water inflow is 300-500 m3The water inflow of the mixing pool is increased to 5-10 m every day3The day is. The fry bait is gradually transferred from biological bait to artificial mixed feed, and the feed feeding is operated according to the 'four-fixed' feeding rule, and is carried out for 2 times every day, and the daily bait feeding amount is2 to 3 percent of the weight. The fry with the age of more than 3 months is subjected to 1 netting exercise per half month of tissue, so that the anti-stress capability and the operation resistance of the fry are enhanced.
Preferably, the artificial compound feed for feeding the fry is an immune enhanced compound feed, the content of the feed protein is about 35%, the grain diameter is about 1.0mm, an immunopotentiator is added into the compound feed according to the proportion of 0.3-0.5%, yeast powder is used as a carrier of the immunopotentiator, the weight ratio of active ingredients is 1:1-1.5:1.5-2.5:2.5-3.5:0.8-1.2:0.5-1.5, and further preferably, the active ingredients comprise: the chitosan oligosaccharide-vitamin A-vitamin E compound comprises chitosan oligosaccharide, vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium pantothenate, glucose and nicotinic acid, wherein the weight ratio of the effective components is 1:1:2:3:1: 1.
The net pulling exercise is to adopt a method of combining artificial driving and net binding to enhance the physique and the anti-stress capability of the fry. Firstly, carrying out net pulling exercise only for driving training, lowering the water level of the seedling culture pool to 50-60 cm before net pulling, sprinkling plant polysaccharide to the whole pool according to the concentration of 2-3 ppm, then carrying out reciprocating trawling on 2 persons and 1 groups in the seedling culture pool for 4-5 times, wherein the net tool foot line is stretched straight and is about 10cm away from the pool bottom in the trawling process; and the second net pulling exercise adopts a purse net mode, 4 people are required to drag nets simultaneously for operation, 2 people and 1 group of opposite trawls are started from two ends of the fry culture pond, the foot line is stretched and tightly attached to the bottom of the fry culture pond, the caught fries are intensively transferred into a netting gear on one side for bundling operation after the middle part of the fish pond is converged, the caught netting gear is continuously operated for 5-6 times according to the tightening-loosening rhythm, and the stress tolerance and the manual operation capability of the fries are enhanced. Plant polysaccharide (Vigorboom brand 'stress detoxification agent') is splashed on the concentrated part of the fry in the process of the netting gear bundling, the local concentration is preferably 4-5 ppm, the fry is placed back to an original pool after the bundling exercise is finished, water is supplemented to the original fixed water level, meanwhile, probiotics (Vigorboom brand 'Yileduobao') and commodity fertilizer (Vigorboom brand 'Yishuibao') are respectively added according to the concentration of 1-2 ppm, and the stability of the water quality environment of the fry rearing pool is guaranteed.
According to the cultivation method, the full length of the young fishes of the megalobrama amblycephala of 4-5 months old can reach more than 6cm, the movement, predation and environmental adaptability of the fry are obviously enhanced, at the moment, the artificial propagation and releasing activities can be organized by machine selection, and the large-sized fingerlings artificially cultivated are released to the natural environment.
