CN110122149B - Cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in torreya grandis base in young forest - Google Patents
Cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in torreya grandis base in young forest Download PDFInfo
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- CN110122149B CN110122149B CN201910439036.2A CN201910439036A CN110122149B CN 110122149 B CN110122149 B CN 110122149B CN 201910439036 A CN201910439036 A CN 201910439036A CN 110122149 B CN110122149 B CN 110122149B
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Abstract
A cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in a young forest Chinese torreya base comprises selection of the young forest Chinese torreya base, quality requirements of seedlings of polygonatum cyrtonema, matching of the annual economic crops, soil preparation and ridge making, base fertilizer strip application, a planting method, post-planting management and harvesting. The invention has the beneficial effects that: under the condition of not reducing the comprehensive benefits of the Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema in the forest land, the organic combination of long, medium and short economic benefits of a young Chinese torreya base is really realized, annual income is realized, and the problem that the Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema cultivation mode polygonatum is only put into before the production and is not produced is solved; the interplanted annual economic crops provide a good shading environment for the growth of polygonatum cyrtonema and the polygonatum cyrtonema has better quality; promote the growth of the young Chinese torreya and improve the quality of the Chinese torreya seeds.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture and forestry composite operation cultivation, and particularly relates to a cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in a young Chinese torreya base without canopy closure.
Background
Torreya grandis Fort. ex Lindl.cv.Merrillii, which is a special tree species in China and mainly grows in Anhui 40671, county and Zhejiang province, Fuyang, Songyang and the like. The planting density of newly-built Chinese torreya base is about 30 plants generally. The Chinese torreya needs 10-15 years from planting to full-productive period, and only investment before the full-productive period has no return. In order to improve the economic income before the full-bearing period, polygonatum cyrtonema is interplanted in a torreya grandis base which is not closed in Zhejiang and the like to achieve the purpose of short-term cultivation and growth, but because the canopy density of torreya grandis forests is not enough, the overground part of polygonatum cyrtonema withers in 7-8 months, the growth period is about 3 months shorter than that of polygonatum cyrtonema planted in fir forests and Castanea henryi forests, the polysaccharide content of polygonatum is also low, and polygonatum cyrtonema is harvested in 4 years generally, so that no economic income exists in 3 years before harvesting. How to realize the compound operation of Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema has stable and ideal economic income every year, and simultaneously can prolong the growth period of polygonatum cyrtonema and improve the quality of polygonatum cyrtonema, which is a technical problem to be solved in a compound operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in a young forest torreya grandis base, which solves the problems of short growing period, low quality and no economic income before harvesting of polygonatum cyrtonema in a binary composite operation mode of torreya grandis-polygonatum cyrtonema by the ternary composite operation of torreya grandis-polygonatum cyrtonema-annual economic crops, realizes the organic combination of three economic crops of long, medium and short, improves the yield and quality of polygonatum cyrtonema, and simultaneously promotes the growth of torreya grandis and the improvement of the quality of torreya seeds.
The invention adopts the technical scheme for solving the technical problems that: the cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in the torreya base in the young forest comprises the following steps:
step one, selecting a torreya base: selecting a Chinese torreya base with a slope of below 0.5 degree of canopy closure and a horizontal zone from west to east or from south to north as an interplanting base with an altitude of below 700 m; selecting a Chinese torreya base with a horizontal zone and a canopy density below 0.5 as an interplanting base above 700 m;
step two, the quality requirements of polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are as follows: A. seedling growing: selecting 3-5 year-old seedlings with non-rotten rootstocks, more than 2 strong sprouts and more than 3 thick roots with the diameter of 2 mm; B. rootstock: selecting 1-3-age rootstocks which have no rot, more than 5 thick roots with 2mm and more than 1 strong sprout and rootstocks with cut openings, and uniformly covering the rootstocks with plant ash after juice flows out of the cut surfaces;
step three, annual economic crop selection: selecting annual photophobic economic crops with normal crown width of 40-100 cm, plant normal height of more than 50cm, canopy closure before 8 months of the solar calendar and harvest before 11 months;
fourthly, soil preparation and ridge making: the torreya grandis crown vertical projection outer edge is 20cm, soil preparation and ridge making are carried out comprehensively, the soil preparation depth is 20cm-30cm, and the ridge is arranged as follows: the direction of the ridge is vertical to the horizontal belt, the width of the ridge is 1.6 cm-2.1 cm, Chinese torreya trees and polygonatum cyrtonema are planted in the middle of the ridge, 0.4 cm-0.5 cm parts of each of the two sides of the ridge are interplanted with annual economic crops, and a drainage ditch with the width of 30cm-50cm is arranged between the ridges;
