CN110138004A - One kind is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other system optimized operation method - Google Patents
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Abstract
Provide multiple forms of energy to complement each other system optimized operation method the present invention relates to one kind, comprising steps of S1, based on system structure of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other, section description is carried out to distributed energy and cold and hot electric equipment；S2, it is described according to section as a result, establishing system coupling model；S3, the multiple objective function for considering environment, economy and energy factor is established, which includes operating cost and disposal of pollutants cost；S4, the constraint condition balanced for guaranteeing section is obtained, which includes electrical power balance, cool and thermal power balance of plant and power grid interaction Changeover constraint；S5, system coupling model is solved using interval theory and Affine arithmetic, obtains final disaggregation.Compared with prior art, the present invention carries out Coupling method to each energy source device of system, is solved based on interval theory and Affine arithmetic, can reduce prediction error, the energy fluctuates the dynamic effects generated to system, it realizes distributing rationally for resource, promotes the efficiency of energy utilization for system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of power systems, provide multiple forms of energy to complement each other system optimized operation method more particularly, to one kind.
Background technique
With the gradual depletion of fossil energy, environmental pollution is on the rise, and how to realize the clean and effective fortune of electric system
Row has been increasingly becoming the emphasis of experts and scholars' research.System of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other couples hot and cold, electric, four kinds of energy of gas, integrates each
The advantage of the class energy establishes integrated energy supplying system, provides a variety of workload demands such as hot and cold, electric for user, be able to achieve a variety of energy
Complementary utilization between source has the advantages that reduce system operation cost, promotes efficiency of energy utilization, reduces discharge amount of pollution.
But provide multiple forms of energy to complement each other system energy supply side and load side coupling it is stronger, load fluctuation, equipment input/output format with
And the difference of transformational relation, will cause energy coupling device each equipment power output, there are significant differences for the method for operation.How to realize
Lifting system efficiency of energy utilization, the complex optimum configuration for reducing operating cost, become the problem of numerous scholar's researchs.
To the optimization operation study for the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other, there are two main problems at present: one, construct coupled system not
It is enough perfect, electricity, hot, between gas system relevance are not fully demonstrated, is simple linear coupling relationship between input and output,
Less consideration equipment variable parameter operation state fails to provide enough nargin for a large amount of accesses of subsequent new energy；Two, optimization operation
As a result it is static curve, fails to fully consider the influence that new energy fluctuation, load prediction error generate system, can not embody
Dynamic response of the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other to its degree of fluctuation.Therefore, need further investigation with solution provide multiple forms of energy to complement each other system optimization fortune
The many problems faced when row.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the present invention to overcome the above-mentioned drawbacks of the prior art and provide one kind is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other system
Optimizing operation method is based on interval theory and Affine arithmetic, by carrying out Coupling method to each energy source device of system, is divided with reducing
Cloth energy power output, the prediction error of cold and hot electric load reduce prediction error, the dynamic effects that energy fluctuation generates system,
It realizes distributing rationally for resource, promotes the efficiency of energy utilization for system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other.
The purpose of the present invention can be achieved through the following technical solutions: one kind is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other system optimized operation method,
The following steps are included:
S1, based on the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other containing distributed energy and cold and hot electric equipment, distributed energy and cool and thermal power are set
It is standby to carry out section description；
S2, it is described to establish system as a result, obtain system energy transformational relation of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other by transfer matrix according to section
Coupling model；
S3, the multiple objective function for considering environment, economy and energy factor is established, which includes operating cost and dirt
Contaminate discharge costs；
S4, the constraint condition balanced for guaranteeing section is obtained, which includes electrical power balance, cold and hot electric equipment
Balance and power grid interaction Changeover constraint；
S5, system coupling model is solved using interval theory and Affine arithmetic, final disaggregation is obtained, according to final disaggregation
Control is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other the energy power supply and load electricity consumption of system, make the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other operating cost and disposal of pollutants cost most
In the case where low, guarantee that the efficiency of energy utilization of system is maximum.
Preferably, the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other includes the energy, energy conversion apparatus and energy storage device, the energy in the step S1
Source includes solar energy, natural gas and electric energy, the energy conversion apparatus include transformer, compression air conditioner, electric heater,
CHP cogeneration of heat and power, gas fired-boiler, solar water heater, photovoltaic cell and electricity turn gas equipment, and the CHP cogeneration of heat and power includes combustion
Gas-turbine and waste heat boiler, the energy storage device include that battery, heat-storing device and accumulator are set, and the step S1 is specifically included
Following steps:
S11, according to intensity of illumination, section description is carried out to photovoltaic power and solar water heater output power；
S12, using gray prediction method, obtain predicted load, thus to cold and hot electric load carry out section description；
S13, according to output power and operational efficiency, section is carried out to remaining energy power output in the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other and is retouched
It states.
Preferably, system coupling model in the step S2 are as follows:
Wherein, Le 0*, Lch 0*, Lcr 0*, Lhs 0*, Lsh 0*The respectively output power of electricity, heating, cooling supply, hot steam, water heater
Interval number, k0~k7The distribution coefficient in each equipment room is inputted for the energy, Respectively transformer, compression heating, compression cooling supply, electric heating
Hydrophone, gas turbine, waste heat boiler, gas fired-boiler, solar water heater, electricity turn gas equipment, the efficiency interval number of photovoltaic cell,
Pe 0*, Pg 0*, Pr 0*Respectively initial electricity, gas, optical power input interval number, Respectively battery, accumulator
It sets, the theoretical input/output power interval number of heat-storing device.
Preferably, the multiple objective function in the step S3 are as follows:
F*=m1F1,t *+m2F2,t *
F1,t *=Cg,t *+Cgrid,t *+Cbt,t *+Crm,t *
F2,t *=5.22Pgt,t */(Qlhvηpgt,t *)
Wherein, F1,t *And F2,t *Respectively t moment operating cost, disposal of pollutants cost interval number, m1And m2For weight because
Son, Cg,t *For t moment fuel consumption cost interval number, Cgrid,t *For the interaction expense interval number of t moment system and power grid, Cbt,t *
For t moment battery aging cost interval number, Crm,t *For each equipment scheduling maintenance cost interval number of t moment, Pgt,t *For t
Moment gas turbine output power interval number, ηpgt,t *For the efficiency interval number of t moment gas turbine, QlhvFor heating value of natural gas.