The large-scale cultivation method of the megalobrama amblycephala fries provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the method, the whole fry breeding process is divided into 3 different stages on the basis of systematically researching the physiological and ecological characteristics, the breeding ecological habits and the nutritional and physiological requirements of the megalobrama amblycephala in different development stages, corresponding technical measures are taken aiming at the main problems existing in the different stages, and a continuous and efficient fry breeding mode with ordered connection is constructed;
2. the invention creatively develops and applies a high-efficiency stable fertilizer source slow-release technology in a large-water-surface ecological pond cultivation mode, and pertinently implements comprehensive regulation and control of medicines on the basis of continuous monitoring of key water quality indexes, thereby realizing dynamic balance of algal facies, beneficial bacteria and zooplankton in the seedling cultivation pond, providing sufficient and palatable biological bait while ensuring excellent water quality of the cultivation environment, and creating favorable conditions for healthy and rapid growth of fish fries;
3. on the basis of fully researching the growth characteristics and the environmental stress tolerance of young megalobrama amblycephala, the invention researches and develops an artificial net-pulling exercise mode with stronger pertinence, and gradually improves the stress resistance and the human operation tolerance of the young megalobrama amblycephala in sequence by combining the artificial driving, the net bundling and the stress resistance drug relief, thereby laying a foundation for implementing the proliferation and releasing activities;
4. according to the fish nutrition immunity technical principle, the nutrition immunity additive suitable for the megalobrama amblycephala fries is researched and screened, and the disease resistance of the fry organism is enhanced by mixing and feeding with artificial compound feed.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a graph of the growth of Megalobrama amblycephala fries;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a growing situation of Megalobrama amblycephala offspring seed;
wherein FIG. 2a shows a hatched larva fish with a total length of 6.5 mm; FIG. 2b shows 25-day-old young fish, 28.6mm in total length and 0.11g in body mass; FIG. 2c shows 40 days old young fish, 41.2mm in total length, 0.60g in body mass; FIG. 2d shows 120 days old young fish, 71.3mm in total length, 3.50g in body mass.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is explained by the following application examples, but the scope of the present invention is not limited by the examples.
Example 1
The method is applied to a rare and special fish breeding and releasing station from Xiluodi to Jiaba of Yangtze Sanxia group company of China, breeding test fries are obtained from the releasing station by self induced spawning and breeding, and parent fishes used for breeding are artificially domesticated and mature, and the specific conditions are as follows:
the method divides the whole fry breeding process into 3 stages according to the growth and development rules of Megalobrama amblycephala fries, young fries and juvenile fishes, the culture ecological habit and the nutrition physiological requirement characteristics: the method comprises the following specific operation steps of glass fiber tank micro-flowing water cultivation, large water surface ecological pond cultivation and flowing water pond intensive cultivation:
(1) glass fiber cylinder microflow water culture: the early stage of 2-15 days old fry can be cultivated in a glass fiber cylinder micro-flow mode, air stones are uniformly distributed in a cultivation pool for aeration, baits are fed after 4 days old fry, trace water is supplemented in the whole cultivation process, and the illumination intensity is controlled within 500 lx;
(2) and (3) large water surface ecological pond cultivation: culturing 16-90 days old fish fries in a large-water-surface ecological pond mode, wherein pond water quality culture work is firstly carried out before the fish fries are put into the pond, and the water quality of a seedling culture pond is continuously regulated and controlled in the fry culture process to maintain excellent ecological environment and sufficient and palatable biological baits;
(3) intensive cultivation of running water ponds: juvenile fishes more than 90 days old adopt a pond intensive cultivation mode, fry seedlings are gradually domesticated and fed with artificial compound feed in the stage, pond water inflow is converted into constant flow water, and fry netting exercise is performed regularly.
Preferably, in the step (1), the fry rearing pond is a circular glass fiber cylinder with the diameter of 6.0m and the water depth of 60cm, 3-5 eel loach fries are transferred into the pond 1-2 days after the glass fiber cylinder is filled with water, 2-day old megalobrama amblycephala fries are transferred into the pond after the eel fries gradually adapt to the breeding environment 2-3 days, and the rearing density is 1500-2000 fries/m2. Yolk sac of 4 days oldFeeding boiled egg yolk as initial bait in the morning, at noon and at night for 1 time each day, wherein the daily bait feeding amount is 2% -3% of the body weight; the cultivation pool adopts a micro-flow mode, the daily exchange capacity is about 10% -15% of the water quantity of the whole pool, and the water temperature of the seedling cultivation pool is 20-22 ℃.