fifthly, base fertilizer strip application: before planting, fertilizing furrows with depth of 20cm and width of 20cm are arranged on the ridge surface, the furrows are perpendicular to the ridges, the distance between the two furrows is 30 cm-40 cm, the fertilizing furrows are filled with fully decomposed organic fertilizer, and the surface layer is covered with soil;
and a sixth step of planting: planting polygonatum cyrtonema after harvesting Chinese torreya fruits until 3 months in the next year, planting polygonatum cyrtonema on two sides of a fertilizing ditch, before planting, firstly, opening a seeding ditch along the outer side of the fertilizing ditch by 10-20 cm, wherein the seeding ditch is 10-20 cm wide and 10-20 cm deep, the seeding ditch is parallel to the fertilizing ditch, applying a layer of coke mud ash in the seeding ditch, taking no fresh soil as the degree, the coke mud ash refers to the remainder after a layer of miscellaneous irrigation and a layer of soil are stacked and burned, the thickness of the miscellaneous irrigation layer is 10-50 cm, the thickness of the soil layer is 3-20 cm, planting polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are placed on the coke mud ash to prevent root and stem decay, the spacing between polygonatum cyrtonema plants is 10-20 cm, the polygonatum cyrtonema planting holes are 20-50 cm away from annual economic crop planting holes on two sides, after planting polygonatum cyrtonema is finished, the surface is covered with yellow soil with the thickness of 3-5 cm, and the yellow soil is taken from red soil or yellow soil with the depth of 0.5-2.0 m on the surface of a mountain forest and is screened by a sieve of 10-20 meshes, planting the annual economic crop after planting polygonatum cyrtonema till 5 months before the next year, reasonably arranging the specific planting time according to local climatic conditions, the growth period of the annual economic crop, plant closing time and fruit harvesting time, wherein the row spacing of the planted plants is the same as the normal crown width, for example, the normal crown width of the annual economic crop is 50cm, namely the row spacing of the planted plants is 50cm during sowing, and interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and the annual economic crop in the vertical projection range of the Chinese torreya crown is not performed;
seventh step, management after planting:
s1, weeding: manually removing weeds for 1-2 times from the emergence of annual economic crops to the coming of plum rain season;
s2, topdressing: topdressing for 3 times a year, applying an organic-inorganic compound fertilizer when polygonatum cyrtonema fruits for the first time, broadcasting between polygonatum cyrtonema rows and torreya grandis, wherein the fertilizing amount is 50 g-150 g/m2, and simultaneously spraying a leaf fertilizer once; when the annual economic crops grow to 20-50 cm high for the second time, uniformly spreading 40-50 g/m2 of phosphate fertilizer on the ridge surface; thirdly, uniformly taking plant ash on the polygonatum cyrtonema and the branches and leaves of the annual economic crops in the early morning before the temporary closing of the annual economic crops at the high temperature of 30 ℃, wherein the dosage is 150 g-250 g/m 2;
s3, insect prevention: when grasshoppers, aphids and other ground pests are found to be harmful, the self-made pepper water is sprayed and dried in the early morning or at the evening, the leaf spraying humidity of polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops is high, the spraying is carried out for 1 time every other day and for 2-5 times continuously, and the pepper water self-making method comprises the following steps: taking 500g of fresh pepper, breaking the wall of the pepper by using a wall breaking machine at 5000-10000 r/min for 1-10 min, adding 1-2 times of water, stirring for breaking the wall for 1-5 min, filtering to obtain pepper liquid, respectively adding 20-50 times of tap water and 10-100% of medical alcohol, stirring uniformly to obtain the pepper liquid, and irrigating underground pests by using a tea seed cake aqueous solution;
s4, covering: after all polygonatum cyrtonema is poured out of seedlings, removing weeds on the ground, checking whether soil has underground pests or not, if the soil has the underground pests, uniformly spreading 1.5kg-2.5kg/m2 of tea seed cake organic fertilizer on the ridge surface, then covering the overground part of the annual economic crop on the ridge surface for overwintering, if the soil has no underground pests, applying fertilizers every other year for overwintering, uniformly spreading 1.5kg-2.5kg/m2 of organic fertilizer on the ridge surface in the winter of the 2 nd year after the polygonatum cyrtonema is planted, then covering the overground part of the annual economic crop on the ridge surface for overwintering, and spreading 0.1 kg-0.5 kg of lime in each crop after harvesting and before covering overwintering;
eighth step, harvesting: chinese torreya and polygonatum cyrtonema are harvested by a conventional method, annual economic crops are harvested, the harvesting methods are fundamentally different due to different harvesting positions, and the harvesting of roots is as follows: selecting fine days, cutting off overground parts, piling up the overground parts, digging roots and stems, paying attention to avoid injuring roots of polygonatum cyrtonema, finishing harvesting, arranging two sides of ridges in time, recovering the conditions before harvesting, and harvesting fruits: only fruits or fruit clusters are collected, and overground plants are cut off before the polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are poured for 10 days and covered nearby.