Preferably, operating cost cost includes: in the step S3
Cg,t *=KgPgt,t */(Qlhvηpgt,t *)
Cgrid,t *=cbuy,tPe,buy,t 0*-csell,tPe,sell,t 0*
Cbt,t *=Cco(|Sbt,chr,t *|+|Sbt,diss,t *|)/2Sbt,n
Crm,t *=(| Sbt,chr,t *|+|Sbt,diss,t *|)·cbt,mat+Ppv,t *·cpv,mat
+Hgb,t *·cgb,mat+Pgt,t *·cgt,mat+Peh,t *·ceh,mat
+Hsh,t *·csh,mat+(Pcr,t *+Pch,t *)·cchr,mat+Pep,t *·cep,mat
+(|Shs,in,t *|+|Shs,out,t *|)·chs,mat+(|Scr,in,t *|+|Scr,out,t *|)·ccr,mat
Wherein, KgFor Gas Prices, cbuy,tAnd csell,tRespectively t moment system to power grid power purchase, sale of electricity electricity price,
Pe,buy,t 0*And Pe,sell,t 0*Respectively t moment system is to power grid power purchase, sale of electricity electricity interval number, CcoFor charge and discharge cycles cost,
Sbt,chr,t *, Sbt,diss,t *Respectively t moment battery is charged and discharged power interval number, Sbt,nFor the rated capacity of battery,
Pep,t *Turn gas equipment output power interval number, S for t moment electricityhs,in,t *And Shs,out,t *Respectively t moment heat-storing device input,
Output power interval number, Scr,in,t *And Scr,out,t *Respectively t moment accumulator sets input, output power interval number, cbt,mat,
cpv,mat, cgb,mat, cgt,mat, ceh,mat, csh,mat, cchr,mat, cep,mat, chs,mat, ccr,matRespectively battery, photovoltaic cell,
Gas fired-boiler, gas turbine, electric heater, solar water heater, compression changes in temperature are mechanical, electrical to turn gas equipment, heat-storing device, Chu Leng
The operation and maintenance cost of device.
Preferably, constraint condition in the step S4 specifically:
Electric equilibrium constraint:
Pe,t *+Pgt,t *+Ppv,t *+Sbt,t *
=Pl,t *+Pep,t *+Pe,t 2*+Pe,t 3*
Wherein, Pl,t *For t moment electrical load requirement interval number,Respectively t moment transformer is being set
The output power interval number of different switching mode between standby,Respectively t moment gas turbine and photovoltaic cell output
Power interval number, Pep,t *Turn gas equipment output power interval number for t moment electricity,For t moment battery theoretical input/it is defeated
Power interval number out；
Hot steam Constraints of Equilibrium:
Wherein, Hl,t *For t moment thermal load demands interval number,Respectively t moment waste heat boiler and combustion
The output power interval number of gas boiler,For the theoretical input/output power interval number of t moment heat-storing device, ηpgt,t *,
ηhgt,t *The respectively efficiency interval number of t moment gas turbine and waste heat boiler；
Cold Constraints of Equilibrium:
Pcr,t *+Scr,t *=Ql,t *
Wherein, Ql,t *For t moment refrigeration duty demand interval number,The theoretical input/output function set for t moment accumulator
Rate interval number, Pcr,t *For the cold power interval number of output of t moment compression air conditioner；
Plant capacity constraint:
Wherein, Qi,t *And Qi,nThe respectively output power interval number and rated capacity of i-th equipment of t moment, α is equipment
Load factor, ciFor operating status, c when operationi=1, c when not runningi=0；
Heat accumulation, Chu Leng constraint:
Wherein, c1 in, c1 outAnd c2 in, c2 outRespectively heat-storing device, accumulator sets operating status, operating status mutual exclusion,WithRespectively heat-storing device, accumulator are set in t0Moment and tnThe energy at moment, and keep
Dispatching cycle whole story energy it is identical；
Battery constraint:
Wherein, Sbt,t *For t moment accumulator capacity interval number,Respectively t0And tnThe capacity at moment, it is excellent
It is equal to change cycle of operation whole story capacity, σbtFor the proportion of goods damageds, c3 chrAnd c3 diss∈ { 0,1 } indicates battery operating status, and state
Mutual exclusion, Sbt,chr *, Sbt,diss *Respectively battery is charged and discharged power interval number, Sbt,chr,t *, Sbt,diss,t *When respectively t
It carves battery and is charged and discharged power interval number, Sbt,nFor the rated capacity of battery, CaFor the accumulator cell charging and discharging multiplying power upper limit；
Interaction power constraint:
Wherein, PmaxThe maximum value of power, c are interacted between power grid and systembuyAnd csellRespectively system is purchased to power grid
Electricity, sale of electricity electricity price, cbuy,csell∈ { 0,1 }, and state mutual exclusion；
Electricity turns gas constraint:
Wherein, Pg,t 1*For the natural gas power input interval number of the first conversion regime of t moment, Pg 1*For the first conversion
The natural gas power input interval number of mode, Pg,t 2*For the natural gas power input interval number of second of conversion regime of t moment,
Pg 2*For the natural gas power input interval number of second of conversion regime.
Preferably, the solution procedure in the step S5 specifically includes the following steps:
S51, system coupling model is solved using traditional interval linear programming method, obtains the first optimal solution；
S52, the linear programming method based on interval arithmetic and Affine arithmetic solve system coupling model, obtain second most
Excellent solution；
S53, comparison processing the first optimal solution and the second optimal solution remove the limit the greater in solution and smaller in Upper Bound Solution
Person is as final disaggregation.