Preferably, in the step (2), the 16-day-old young fishes are cultured in a large-water-surface ecological pond from a glass fiber cylinder micro-flow water culture mode, the seedling culture pond is preferably a rectangular soil pond, the depth of the pond is 1.5-2 m, and the area of the pond is preferably 2-3 mu. And (3) starting related preparation work such as water quality cultivation, installation and debugging of a jet aerator and the like 7-10 days before the fry enters the pond, and transferring the fry into the pond when the pond water is slightly green and the cladocera and copepod larvae reach 2-3/ml. Before seedling transferring, plant polysaccharide (Vigorboom brand 'stress detoxification agent') is splashed in a full pool according to the concentration of 2-3 ppm, and the seedling cultivation density is controlled to be 300-500 tails/m2. The culture pond adopts a micro-flow mode, and an aerator is started at regular time of 4:00, 12:00 and 20:00 every day to carry out aeration and oxygenation, and dissolved oxygen is kept to be more than 5 mg/L. Exogenous bait is not needed to be added during the seedling culture period, and only zooplankton (cladocera and copepods) cultured in the pond are eaten; the kit is used for monitoring the main water quality indexes of ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen and dissolved oxygen in the seedling culture pond every week, and the key water quality indexes are ensured to be in the proper range for seedling growth.
Further preferably, the water quality cultivation work is carried out according to the following steps: the fry rearing pond should be matched with 1 source water allocation pond, the source water allocation pond is preferably a rectangular cement pond, the depth of the pond is 1.5-2.0 m, and the area is 100-200 m2And a circular PVC drainage station pipe is arranged at a water outlet in the pond, the pipe diameter is 150-250 mm, the height of the station pipe is 1.50m, a drainage hole is designed at a distance of more than 1.0m from the drainage station pipe to the bottom of the pond and more than 30cm, the drainage on the middle surface layer can be carried out, and the water discharged from the allocation pond is the source water of the seedling culture pond. Before 7-10 days when fish fries are transferred into a fry culturing pool, 100-150 kg of organic fertilizer (chicken manure) is put into a blending pool, new water is added to 60cm, and simultaneously bacillus subjected to amplification cultivation (Vigordonia brand) is splashed into the whole pool according to the concentration of 1-2 ppm. After 2-3 days of fermentation and cultivation, adding new water into the blending water tank, and controlling the water inlet amount to be 3-5 m3H is used as the reference value. At the moment, organic fertilizer water on the inner surface layer of the blending water pool can be discharged into the station pipe through the water discharge holeAnd (5) a seedling culture pond. Besides the water inflow of the water blending pool, the seedling culture pool is also started to supply exogenous water, and the water inflow is controlled to be 20-30 m3H is used as the reference value. And (4) filtering water in the blending water tank and the seedling culture tank by using a 40-mesh silk screen to remove large-scale harmful organisms. The method is characterized in that the exogenous water inlet can be closed after the seedling culture pond is filled with water, the water inflow of the water preparation pond is reduced, water-adjusting bottom-changing medicines such as Vician brand 'water essence', 'Yishuibao' and 'Yileduojun' are regularly sprayed to the water preparation pond during seedling culture, the water preparation pond continuously supplies water to the seedling culture pond in a low-speed and slow-flow mode all the time, and the daily water supply amount is controlled to be 5-10 m3。
Preferably, juvenile fish of more than 90 days old can be converted into an intensive cultivation mode in a running water pond, and exogenous water inflow is started at the stage, wherein the water inflow is 300-500 m3The water inflow of the mixing pool is increased to 5-10 m every day3The day is. The fry bait is gradually transited to the artificial mixed feed from the biological bait, the feed feeding is operated according to the 'four-set' feeding rule, the feeding is carried out for 2 times every day, and the daily bait feeding amount is 2-3% of the weight. The fry with the age of more than 4 months is subjected to 1 netting exercise per half month of tissue, so that the anti-stress capability and the operation resistance of the fry are enhanced.