According to the cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in the torreya base in the young forest, the plant ash in the second step and the seventh step refers to the residue after the grass pots are burnt.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in the torreya grandis base in the young forest has the following advantages:
the cultivation mode of Chinese torreya, polygonatum multiflorum and annual economic crops really realizes the organic combination of long, medium and short economic benefits of Chinese torreya young forest bases on the premise of not reducing the comprehensive benefits of Chinese torreya, polygonatum multiflorum and forest land, achieves annual income, and solves the problems that the polygonatum has only to be put into and is not produced before the production in the cultivation mode of Chinese torreya, polygonatum multiflorum and annual economic crops;
compared with the Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema cultivation mode, the overground part growth period of the polygonatum cyrtonema is prolonged by more than 30 days, the rhizome yield is improved by more than 25%, the polygonatum cyrtonema has better quality, and the rhizome polysaccharide is improved by more than 20%;
and thirdly, a Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema-annual economic crop cultivation mode is beneficial to the growth of young Chinese torreya and the improvement of the quality of Chinese torreya seeds, compared with the Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema cultivation mode, the growth amount of new shoots is improved by more than 15%, and the oil content of the Chinese torreya seeds is improved by more than 10%.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a planting view of an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a diagram of the planting of Polygonatum cyrtonema of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further illustrated below:
the first embodiment is as follows:
the cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in the torreya base in the young forest comprises the following steps:
firstly, selecting a Chinese torreya base: chinese torreya base in certain area of Songyang county of Lishui city with altitude of 800m, Chinese torreya density of 30 plants/mu, canopy density of about 0.2 and horizontal bandwidth of 1.5m, wherein 40 mu is selected as the interplanting base, wherein: the operation mode of Chinese torreya, polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops is 20 mu, the operation mode of Chinese torreya, polygonatum cyrtonema is 10 mu, and Chinese torreya seed cleaning is 10 mu;
secondly, the quality requirements of Polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are as follows: selecting 1-2-stage rhizome with cut part and no rot, more than 5 thick roots with 2mm thickness, more than 2 strong sprouts, and covering with plant ash uniformly after juice flows out from the cut part;
thirdly, selecting annual economic crops: selecting annual photophobic economic crops such as yacon with crown width of 55cm, plant normal height of more than 50cm, canopy closure in 7 months of the Yangtze calendar and harvested in 11 middle-ten months;
fourthly, soil preparation and ridge making: the torreya grandis crown vertical projection outer edge 20cm plays comprehensive soil preparation, makes the ridge, and soil preparation depth 25cm, the overall arrangement of ridge as follows: the direction of the ridge is vertical to the horizontal belt, the width of the ridge is 1.8cm, torreya grandis and polygonatum cyrtonema are planted in the middle of the ridge, and yacon is interplanted in the parts of 0.4cm on both sides of the ridge. A drainage ditch with the width of 30cm is formed among the ridges;
fifthly, strip application of base fertilizers: before planting, fertilizing furrows are arranged on the ridge surfaces, the depth of the furrows is 20cm, the width of the furrows is 20cm, the furrows are perpendicular to ridges, the distance between the centers of the two furrows is 40cm, the fertilizing furrows are filled with decomposed organic fertilizers, and the surface layers are covered with soil;