Preferably, the first optimal solution in the step S51 are as follows:
Wherein,For the first optimal objective function interval value,For the first energy input/output optimal solution interval value,F 1,The lower limit solution and Upper Bound Solution of respectively the first optimal objective function,x J, 1,Respectively the first energy input/output is most
The lower limit solution and Upper Bound Solution of excellent solution；
The detailed process packet that the linear programming method based on interval arithmetic and Affine arithmetic is solved in the step S52
It includes:
S521, it is directed to interval number x*And y*, it is described respectively with range format and affine form:
Plus and minus calculation is carried out using affine form, obtains IF(x*+y*), and range format I is converted by its resultR(x*+
y*)；
Multiplication and division operation is carried out using range format, obtains IR(x*+y*)；
Objective function, constraint condition and the energy input output relation that S522, acquisition are expressed with range format:
Wherein, F is objective function, and X is decision variable, i.e., various energy inputs and the operation of energy storage device in optimizing cycle
Value, A are the coefficient of X in inequality constraints, and B is Energy Load predicted value；
S523, the subfunction comprising bound is converted by the optimal condition of range format solve respectively, obtain second
Optimal solution:
Wherein,For the second optimal objective function interval value,For the second energy input/output optimal solution interval value,F 2,The lower limit solution and Upper Bound Solution of respectively the second optimal objective function,x j,2,Respectively the second energy input/output is most
The lower limit solution and Upper Bound Solution of excellent solution；
Final disaggregation in the step S53 are as follows:
Wherein, F*, xj *Operating cost interval value, the energy input/output interval value respectively finally acquired.
Compared with prior art, the invention has the following advantages that
One, the present invention establishes system coupling model by transfer matrix, has fully demonstrated electricity, hot, between gas system pass
Connection property, makes each independent particle system be integrated into integrated plan model that is interrelated, mutually restricting, can play different sub-systems
Advantage and potentiality, be advantageously implemented most optimum distribution of resources and improve efficiency of energy utilization.
Two, the present invention combines interval arithmetic and Affine arithmetic to solve model, can further reduce section radius, have
Effect improves the overly conservative problem of tradition optimization operation result.
Three, the present invention is based on Energy Load predicted values to establish objective function so that optimization operation result error radius with
Load fluctuation degree, precision of prediction and change, embody the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other to the dynamic response of load fluctuation degree, guarantee
The accuracy of optimization operation result.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is method flow schematic diagram of the invention；
Fig. 2 is system structure diagram of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other；
Fig. 3 is that Fig. 2 is for hot water or cold water, heat load；
Fig. 4 is electric load, hot steam load in system；
Fig. 5 is the photovoltaic power and solar water heater power in system；
Fig. 6 a is that electrical power optimizes lower limit submodel；
Fig. 6 b is that electrical power optimizes upper limit submodel；
Fig. 7 is hot steam power optimization result；
Fig. 8 a is cold power optimization lower limit submodel；
Fig. 8 b is cold power optimization upper limit submodel；
Fig. 9 a is hot water power optimization lower limit submodel；
Fig. 9 b is hot water power optimization upper limit submodel；
Figure 10 is photovoltaic, battery power optimum results；
Figure 11 is the output result of inventive algorithm；
Figure 12 is that traditional Interval Programming exports result.
Specific embodiment
The present invention is described in detail with specific embodiment below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
The system optimized operation method as shown in Figure 1, one kind is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, comprising the following steps:
S1, based on the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other containing distributed energy and cold and hot electric equipment, distributed energy and cool and thermal power are set
It is standby to carry out section description；
S2, it is described to establish system as a result, obtain system energy transformational relation of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other by transfer matrix according to section
Coupling model；
S3, the multiple objective function for considering environment, economy and energy factor is established, which includes operating cost and dirt
Contaminate discharge costs；
S4, the constraint condition balanced for guaranteeing section is obtained, which includes electrical power balance, cold and hot electric equipment
Balance and power grid interaction Changeover constraint；
S5, system coupling model is solved using interval theory and Affine arithmetic, final disaggregation is obtained, according to final disaggregation
Control is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other the energy power supply and load electricity consumption of system, make the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other operating cost and disposal of pollutants cost most
In the case where low, guarantee that the efficiency of energy utilization of system is maximum.
The system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other of the present embodiment is as shown in Figure 2, wherein CHP cogeneration of heat and power, photovoltaic, battery, power grid interaction
Electricity demanding is provided for user；CHP cogeneration of heat and power, heat-storing device provide hot steam demand for user；Solar water heater, electric hot water
Device provides hot water demand for user；Compression air conditioner (electricity turns heat) is that user heats；Compression air conditioner (electricity turns cold), Chu Leng
Device is user's cooling supply, to meet hot and cold, a variety of workload demands of electricity of user.Method of the invention is applied to the present embodiment
Detailed process are as follows:
One, the system model of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other containing distributed energy and cold and hot electric load is constructed, i.e., is derived with transfer matrix
System energy transformational relation is constructed, to system Coupling method of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other:
In Fig. 2, link 1. in Pe 0, Pg 0, Pr 0Respectively initial electricity, gas, optical power input；k0~k7It inputs for the energy each
The distribution coefficient of equipment room；Link 2. in Pe 1, Pe 2, Pe 3, Pg 1, Pg 2, Pr 1, Pr 2For the energy input of each equipment, subscript 1,2,3
Indicate each energy input in the different switching mode of equipment room；Relationship such as following formula institute between energy initial input and the input of each equipment
Show:
In formula: ηepTurn the efficiency of gas equipment for electricity；
Link 3. in Pe, Peh, Pgt, Hgt, Hgb, Hsh, PpvRespectively transformer, electric heater, gas turbine, waste heat pot