Further preferably, the artificial compound feed for the fry to eat is an immune enhanced compound feed, the protein content of the feed is about 35%, the grain size is about 1.0mm, an immunopotentiator is added into the compound feed according to the proportion of 0.3%, the immunopotentiator takes yeast powder as a carrier, and the effective components mainly comprise: the chitosan oligosaccharide-vitamin A-vitamin E compound comprises chitosan oligosaccharide, vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium pantothenate, glucose and nicotinic acid, wherein the weight ratio of the effective components is 1:1:2:3:1: 1.
Further preferably, the net pulling exercise is a method combining artificial driving and net bundling to enhance the physique and the anti-stress capability of the fry. Firstly, carrying out netting exercise only for driving training, lowering the water level of a seedling culture pool to 50-60 cm before netting, sprinkling plant polysaccharide (Vigorboom brand 'stress detoxification agent') in the whole pool according to the concentration of 2-3 ppm, then dragging 2 persons and 1 groups in the seedling culture pool for 4-5 times in a reciprocating manner, wherein the net foot line is stretched straight and is about 10cm away from the pool bottom in the dragging process; and the second net pulling exercise adopts a purse net mode, 4 people are required to drag nets simultaneously for operation, 2 people and 1 group of opposite trawls are started from two ends of the fry culture pond, the foot line is stretched and tightly attached to the bottom of the fry culture pond, the caught fries are intensively transferred into a netting gear on one side for bundling operation after the middle part of the fish pond is converged, the caught netting gear is continuously operated for 5-6 times according to the tightening-loosening rhythm, and the stress tolerance and the manual operation capability of the fries are enhanced. Plant polysaccharide is splashed on the concentrated part of the fry in the process of bundling by the netting gear, the local concentration is preferably 4-5 ppm, the fry is placed back to an original pool after bundling exercise is finished and water is supplemented to an original fixed water level, meanwhile, probiotics (Vital brand Yileduo bacteria) and commercial fertilizers (Vital brand Yishuibao) are respectively added according to the concentration of 1.5ppm, and the water quality and the environment stability of the fry rearing pool are ensured.
According to the cultivation method, the full length of the young fishes of the megalobrama amblycephala of 4-5 months old can reach more than 6cm, the movement, predation and environmental adaptability of the fry are obviously enhanced, at the moment, the artificial propagation and releasing activities can be organized by machine selection, and the large-sized fingerlings artificially cultivated are released to the natural environment.
Application effect of large-scale cultivation technology for megalobrama amblycephala fries
The cultivation test result shows that: compared with the traditional running water culture, the large-scale seedling culture method provided by the invention has the advantages that the survival rate and the growth speed of seedlings are obviously improved. The survival rate of the 15-day-old fry can reach more than 80 percent when the method is applied to culture the megalobrama amblycephala fry; when the young fish is cultivated, the survival rate of 90-day-old fish fries is about 60-70%, and the survival rate of more than 120-day-old fish fries is 55-60%; in the aspect of growth and development, the full length (6.57 +/-0.42) mm of the newly hatched fries of megalobrama amblycephala is in a glass fiber cylinder microflow water culture stage (2-15 days old), the fries are still in the early stage of open feeding, the growth is relatively slow, and the full length (10.73 +/-0.40) mm of the 9-day old fries is obtained; after the fry is transferred to a large-water-surface ecological pond cultivation mode, the food intake of the fry is obviously increased, the growth speed of the fry is obviously accelerated, and the total length of the 25-day-old fry reaches (28.20 +/-0.70) mm; the digestion system of the fry above 30 days old has been developed completely, the ingestion intensity is further increased, the fry enters a rapid growth period, and the full length (41.32 +/-0.55) mm of the 40 days old fry is obtained; the full length (71.26 +/-0.35) mm of 120-day-old fry generally reaches the proliferation and releasing specification. The growth conditions of Megalobrama amblycephala at various stages under the seedling culture mode are shown in figures 1 and 2.