sixthly, a planting method comprises the following steps: a ternary composite planting mode: planting Polygonatum multiflorum Thunb at two sides of the fertilizing ditch in 11 months, before planting, firstly, digging a planting ditch along 10cm outside the fertilizing ditch, wherein the width of the planting ditch is 10cm, the depth of the planting ditch is 10cm, the planting ditch is parallel to the fertilizing ditch, a layer of burnt mud ash is applied in the planting ditch, the degree of no fresh soil is found, the burnt mud ash refers to a layer of weeds and a layer of residues after soil is piled up and burned, the thickness of a layer of miscellaneous irrigation is 25cm, the thickness of a layer of soil is 12cm, seedlings are placed on the ash to prevent root and stem rot, the planting distance of the Polygonatum multiflorum Thunb is 15cm, 1 row of 7 plants is 1 row of 16 plants/m 2, the planting distance is 30cm from annual economic crop planting holes, after planting the Polygonatum multiflorum Thunb is finished, the yellow soil is 3cm in thickness, the yellow soil is taken from 1.0m deep yellow soil on the mountain forest surface and passes through a 10-mesh sieve, the yacon the next 3 months, the planting row distance is 40cm multiplied by 50cm, and the crown of the annual economic crop is not interplanted in the vertical projection range of Torreya grandis crown, a binary composite planting mode: in a mode of interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema in Chinese torreya, the ridge width of polygonatum cyrtonema is 1.1m, the ditch width is 30cm, the polygonatum cyrtonema is planted in a row, the row spacing of the plants is 30cm multiplied by 30cm, fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied before planting, the rhizome of polygonatum cyrtonema is horizontally placed in the sowing ditch, and the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 1.5kg/m2Planting annual economic crops according to a conventional method;
seventhly, managing after planting:
s1, weeding: manually removing weeds for 1 time after yacon seedlings emerge and before plum rain comes, and removing no weeds after polygonatum cyrtonema covers yellow core mud;
s2, topdressing: topdressing for 3 times a year, when polygonatum cyrtonema comes to bear fruits for the first time, in 5 months, applying a compound fertilizer, spreading fertilizer in the rows and the rows of polygonatum cyrtonema, between polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya, with the fertilizing amount being 50g/m2, simultaneously spraying a leaf fertilizer once, when smallanthus sonchifolius grows to the height of 20cm for the second time, uniformly spreading a phosphate fertilizer 40g/m2 on the ridge surface, temporarily at high temperature for the third time, before smallanthus sonchifolius clogs, uniformly taking plant ash on polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crop branches and leaves with the dosage being 150g/m2 in the early morning;
s3, insect prevention: when grasshoppers, aphids and other ground pests are found to be harmful, the self-made pepper water is sprayed and dried in the early morning or evening, the leaf spraying humidity of polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops is high, the spraying is carried out for 1 time every other day and 2 times continuously, and the pepper water self-making method comprises the following steps: taking 500g of fresh pepper, breaking the wall of the pepper for 3min by using a wall breaking machine at 5000 r/min, adding 1 time of water, stirring for breaking the wall for 3min, filtering to obtain pepper liquid, respectively adding 30 times of tap water and 30% of medical alcohol by mass, stirring uniformly to obtain the pepper liquid, and irrigating underground pests with a tea seed cake aqueous solution;
s4, covering: after all polygonatum cyrtonema is transplanted to seedlings, removing weeds on the ground, checking whether soil has underground pests or not, if so, scattering 0.3 kg/per lime in annual economic crop planting holes, uniformly scattering 2kg/m2 tea seed cake organic fertilizer on the surfaces of the ridges, then, uniformly scattering the overground parts of the smallanthus sonchifolius on the surfaces of the ridges for overwintering, if no underground pests exist, scattering 0.25 kg/per lime in annual economic crop planting holes, fertilizing every other year for overwintering, namely, uniformly scattering 2kg/m2 organic fertilizer on the surfaces of the ridges in the winter of the 2 nd year after the polygonatum cyrtonema is planted, and then, partially covering the overground parts of the smallanthus sonchifolius on the surfaces of the ridges for overwintering;
eighthly, harvesting: collecting torreya grandis and polygonatum cyrtonema by a conventional method, collecting yacon in 10 months, selecting sunny days, cutting off overground parts, stacking the yacon and the yacon, then collecting and digging roots and stems, paying attention to avoid damaging roots of polygonatum cyrtonema, regulating two sides of ridges in time after collection is finished, and recovering to the condition before collection.