Furnace, gas fired-boiler, solar water heater and photovoltaic cell output power；PchAnd PcrRespectively compression air conditioner exports
Hot, cold power；Kch, KcrIndicate that its distribution coefficient, the coupled relation between energy output and input are shown below:
In formula: ηe, ηch, ηcr, ηeh, ηpgt, ηhgt, ηgb, ηsh, ηpvRespectively transformer, compression heating, compression supply
The efficiency of cold, electric heater, gas turbine, waste heat boiler, gas fired-boiler, solar water heater and photovoltaic cell；
Link 4. in Le 0, Lch 0, Lcr 0, Lhs 0, Lsh 0Respectively electricity, heating, cooling supply, hot steam, five kinds of energy of hot water it is defeated
Power (i.e. supply power) out；Sbt, Scr, ShsRespectively electric power storage, Chu Leng, heat-storing device theoretical input/output power, the energy
Output is shown below with each equipment output relation:
Section description is carried out to uncertain factors various in the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other, and describes the energy point using transfer matrix
Match and transformational relation:
(1) solar energy power output section description
To use interval number to describe photovoltaic output power, exoatmosphere intensity of illumination is predicted first, time interval
It is set as 15min, obtains the curve graph of exoatmosphere intensity of illumination, then calculate exoatmosphere intensity of illumination by time interval of 1h
Average value ga,av, count be greater than g in per hour respectivelya,avExoatmosphere intensity of illumination average valueBe less than ga,avAtmosphere
The outer intensity of illumination average value of layerg a, obtain exoatmosphere intensity of illumination interval valueAnd intensity of illumination interval value
To obtain the section description of photovoltaic power
Similarly, the uncertainty of solar water heater output power is also regarded as is caused by the fluctuation of intensity of illumination, therefore too
The output power of positive energy water heater can be expressed as with section
(2) load prediction and load setting description
The present invention uses gray prediction, relies on cold and hot electric load initial data, predicts cold and hot electric load a few days ago.To the greatest extent
Pipe cool and thermal power load prediction ratio of precision photovoltaic, wind-force are much higher, but due to Changes in weather and with the diversity that can be selected, load
There is also certain errors for prediction, therefore the present invention is described for cold and hot electric load using section:
In formula: PLFor predicted load；Withα pRespectively load prediction error upper limit value and lower limit value is (it is assumed that αpNumerical value is greater than
0)；
(3) remaining energy power output section description
It intercouples since transformer, compression air conditioner, electric heater etc. provide hot and cold, electric energy output equipment,
It is contributed, and there are certain uncertainties, while its operational efficiency can also be influenced by load fluctuation.Therefore the present invention is output it
Power, operational efficiency are described with interval number；
Energy input, output and device efficiency are indicated with interval number, are derived by by transfer matrix based on interval number
Coupled relation be shown below:
In formula: upper asterisk indicates the interval number to dependent variable；
Two, multi-target optimum operation is realized to system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other, and constraint condition is established into section and is balanced, in the present invention
The system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other comprehensively consider the factors such as the energy, economy, environment, objective function includes fuel consumption cost, system and electricity
Net operating costs function and the disposal of pollutants cost letters such as interaction expense, battery aging expense, each plant maintenance scheduling expense
Number, constraint condition includes the operation constraint of electrical power balance, heating power balance, cold power-balance, each equipment, and is handed over power grid
The constraint etc. of cross-power, constraint condition will meet section balance:
Objective function: consider that environment, economy, energy factor realize multiple-objection optimization.
F*=m1F1,t *+m2F2,t *
In formula, F1,t *And F2,t *Respectively t moment operating cost, disposal of pollutants cost interval number；m1And m2For weight because
Son defines m1=2/3, m2=1/3；
(1) systematic running cost objective function
F1 *=Cg,t *+Cgrid,t *+Cbt,t *+Crm,t *
In formula, Cg,t *For t moment fuel consumption cost interval number；Cgrid,t *For the interaction expense section of t moment and power grid
Number；Cbt,t *For t moment battery aging cost interval number；Crm,t *For each equipment scheduling maintenance cost interval number of t moment；
1) fuel consumption cost
Cg,t *=KgPgt,t */(Qlhvηpgt,t *)
In formula, KgFor Gas Prices；QlhvFor heating value of natural gas；
2) the interaction expense of system and power grid
Cgrid,t *=cbuy,tPe,buy,t 0*-csell,tPe,sell,t 0*
In formula, cbuy,tAnd csell,tRespectively t moment system is to power grid power purchase, sale of electricity electricity price；Pe,buy,t 0*And Pe,sell,t 0*
Respectively t moment system is to power grid power purchase, sale of electricity electricity interval number；
3) battery aging expense
Cbt,t *=Cco(|Sbt,chr,t *|+|Sbt,diss,t *|)/2Sbt,n
In formula, CcoFor charge and discharge cycles cost；Sbt,chr,t *, Sbt,diss,t *, Sbt,nRespectively battery t moment charge and discharge
Power interval number and rated capacity；
4) each equipment scheduling maintenance cost
Crm,t *=(| Sbt,chr,t *|+|Sbt,diss,t *|)·cbt,mat+Ppv,t *·cpv,mat
+Hgb,t *·cgb,mat+Pgt,t *·cgt,mat+Peh,t *·ceh,mat
+Hsh,t *·csh,mat+(Pcr,t *+Pch,t *)·cchr,mat+Pep,t *·cep,mat
+(|Shs,in,t *|+|Shs,out,t *|)·chs,mat+(|Scr,in,t *|+|Scr,out,t *|)·ccr,mat
In formula, Pep,t *Turn gas equipment output power interval number for t moment electricity；Shs,in,t *And Shs,out,t *Respectively t moment
Heat-storing device input, output power interval number；Scr,in,t *And Scr,out,t *Respectively t moment accumulator sets input, output power area
Between number；cbt,mat, cpv,mat, cgb,mat, cgt,mat, ceh,mat, csh,mat, cchr,mat, cep,mat, chs,mat, ccr,matRespectively electric power storage
Pond, photovoltaic cell, gas fired-boiler, gas turbine, electric heater, solar water heater, compression changes in temperature are mechanical, electrical turn gas equipment,
The operation and maintenance cost that heat-storing device, accumulator are set；
(2) disposal of pollutants cost objective function
The pollutant that combustion of natural gas generates mainly has CO2, SO2, NOx, charges for disposing pollutants calculation formula are as follows:
F2,t *=5.22Pgt,t */(Qlhvηpgt,t *)
Constraint condition:
1) electric equilibrium constrains
Pe,t *+Pgt,t *+Ppv,t *+Sbt,t *
=Pl,t *+Pep,t *+Pe,t 2*+Pe,t 3*
In formula: Pl,t *For t moment electrical load requirement interval number, value is equal to Le 0；
2) hot steam Constraints of Equilibrium
In formula: Hl,t *For t moment thermal load demands interval number, value is equal to Lhs 0；
3) cold Constraints of Equilibrium
Pcr,t *+Scr,t *=Ql,t *
In formula: Ql,t *Indicate that t moment refrigeration duty demand interval number, value are equal to Lcr 0；