Claims (5)
1. The large-scale cultivation method of the megalobrama amblycephala fries is characterized in that the whole fry cultivation process is divided into 3 stages according to the growth and development characteristics, the cultivation ecological habits and the nutritional and physiological requirements of the megalobrama amblycephala fries and the juvenile fish: the method comprises the following specific operation steps of glass fiber tank micro-flowing water cultivation, large water surface ecological pond cultivation and flowing water pond intensive cultivation:
(1) glass fiber cylinder microflow water culture: culturing the early fries of 2-15 days old in a glass fiber cylinder micro-flow mode, uniformly distributing air stones in a culturing pool for aeration, feeding baits at 3-4 days old, and controlling the illumination intensity within 500 lx;
(2) and (3) large water surface ecological pond cultivation: culturing 16-90 days old fish fries in a large-water-surface ecological pond mode, making pond water quality culture work before the fish fries are put into the pond, continuously regulating and controlling the water quality of a seedling culture pond in the fry culture process, and maintaining excellent ecological environment and sufficient and palatable biological baits;
(3) intensive pond culture: young fishes more than 90 days old adopt a pond intensive cultivation mode, the fry in the stage are gradually domesticated and fed with artificial compound feed, pond water inflow is converted into constant flow water, and fry netting exercise is performed regularly;
in the step (2), the 16-day-old young fishes are cultured in a large-water-surface ecological pond from a glass fiber cylinder micro-flow water culture mode, wherein the seedling culture pond is a rectangular soil pond, the depth of the pond is 1.5-2 m, and the area of the pond is 2-3 mu; starting water quality cultivation and aerator installation and debugging or other preparation work 7-10 days before the fry enters the pond, and turning the fry into the pond when the pond water is slightly green and the larvae of cladocerans and copepods reach 2-3 per ml; before seedling transferring, plant polysaccharide is sprayed in a full pool according to the concentration of 2-3 ppm, and the seedling cultivation density is controlled to be 80-100 tails/m2(ii) a The culture pond adopts a micro-flow mode, an aerator is started at regular time of 4:00, 12:00 and 20:00 every day for aeration and oxygenation, and dissolved oxygen is kept to be above 5 mg/L; exogenous bait is not needed to be added during the seedling culture period, and only zooplankton cultured in the pool is eaten; the reagent kit is used for culturing the main water quality indexes of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite in the seedling pool every weekMonitoring nitrate nitrogen and dissolved oxygen, wherein the water quality cultivation work is operated according to the following steps: the fry rearing pond is matched with 1 source water allocation pond, the source water allocation pond is a rectangular cement pond, the depth of the pond is 1.5-2.0 m, and the area of the pond is 100-200 m2A circular PVC drainage station pipe is arranged at a water outlet in the pond, the pipe diameter is 150-250 mm, the height of the station pipe is 1.50m, a drainage hole is arranged at a position, which is 1.0m away from the bottom of the pond, of the drainage station pipe, drainage is carried out on the middle surface layer, and the water outlet of the allocation pond is the source water of the seedling culture pond; putting 100-150 kg of organic fertilizer into a blending water tank 7-10 days before transferring the fish fries into a fry culturing tank, adding new water to 50-60 cm, and simultaneously sprinkling the amplified bacillus in the whole tank according to the concentration of 1-2 ppm; after 2-3 days of fermentation and cultivation, adding new water into the blending water tank, and controlling the water inlet amount to be 3-5 m3H; at the moment, organic fertilizer water on the inner surface layer of the blending water tank overflows and is discharged into the seedling culture tank through a drainage hole of the station pipe; besides the water inflow of the water blending pool, the seedling culture pool is also started to supply exogenous water, and the water inflow is controlled to be 20-30 m3H; water inflow of the blending water tank and the seedling culture tank is filtered by using a 40-80-mesh spun silk net, and large-scale harmful organisms are removed; closing the water inlet of the exogenous water after the seedling culture pond is filled with water, simultaneously reducing the water inlet amount of the water distribution pond, splashing water distribution bottom-improving medicines to the water distribution pond every 7-10 days during seedling culture, continuously supplying water to the seedling culture pond by the water distribution pond, and controlling the daily water supply amount to be 20-30 m3。
2. The large-scale cultivation method of megalobrama amblycephala fries according to claim 1, which is characterized in that: in the step (1), the fry rearing pond is a round glass fiber cylinder with the diameter of 5.0-7.0m and the water depth of 55-65cm, 3-5 eel and loach fries are transferred into the pond 1-2 days after the glass fiber cylinder is filled with water, 2-day old Megalobrama amblycephala fries are transferred into the pond after the eel and the loach gradually adapt to the breeding environment 2-3 days, and the fry rearing density is 1500-2000 fries/m2(ii) a Feeding boiled egg yolk serving as initial bait when the yolk sac of 3-4 days old is exhausted, and feeding for 1 time in the morning, in the middle and at night each day, wherein the daily bait feeding amount is 2-3% of the body weight; the cultivation pool adopts a micro-flow mode, the daily exchange capacity is 5-10% of the total pool water quantity, and the water temperature of the seedling cultivation pool is 20-22 ℃.