Example two:
the cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in the torreya base in the young forest comprises the following steps:
firstly, selecting a Chinese torreya base: the elevation of a Chinese torreya base in a certain place in Songyang county of Lishui city is 500m, the Chinese torreya density is 30 plants/mu, the canopy density is about 0.2, and the horizontal bandwidth is 2 m. Selecting 70 mu bases with the positions of north facing south and west facing east as interplanting bases, wherein: the operation mode of Chinese torreya, polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops is 50 mu, the operation mode of Chinese torreya, polygonatum cyrtonema is 10 mu, and Chinese torreya seed cleaning is 10 mu;
secondly, the quality requirements of Polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are as follows: selecting 4-year-old seedlings with non-rotten rootstocks, more than 2 strong sprouts and more than 6 thick roots with the diameter of 2 mm;
thirdly, selecting annual economic crops: selecting annual economic crop dragon claw millet which has normal crown width of 60cm, normal height of more than 50cm, closed bottom of 7 months in the Yangtze calendar and harvested in 9 middle-ten months;
fourthly, soil preparation and ridge making: the torreya grandis crown vertical projection outer edge 20cm plays comprehensive soil preparation, makes the ridge, and soil preparation depth 25cm, the overall arrangement of ridge as follows: the direction of the ridge is vertical to the horizontal zone, the width of the ridge is 1.8cm, Chinese torreya trees and polygonatum cyrtonema are planted in the middle of the ridge, and dragon claw millet is interplanted in the parts of 0.4cm on each side of the ridge. A drainage ditch with the width of 30cm is formed among the ridges;
fifthly, dragging the base fertilizer strips: before planting, fertilizing furrows are arranged on the ridge surfaces, the depth of the furrows is 20cm, the width of the furrows is 20cm, the furrows are perpendicular to ridges, the distance between the centers of the two furrows is 40cm, the fertilizing furrows are filled with decomposed organic fertilizers, and the surface layers are covered with soil;
sixthly, a planting method comprises the following steps: a ternary composite planting mode: polygonatum cyrtonema is planted on two sides of the fertilizing ditch in 11 months. Before planting, firstly, a sowing ditch is opened along 15cm of the outer side of the fertilizing ditch, the width of the sowing ditch is 15cm, the depth of the sowing ditch is 15cm, the sowing ditch is parallel to the fertilizing ditch, a layer of coke mud ash is applied in the sowing ditch, the coke mud ash is the residue after a layer of miscellaneous irrigation and a layer of soil are stacked and burned, the thickness of the layer of miscellaneous irrigation is 20cm, the thickness of the layer of soil is 10cm, seedlings are placed on the coke mud ash to prevent root and stem decay, the row spacing of polygonatum multiflorum is 15cm, 1 row of 6 plants and 15 plants/m 2 are arranged at intervals of 30cm from annual economic crop planting holes on two sides, the thickness of yellow core soil is 3cm after the polygonatum multiflorum is planted, the yellow core soil is taken from yellow soil with the depth of 1.0m on the surface of a mountain forest and passes through a 10-mesh sieve, and the dragon claw chests are planted in 4 months of the next year, and are planted in single row, and the row spacing of the plants is 50 cm. In the vertical projection range of the Chinese torreya crown, polygonatum multiflorum and annual economic crops are not interplanted, and a binary composite planting mode is as follows: in a mode of interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema in Chinese torreya, the ridge width of polygonatum cyrtonema is 1.1m, the ditch width is 30cm, the polygonatum cyrtonema is planted in a row, the row spacing of the plants is 30cm multiplied by 30cm, fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied before planting, the rhizome of polygonatum cyrtonema is horizontally placed in the sowing ditch, and the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 1.5kg/m2Planting annual economic crops according to a conventional method;
seventhly, managing after planting:
s1, weeding: manually weeding for 1 time after emergence of seedlings of the Chinese chestnut to before plum rain;