4) plant capacity constrains
In formula: Qi,t *And Qi,nThe respectively output power interval number and rated capacity of i-th equipment of t moment；α is equipment
Load factor；ciOperating status is characterized, c when operationi=1, c when not runningi=0；
5) heat accumulation, Chu Leng constraint
In formula: c1 in, c1 outAnd c2 in, c2 outRespectively heat-storing device, accumulator set operating status, operating status mutual exclusion；WithRespectively heat-storing device, accumulator are set in t0Moment and tnThe energy at moment, and keep
Dispatching cycle whole story energy it is identical；
6) battery constrains
In formula: Sbt,t *,Respectively battery t moment capacity interval number and t0Moment, tnThe appearance at moment
Amount, optimization cycle of operation whole story capacity are equal；σbtFor the proportion of goods damageds；c3 chr,c3 diss∈ { 0,1 } characterizes battery operating status, and
State mutual exclusion；To achieve the purpose that increasing storage battery service life, provided in the present embodiment: when storage battery charge state reaches storage
Stop charging when battery maximum capacity, stops electric discharge when storage battery charge state reaches 20% battery capacity, meanwhile, charge and discharge
Electric multiplying power should be also restricted:
In formula: CaFor the accumulator cell charging and discharging multiplying power upper limit, it is taken as 20%；
7) interaction power constraint
In formula: PmaxThe maximum value of power is interacted between power grid and system；cbuy,csell∈ { 0,1 }, and state mutual exclusion,
Characterize its operating status；
8) electricity turns gas constraint
Since gas consumption depends on electricity demanding and heat demand, natural gas consumption also has bound, simultaneously
It, which is constrained, also provides constraint condition for initial electricity, the input of the gas energy；
Three, each equipment room close coupling relationship and equipment variable parameter operation state, optimization fortune are comprehensively considered using interval theory
Row result is indicated with interval number, embodies load fluctuation, prediction error dynamic effects caused by system.Exist for interval computation
Conservative, introduce Affine arithmetic, using the linear programming based on Affine arithmetic, interval arithmetic, optimal operation model carried out
It solves:
(1) it is described respectively with range format and affine form for each variable of interval number, when encountering plus and minus calculation,
Operation, which is carried out, by affine form obtains IF(x*+y*), and range format I is converted by its resultR(x*+y*)；When independent variable is met
To when multiplication and division operation, operation directly is carried out using section multiplication and obtains IR(x*+y*), wherein IF(·)、IR() respectively indicates pair
Independent variable carries out Affine arithmetic and interval arithmetic in bracket；
(2) objective function, constraint condition and energy input output relation that calculated result is expressed with range format are obtained:
In formula, F is objective function, and X is decision variable, i.e., various energy inputs and the operation of energy storage device in optimizing cycle
Value；A is the coefficient of X in inequality constraints, and coefficient is obtained by matrix back substitution；B is various Energy Load predicted values,
So far, it converts the subfunction comprising bound for the optimal condition of range format to solve respectively, i.e., using biography
Uncertainty planning is again converted to certainty planning problem by system linear programming, obtains disaggregation:
In formula, F2 *、xj,2 *Respectively the obtained optimal objective function of inventive algorithm, all kinds of energy input/output be most
The interval value of excellent solution；
(3) by it is above two based on the obtained solution of linear programming (traditional interval linear programming, based on interval arithmetic and imitative
Penetrate the linear programming of operation) processing is compared, the greater in solution and the smaller in Upper Bound Solution are removed the limit as last solution
Collection, is shown below:
In formula, F1、xj,1The respectively obtained optimal objective function of tradition interval linear programming, all kinds of energy input/defeated
Optimal solution out；
F*、xj *Operating cost interval value, the energy input/output interval value respectively finally acquired.
The system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other of the present embodiment includes: cooling supply, heating, hot water, hot steam, electricity with energy form.Setting is calculated
Example error amount is 10%, and cool and thermal power load prediction results are as shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4；Cloud layer Coefficient m*Following principle is followed, when fine day
m*=[0.8,1.0], m when cloudy*=[0.5,0.8], m when cloudy*=[0.3,0.5], m when sleet*=[0.1,0.3], the sun
The interval value that can be contributed is as shown in figure 5, wherein water heater power is plotted in secondary axis, to meet system energy demand, selection
Eight class energy conversion apparatus and three classes energy storage device for user provide hot and cold, electricity it is a variety of with can demands, design parameter such as tables
1, shown in 2,3:
1 energy conversion apparatus parameter list of table
2 energy storage device parameter list of table
| Number | Device | Energy storage efficiency | Exergic efficiency | Cost of investment | Maintenance cost accounting |
| 1 | Electric power storage | 0.9 | 0.9 | 3600 | 0.01 |
| 2 | Cold-storage | 0.9 | 0.9 | 32 | 0.01 |
| 3 | Accumulation of heat | 0.9 | 0.9 | 127 | 0.0055 |
3 energy prices table of table
It is programmed using Cplex software combination Matlab, on the basis of determining each device configuration capacity, to based on interval line
Property planning provide multiple forms of energy to complement each other system optimization solution, energy transition equipment, the results are shown in Table 4 for energy storage device configuration optimization:
4 device configuration capacities chart of table
This system day operation expense be [732.4,878.9] ten thousand, electrical power optimum results as shown in figures 6 a and 6b, CHP
Co-generation unit run without interruption, occupy an leading position in generated energy: 0h to 8h, 21h to for 24 hours from power grid input electricity,
Surplus electricity passes through accumulators store；9h to 16h, 19h to 20h, to power grid transport portion electricity, the implementation of peak of power consumption moment is put
Electric strategy；So it is there are surplus electricity reason difference, and 9h to 16h is because there are photovoltaic power generation, system obtains profit by sale of electricity；And
19h to 20h reaches target by the intimate full-load run of CHP unit, to realize " peak load shifting " to power grid.It can be seen that
Photovoltaic power generation keeps running efficiency of system higher.Fig. 6 a and Fig. 6 b is compared, it can be found that CHP and battery output power are by electricity
Load, photovoltaic power output influence of fluctuations, therefore, under electric load and the more accurate situation of photovoltaic power generation output forecasting, actual electric power
Optimizing operation result should be between bound submodel.