3. The thickness of claim 1The large-scale cultivation method of the megalobrama amblycephala fries is characterized by comprising the following steps: in the step (3), the juvenile fish of more than 90 days old is converted into the intensive cultivation mode of the running water pond, and the stage is started to feed exogenous water, wherein the water inflow is 300-500 m3The water inflow of the mixing pool is increased to 30-50 m every day3A day; gradually transferring the fry bait from biological bait to artificial mixed feed, and feeding the feed according to a 'four-fixed' feeding rule for 2 times every day, wherein the daily bait feeding amount is 2-3% of the weight; the fry with the age of more than 4 months is subjected to 1 netting exercise per half month of tissue, so that the anti-stress capability and the operation resistance of the fry are enhanced.
4. The large-scale cultivation method of megalobrama amblycephala fries according to claim 3, which is characterized in that: the artificial compound feed for feeding the fry is an immune enhanced compound feed, the protein content of the feed is 25% -35%, the particle size is 0.8-1.2mm, an immunopotentiator is added into the compound feed according to the proportion of 0.3% -0.5%, the immunopotentiator takes yeast powder as a carrier, and the effective components comprise: the chitosan oligosaccharide, vitamin A, vitamin E, calcium pantothenate, glucose and nicotinic acid, wherein the weight ratio of the effective components is 1:1-1.5:1.5-2.5:2.5-3.5:0.8-1.2: 0.5-1.5.
5. The method for cultivating megalobrama amblycephala fries in a large scale according to claim 3, wherein the net pulling exercise is to enhance the physique and the anti-stress capability of the fries by adopting a method of combining artificial driving and net bundling; firstly, carrying out net pulling exercise only for driving training, lowering the water level of the seedling culture pool to 50-60 cm before net pulling, sprinkling plant polysaccharide to the whole pool according to the concentration of 2-3 ppm, then carrying out reciprocating trawling on 2 persons and 1 groups in the seedling culture pool for 4-5 times, wherein the net tool foot line is stretched straight and is 10-20 cm away from the pool bottom in the trawling process; the second net pulling exercise adopts a purse net mode, 4 people are required to drag nets simultaneously for operation, 2 people and 1 group of opposite trawls are started from two ends of the fry culture pond, the foot line is stretched and tightly attached to the bottom of the fry culture pond, the caught fries are intensively transferred into a net at one side for bundling operation after the middle part of the fish pond is converged, the caught net is continuously operated for 5-6 times according to the 'tightening-loosening' rhythm, and the stress tolerance and the manual operation capability of the fries are enhanced; plant polysaccharide with the concentration of 4-5 ppm is sprayed on the concentrated part of the fry in the bundling process of the netting gear, the fry is placed back to an original pool after the bundling exercise is finished, water is supplemented to an original fixed water level, and probiotics and commercial fertilizers are added according to the concentration of 1-2 ppm respectively.
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