s2, topdressing: topdressing for 3 times a year, applying a compound fertilizer when polygonatum cyrtonema bears fruits for the first time, spreading the compound fertilizer between polygonatum cyrtonema rows and lines and between polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya with the fertilizing amount of 50g, simultaneously spraying a leaf fertilizer once, applying the compound fertilizer when the castanopsis segetum grows to the height of 20cm for the second time, uniformly spreading a phosphate fertilizer of 40g/m2 on the ridge surfaces, and uniformly taking plant ash on polygonatum cyrtonema and branches and leaves of annual economic crops in the early morning before temporary high temperature occurs and the castanopsis segetum closes, wherein the using amount is 150g per square;
s3, insect prevention: when grasshoppers, aphids and the like are found, the self-made pepper water is sprayed and dried in the early morning or evening, the spraying humidity of polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crop leaves is 1 time every other day, the spraying is continuously carried out for 5 times, and the pepper water self-making method comprises the following steps: taking 500g of fresh pepper, breaking the wall of the pepper for 3min by using a wall breaking machine with 5000 r/min, adding 1 time of water, stirring for breaking the wall for 3min, filtering to obtain pepper liquid, respectively adding 30 times of tap water and 30% of medical alcohol by mass, and uniformly stirring to obtain the pepper liquid;
s4 covers: after the polygonatum cyrtonema is completely poured into seedlings, removing weeds on the ground, checking whether soil has underground pests or not, and if the soil has the underground pests, uniformly spreading 1.5kg/m of tea seed cake organic fertilizer on the ridge surface2Covering the overground part of the dragon claw millet on the ridge surface for overwintering, if no underground pests exist, applying fertilizers at intervals for overwintering, namely uniformly spreading organic fertilizers 1.5/m on the ridge surface in the 3 rd winter after the polygonatum is planted2Covering the overground part of the long claw millet on the ridge surface for overwintering;
eighthly, harvesting: harvesting Torreya grandis and Polygonatum cyrtonema according to conventional method, harvesting fruit cluster of the dragon claw millet in 9 months, harvesting overground part of the dragon claw millet 10 days before the seedling of the Polygonatum cyrtonema is inverted, and covering the overground part of the dragon claw millet on ridge surface for planting the Polygonatum cyrtonema.
Example three:
the cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in the torreya base in the young forest comprises the following steps:
firstly, selecting a Chinese torreya base: selecting a Chinese torreya base in a certain place of Songyang county of Lishui city with an altitude of 1000m, a Chinese torreya density of 33 plants/mu, a canopy density of about 0.2 and a horizontal bandwidth of 3m, and selecting 80 mu as the interplanting base, wherein: the operation mode of Chinese torreya, polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops is 60 mu, the operation mode of Chinese torreya, polygonatum cyrtonema is 10 mu, and the Chinese torreya is 10 mu;
secondly, the quality requirements of Polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are as follows: selecting 1-3-age rootstocks which have no rot, more than 5 thick roots with 2mm and more than 1 strong sprout and rootstocks with cut openings, and uniformly covering the rootstocks with plant ash after juice flows out of the cut surfaces;
thirdly, selecting annual economic crops: selecting annual economic crop corn with normal crown width of 60cm, height of more than 100cm, canopy closure before 6 months of the Yangtze calendar and harvest before 8 middle ten days of the month;
fourthly, soil preparation and ridge making: the torreya grandis crown vertical projection outer edge 20cm plays comprehensive soil preparation, makes the ridge, and soil preparation depth 25cm, the overall arrangement of ridge as follows: the direction of each ridge is perpendicular to the horizontal belt, the width of each ridge is 1.6cm, torreya grandis and polygonatum cyrtonema are planted in the middle of each ridge, 0.3cm of corn is interplanted on each of two sides of each ridge, and a drainage ditch with the width of 30cm is formed between each ridge;
fifthly, strip application of base fertilizers: before planting, fertilizing furrows are arranged on the ridge surfaces, the depth of the furrows is 20cm, the width of the furrows is 20cm, the furrows are perpendicular to ridges, the distance between the centers of the two furrows is 40cm, the fertilizing furrows are filled with decomposed organic fertilizers, and the surface layers are covered with soil;