Hot steam power optimization result is as shown in Figure 7.As shown in Figure 7, as electrical load requirement increases, CHP system need to be held
More electricity are carried on a shoulder pole, fuel is using increase, therefore the output of CHP steam power also accordingly increases, but in bound submodel heat accumulation function
It can be found that the fluctuation of steam load is smaller on heat-storing device influence in the comparison of rate, the advantage of heat-storing device is further demonstrated that
And existing necessity.
For cold power optimization result as shown in Fig. 8 a, 8b, the optimization of cold power is more " self-sufficient ", and the energy is generated and supplied
More single to mode, under gap of the cold power of bound submodel there are 20% or so, accumulator is set suffered by charge and discharge power
It influences smaller.
Hot water power optimization result is as shown in Fig. 9 a, 9b.It can be obtained by map analysis, in 9h to 17h solar energy abundance situation,
Hot water load is almost supplied by solar water heater, so that energy-saving and emission-reduction be better achieved.
This system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other is compared with production system is divided, for dividing production system, electric load is provided by power grid, and heat is steamed
Vapour load is provided by gas fired-boiler, and hot water load is provided by electric heater, solar water heater, and cooling supply, heating are then mentioned by air-conditioning
For.Using control variate method, do not change remaining parameter of system, under the premise of meeting identical electricity, heat, cold demand, uses area again
Between model solution.Table 5 gives the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other and divides the correlation data of production system day operation expense.As can be seen from Table 5,
By the running optimizatin to each equipment of the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other, day operation expense is significantly reduced, and is demonstrated to provide multiple forms of energy to complement each other and is
The positive effect united in terms of economy, the energy.
5 correlation data of table
| Control strategy | Day operation expense (Wan Yuan) | Expense median (Wan Yuan) |
| Divide production system | [753.4,946.3] | 849.9 |
| It provides multiple forms of energy to complement each other system | [742.3,886.9] | 814.6 |
The present invention is increased on the basis of traditional interval linear programming using the uncertainty of interval theory characterization load
Linear programming based on Affine arithmetic is the comparison of the electrical power optimum results under different load fluctuation degree: photovoltaic below
Generated output and the power of battery its optimum results comparison under different load fluctuation are as shown in Figure 10, photovoltaic generation power and battery
Power load 10% fluctuation and 20% fluctuation under, section radius expansion it is relatively narrow, i.e., influenced by load fluctuation it is smaller, this is because
Photovoltaic regulation power itself is smaller, to guarantee in a few days to optimize the economy of operation, preferentially uses photovoltaic power generation in load boom period.
And battery frequently changes charging and discharging state can cause large effect to the life of storage battery, therefore is still generated electricity with power grid and CHP
Based on regulation power.
Figure 11, Figure 12 are respectively that inventive algorithm is exported with traditional Interval Programming algorithm as a result, being illustrated as power grid interacts function
The optimum results comparison of rate and CHP power under load fluctuation, with load fluctuation, CHP generated output and power grid interaction power
Section radius change, as load fluctuation degree is gradually increased, traditional Interval Programming calculates resulting section radius and expands
Zhang Gengkuan, i.e. interval conservative property are bigger, this highlights the dominance of method for solving of the present invention: mainly with CHP and power grid interaction
Power is provided in the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other of electric energy, using the linear programming based on interval arithmetic, Affine arithmetic, can further decrease
Power optimization interval value range reduces section radius, keeps optimum results more accurate reliable, provides for optimization operation in subsequent day
Better reference role.
Claims (8)
- The system optimized operation method 1. one kind is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, which comprises the following steps:S1, based on the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other containing distributed energy and cold and hot electric equipment, to distributed energy and cold and hot electric equipment into The description of row section；S2, it describes to establish system and couple as a result, obtain system energy transformational relation of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other by transfer matrix according to section Model；S3, the multiple objective function for considering environment, economy and energy factor is established, which includes operating cost and pollution row Put cost；S4, the constraint condition balanced for guaranteeing section is obtained, which includes electrical power balance, cool and thermal power balance of plant And power grid interaction Changeover constraint；S5, system coupling model is solved using interval theory and Affine arithmetic, obtains final disaggregation, is controlled according to final disaggregation Energy power supply and the load electricity consumption for system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other, keep the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other minimum in operating cost and disposal of pollutants cost In the case of, guarantee that the efficiency of energy utilization of system is maximum.
- The system optimized operation method 2. one kind according to claim 1 is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, which is characterized in that in the step S1 The system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other includes the energy, energy conversion apparatus and energy storage device, and the energy includes solar energy, natural gas and electric energy, The energy conversion apparatus includes transformer, compression air conditioner, electric heater, CHP cogeneration of heat and power, gas fired-boiler, solar energy Water heater, photovoltaic cell and electricity turn gas equipment, and the CHP cogeneration of heat and power includes gas turbine and waste heat boiler, and the energy storage is set Standby includes that battery, heat-storing device and accumulator are set, the step S1 specifically includes the following steps:S11, according to intensity of illumination, section description is carried out to photovoltaic power and solar water heater output power；S12, using gray prediction method, obtain predicted load, thus to cold and hot electric load carry out section description；S13, according to output power and operational efficiency, section description is carried out to remaining energy power output in the system of providing multiple forms of energy to complement each other.
- The system optimized operation method 3. one kind according to claim 2 is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, which is characterized in that in the step S2 System coupling model are as follows:Wherein, Le 0*, Lch 0*, Lcr 0*, Lhs 0*, Lsh 0*The respectively output power section of electricity, heating, cooling supply, hot steam, water heater Number, k0~k7The distribution coefficient in each equipment room is inputted for the energy, Respectively transformer, compression heating, compression cooling supply, electric hot water Device, gas turbine, waste heat boiler, gas fired-boiler, solar water heater, electricity turn gas equipment, the efficiency interval number of photovoltaic cell, Pe 0*, Pg 0*, Pr 0*Respectively initial electricity, gas, optical power input interval number, Respectively battery, accumulator It sets, the theoretical input/output power interval number of heat-storing device.