sixthly, a planting method comprises the following steps: a ternary composite operation mode: polygonatum cyrtonema is planted on two sides of the fertilizing ditch in 11 months. Before planting, firstly, sowing seed ditches along 20cm outside the fertilizing ditches, wherein the width of each sowing ditch is 20cm, the depth of each sowing ditch is 20cm, the sowing ditches are parallel to the fertilizing ditches, a layer of coke mud ash is applied in the sowing ditches, the coke mud ash is the residue after the mixture is filled into each seed layer and is stacked and combusted, the thickness of each mixed seed layer is 20cm, the thickness of each layer of soil is 10cm, seedlings are placed on the coke mud ash to prevent roots and stems from being rotten, the row spacing of polygonatum multiflorum is 10cm, 9 plants in 1 row and 22 plants/m 2 are arranged at intervals of 30cm from annual economic crop planting holes on two sides, the thickness of yellow core soil is 3cm after the polygonatum multiflorum is planted, the yellow core soil is taken from yellow soil with the depth of 1.0m on the surface of a mountain forest and passes through a 10-mesh sieve, corns are planted in 5 months in the next year, the row spacing of planting is 30X 50cm, and the Chinese torreya crown is vertically thrown into the Chinese torreya treeIn the shadow range, polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops are not interplanted, and a binary composite planting mode is as follows: in a mode of interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema in Chinese torreya, the ridge width of polygonatum cyrtonema is 1.1m, the ditch width is 30cm, the polygonatum cyrtonema is planted in a row, the row spacing of the plants is 30cm multiplied by 30cm, fully decomposed organic fertilizer is applied before planting, the rhizome of polygonatum cyrtonema is horizontally placed in the sowing ditch, and the using amount of the organic fertilizer is 1.5kg/m2Planting annual economic crops according to a conventional method;
seventhly, managing after planting:
s1, weeding: manually weeding for 1 time after the corn seedlings emerge and before plum rain season comes;
s2, topdressing: topdressing for 3 times a year, applying a compound fertilizer when polygonatum cyrtonema fruits, spreading the compound fertilizer between polygonatum cyrtonema rows and lines, polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya, wherein the fertilizing amount is 220g/m2, simultaneously spraying a leaf fertilizer once, applying the compound fertilizer when the length of the corn reaches 30cm for the second time, uniformly spreading a phosphate fertilizer 40g/m2 on the surfaces of ridges, and uniformly applying plant ash on polygonatum cyrtonema and branches and leaves of annual economic crops in the early morning before temporary high temperature and closed corn for the third time, wherein the using amount is 150g per square;
s3, insect prevention: when grasshoppers, aphids and the like are found, the self-made pepper water is sprayed and dried in the early morning or evening, the spraying humidity of polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crop leaves is 1 time every other day, the spraying is continuously carried out for 5 times, and the pepper water self-making method comprises the following steps: taking 500g of fresh pepper, breaking the wall of the pepper for 3min by using a wall breaking machine with 5000 r/min, adding 1 time of water, stirring for breaking the wall for 3min, filtering to obtain pepper liquid, respectively adding 30 times of tap water and 30% of medical alcohol by mass, and uniformly stirring to obtain the pepper liquid;
s4, covering: after all polygonatum cyrtonema is transplanted to seedlings, removing weeds on the ground, checking whether soil has underground pests or not, if the soil has the underground pests, uniformly spreading a tea seed cake organic fertilizer 2.5kg/m2 on the ridge surface, then covering the overground part of corn on the ridge surface for overwintering, if the soil has no underground pests, applying fertilizers at intervals for overwintering, namely uniformly spreading an organic fertilizer 2.5kg/m2 on the ridge surface in the 3 rd winter after polygonatum cyrtonema planting, and then covering the overground part of corn on the ridge surface for overwintering;
eighthly, harvesting: chinese torreya and polygonatum cyrtonema are collected by a conventional method. Harvesting corns in 8 months, harvesting the overground parts of the corns 10 days before the polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are transplanted, and covering the overground parts of the corns on the ridge surfaces for planting the polygonatum cyrtonema.