- The system optimized operation method 4. one kind according to claim 3 is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, which is characterized in that in the step S3 Multiple objective function are as follows:F*=m1F1,t *+m2F2,t *F1,t *=Cg,t *+Cgrid,t *+Cbt,t *+Crm,t *F2,t *=5.22Pgt,t */(Qlhvηpgt,t *)Wherein, F1,t *And F2,t *Respectively t moment operating cost, disposal of pollutants cost interval number, m1And m2For weight factor, Cg,t * For t moment fuel consumption cost interval number, Cgrid,t *For the interaction expense interval number of t moment system and power grid, Cbt,t *For t moment Battery aging cost interval number, Crm,t *For each equipment scheduling maintenance cost interval number of t moment, Pgt,t *For t moment combustion gas Turbine output power interval number, ηpgt,t *For the efficiency interval number of t moment gas turbine, QlhvFor heating value of natural gas.
- The system optimized operation method 5. one kind according to claim 3 is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, which is characterized in that in the step S3 Operating cost cost includes:Cg,t *=KgPgt,t */(Qlhvηpgt,t *)Cgrid,t *=cbuy,tPe,buy,t 0*-csell,tPe,sell,t 0*Cbt,t *=Cco(|Sbt,chr,t *|+|Sbt,diss,t *|)/2Sbt,nCrm,t *=(| Sbt,chr,t *|+|Sbt,diss,t *|)·cbt,mat+Ppv,t *·cpv,mat+Hgb,t *·cgb,mat+Pgt,t *·cgt,mat+ Peh,t *·ceh,mat+Hsh,t *·csh,mat+(Pcr,t *+Pch,t *)·cchr,mat+Pep,t *·cep,mat+(|Shs,in,t *|+|Shs,out,t * |)·chs,mat+(|Scr,in,t *|+|Scr,out,t *|)·ccr,matWherein, KgFor Gas Prices, cbuy,tAnd csell,tRespectively t moment system is to power grid power purchase, sale of electricity electricity price, Pe,buy,t 0* And Pe,sell,t 0*Respectively t moment system is to power grid power purchase, sale of electricity electricity interval number, CcoFor charge and discharge cycles cost, Sbt,chr,t *, Sbt,diss,t *Respectively t moment battery is charged and discharged power interval number, Sbt,nFor the rated capacity of battery, Pep,t *Turn gas equipment output power interval number, S for t moment electricityhs,in,t *And Shs,out,t *Respectively t moment heat-storing device input, Output power interval number, Scr,in,t *And Scr,out,t *Respectively t moment accumulator sets input, output power interval number, cbt,mat, cpv,mat, cgb,mat, cgt,mat, ceh,mat, csh,mat, cchr,mat, cep,mat, chs,mat, ccr,matRespectively battery, photovoltaic cell, Gas fired-boiler, gas turbine, electric heater, solar water heater, compression changes in temperature are mechanical, electrical to turn gas equipment, heat-storing device, Chu Leng The operation and maintenance cost of device.
- The system optimized operation method 6. one kind according to claim 3 is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, which is characterized in that in the step S4 Constraint condition specifically:Electric equilibrium constraint:Pe,t *+Pgt,t *+Ppv,t *+Sbt,t *=Pl,t *+Pep,t *+Pe,t 2*+Pe,t 3*Wherein, Pl,t *For t moment electrical load requirement interval number,Respectively t moment transformer is in equipment room The output power interval number of different switching mode,Respectively t moment gas turbine and the output power from photovoltaic cells Interval number, Pep,t *Turn gas equipment output power interval number for t moment electricity,For the theoretical input/output function of t moment battery Rate interval number；Hot steam Constraints of Equilibrium:Wherein, Hl,t *For t moment thermal load demands interval number,Respectively t moment waste heat boiler and gas-fired boiler The output power interval number of furnace,For the theoretical input/output power interval number of t moment heat-storing device, ηpgt,t *, ηhgt,t *Point Not Wei t moment gas turbine and waste heat boiler efficiency interval number；Cold Constraints of Equilibrium:Pcr,t *+Scr,t *=Ql,t *Wherein, Ql,t *For t moment refrigeration duty demand interval number,The theoretical input/output power area set for t moment accumulator Between number, Pcr,t *For the cold power interval number of output of t moment compression air conditioner；Plant capacity constraint:Wherein, Qi,t *And Qi,nThe respectively output power interval number and rated capacity of i-th equipment of t moment, α is apparatus of load Rate, ciFor operating status, c when operationi=1, c when not runningi=0；Heat accumulation, Chu Leng constraint:Wherein, c1 in, c1 outAnd c2 in, c2 outRespectively heat-storing device, accumulator sets operating status, operating status mutual exclusion,WithRespectively heat-storing device, accumulator are set in t0Moment and tnThe energy at moment, and keep Dispatching cycle whole story energy it is identical；Battery constraint:Wherein, Sbt,t *For t moment accumulator capacity interval number,Respectively t0And tnThe capacity at moment, optimization fortune Row period whole story capacity is equal, σbtFor the proportion of goods damageds, c3 chrAnd c3 diss∈ { 0,1 } indicates battery operating status, and state mutual exclusion, Sbt,chr *, Sbt,diss *Respectively battery is charged and discharged power interval number, Sbt,chr,t *, Sbt,diss,t *Respectively t moment electric power storage Pond is charged and discharged power interval number, Sbt,nFor the rated capacity of battery, CaFor the accumulator cell charging and discharging multiplying power upper limit；Interaction power constraint:Wherein, PmaxThe maximum value of power, c are interacted between power grid and systembuyAnd csellRespectively system to power grid power purchase, sell Electricity price, cbuy,csell∈ { 0,1 }, and state mutual exclusion；Electricity turns gas constraint:Wherein, Pg,t 1*For the natural gas power input interval number of the first conversion regime of t moment, Pg 1*For the first conversion regime Natural gas power input interval number, Pg,t 2*For the natural gas power input interval number of second of conversion regime of t moment, Pg 2*For The natural gas power input interval number of second of conversion regime.
- The system optimized operation method 7. one kind according to claim 1 is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, which is characterized in that in the step S5 Solution procedure specifically includes the following steps:S51, system coupling model is solved using traditional interval linear programming method, obtains the first optimal solution；S52, the linear programming method based on interval arithmetic and Affine arithmetic solve system coupling model, and it is optimal to obtain second Solution；S53, comparison the first optimal solution of processing and the second optimal solution, remove the limit the greater in solution and the smaller in Upper Bound Solution makees For final disaggregation.
- The system optimized operation method 8. one kind according to claim 7 is provided multiple forms of energy to complement each other, which is characterized in that the step S51 In the first optimal solution are as follows:Wherein, F1 *For the first optimal objective function interval value,For the first energy input/output optimal solution interval value, F1, The lower limit solution and Upper Bound Solution of respectively the first optimal objective function, xJ, 1,Respectively the first energy input/output optimal solution Lower limit solution and Upper Bound Solution；The detailed process that the linear programming method based on interval arithmetic and Affine arithmetic is solved in the step S52 includes:S521, it is directed to interval number x*And y*, it is described respectively with range format and affine form:Plus and minus calculation is carried out using affine form, obtains IF(x*+y*), and range format I is converted by its resultR(x*+y*)；Multiplication and division operation is carried out using range format, obtains IR(x*+y*)；Objective function, constraint condition and the energy input output relation that S522, acquisition are expressed with range format:Wherein, F is objective function, and X is decision variable, i.e., the operating value of various energy inputs and energy storage device in optimizing cycle, A For the coefficient of X in inequality constraints, B is Energy Load predicted value；S523, the subfunction comprising bound is converted by the optimal condition of range format solving respectively, it is optimal to obtain second Solution:Wherein, F2 *For the second optimal objective function interval value,For the second energy input/output optimal solution interval value,F 2, The lower limit solution and Upper Bound Solution of respectively the second optimal objective function,x j,2,Respectively the second energy input/output optimal solution Lower limit solution and Upper Bound Solution；Final disaggregation in the step S53 are as follows:Wherein, F*, xj *Operating cost interval value, the energy input/output interval value respectively finally acquired.
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| CN110912204A (en) * | 2019-11-20 | 2020-03-24 | 天津大学 | Inertia power coordination control system suitable for thermoelectric coupling solar cogeneration |
| CN110970892A (en) * | 2019-11-19 | 2020-04-07 | 国网辽宁省电力有限公司经济技术研究院 | Provincial energy Internet multi-energy flow regulation and control optimization method based on energy balance |
| CN111342456A (en) * | 2020-03-18 | 2020-06-26 | 国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院 | Method and system for modeling energy system of transformer area |
| CN111524028A (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2020-08-11 | 中煤科工(天津)清洁能源研究院有限公司 | Configuration method of multi-energy complementary coupling system |
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| CN112364556A (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2021-02-12 | 国网河北省电力有限公司经济技术研究院 | Intelligent energy optimization configuration method based on multi-energy complementation and terminal equipment |
| CN112926201A (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2021-06-08 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | Heat supply planning method, system and device for comprehensive energy system |
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| CN110970892A (en) * | 2019-11-19 | 2020-04-07 | 国网辽宁省电力有限公司经济技术研究院 | Provincial energy Internet multi-energy flow regulation and control optimization method based on energy balance |
| CN110970892B (en) * | 2019-11-19 | 2023-10-13 | 国网辽宁省电力有限公司经济技术研究院 | Energy balance-based provincial energy Internet multi-energy flow regulation and optimization method |
| CN110912204A (en) * | 2019-11-20 | 2020-03-24 | 天津大学 | Inertia power coordination control system suitable for thermoelectric coupling solar cogeneration |
| CN111342456A (en) * | 2020-03-18 | 2020-06-26 | 国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院 | Method and system for modeling energy system of transformer area |
| CN111524028A (en) * | 2020-04-03 | 2020-08-11 | 中煤科工(天津)清洁能源研究院有限公司 | Configuration method of multi-energy complementary coupling system |
| CN111625961A (en) * | 2020-05-26 | 2020-09-04 | 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 | Comprehensive energy system collaborative optimization operation regulation and control method |
| CN112364556A (en) * | 2020-11-27 | 2021-02-12 | 国网河北省电力有限公司经济技术研究院 | Intelligent energy optimization configuration method based on multi-energy complementation and terminal equipment |
| CN112926201B (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2023-08-08 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | Comprehensive energy system heat supply planning method, system and device |
| CN112926201A (en) * | 2021-02-23 | 2021-06-08 | 南方电网科学研究院有限责任公司 | Heat supply planning method, system and device for comprehensive energy system |
| CN113031447A (en) * | 2021-03-15 | 2021-06-25 | 上海电气集团股份有限公司 | Configuration method, system, equipment and medium for equipment in combined cooling heating and power system |
| CN113313410A (en) * | 2021-06-17 | 2021-08-27 | 国网河北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院 | Multi-energy coupling modeling evaluation method and device and terminal equipment |
| CN113937760A (en) * | 2021-10-12 | 2022-01-14 | 浙江华云电力工程设计咨询有限公司 | Affine robust model optimization scheduling method under multi-station fusion scene |
| CN113937760B (en) * | 2021-10-12 | 2024-03-22 | 浙江华云电力工程设计咨询有限公司 | Affine robust model optimal scheduling method under multi-station fusion scene |
| CN114781922A (en) * | 2022-05-19 | 2022-07-22 | 河北大学 | Optimized scheduling method for electric heating comprehensive energy system |
| CN114781922B (en) * | 2022-05-19 | 2023-05-09 | 河北大学 | Optimal scheduling method for electric heating comprehensive energy system |
| WO2024074391A1 (en) * | 2022-10-05 | 2024-04-11 | Totalenergies Onetech | Method for powering an energy network |
| FR3140716A1 (en) * | 2022-10-05 | 2024-04-12 | Totalenergies Onetech | Process for supplying an energy network |
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