In the embodiment of the invention, the input and output of different cultivation modes are compared:
table 1: example A different model for input per acre comparison
Table 2: example comparison of yield per acre for different modes
Table 3: example comparison of yield and quality for different models
The second different cultivation mode of the embodiment of the invention is compared with the input and output:
table 4: example two different modes of investment comparison per acre
Table 5: example two different modes yield per acre comparison
Table 6: example two different modes yield and quality comparison
The embodiment of the invention compares the input and output of three different cultivation modes: table 7: example three different modes for comparison of inputs per acre
Table 8: example three different modes yield per acre comparison
Table 9: example three different modes yield and quality comparison
From the above table, it can be seen that the combined operation mode of "Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema-one-year cash crop" and the combined operation mode of "Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema |", not only really realizes the combination of long, medium and short economic benefits, but also promotes the improvement of the quality of polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya seeds.
Example one "Chinese torreya-Polygonatum sibiricum and yacon" composite operation mode, after removing cost, the total economic income reaches 58009 yuan, table 1, table 2, wherein: and 4, interplanting the plants in 1 st to 3 rd years with the annual economic income of 4022 yuan and interplanting the plants in 4 th year with the annual economic income of 45943 yuan. And compared with the withering time of the polygonatum cyrtonema of a compound operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema, the withering time is delayed by about 45 days. Table 3 shows that, in the 8 middle ten days of the month, the wilting rate of polygonatum multiflorum is only 18.1%, while the wilting rate of the compound operation mode of the torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum is up to 87.5%, all polygonatum multiflorum in the 8 bottom of the month 'torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum' mode is fallen to seedlings, and all polygonatum multiflorum in the 'torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum-yacon' mode is withered to seedlings in the 10 middle ten days of the month. The reason is that the annual economic crop yacon has a good shading effect on polygonatum cyrtonema and is beneficial to the growth of polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya. From table 3, it can also be seen that, in terms of yields and qualities of rhizoma polygonati polysaccharide and Chinese torreya, the composite operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum multiflorum-yacon is significantly higher than the composite operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum multiflorum, wherein the rhizome yield of polygonatum multiflorum is improved by 28.2%, the rhizoma polygonati polysaccharide is improved by 25.6%, the growth amount of new shoots of Chinese torreya is improved by 16.1%, and the oil content of Chinese torreya seeds is improved by 12.1%. The reason is that the yacon with the height of more than 80 cm and the crown width of more than 60cm forms a good shading environment, which is not only beneficial to the growth of polygonatum cyrtonema and young Chinese torreya, but also promotes the improvement of the quality of polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya seeds.
Example two "chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema-manchurian chestnut" composite operation model, after removing the cost, the total economic income reaches 32496 yuan, table 4, table 5, wherein: interplanting the plants in 1 st to 3 rd year with annual income 1025 yuan and interplanting the plants in 4 th year with economic income 29421 yuan. And compared with the withering time of the polygonatum cyrtonema of a compound operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema, the withering time is delayed by about 40 days. Table 6 shows that, in the 8 middle ten days of the month, the wilting rate of polygonatum multiflorum is only 20.4%, while the wilting rate of the compound operation mode of torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum is as high as 83.8%, all polygonatum multiflorum in the 8 bottom of the month mode of torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum is fallen to the seedling, and all polygonatum multiflorum in the mode of torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum is fallen to the seedling in the top 10 middle ten days of the month. The reason is that the annual economic crop of the castanea mollissima has a good shading effect on polygonatum cyrtonema and is beneficial to the growth of polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya. From table 6, it can also be seen that, in terms of yields and qualities of polygonatum polysaccharides and Chinese torreya, the composite operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum multiflorum-dragon claw millet is significantly higher than that of Chinese torreya-polygonatum multiflorum, wherein the rhizome yield of polygonatum multiflorum is improved by 26.6%, the polygonatum polysaccharides are improved by 21.1%, the growth amount of new shoots of Chinese torreya is improved by 16.3%, and the oil content of Chinese torreya seeds is improved by 13.3%. The good shading environment formed by the long claw millet with the height of more than 120 cm and the crown width of more than 60cm is not only beneficial to the growth of polygonatum cyrtonema and young Chinese torreya, but also promotes the improvement of the quality of polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya seeds.
Example three "torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum-corn" composite operation mode, after removing the cost, the total economic income reaches 53486 yuan, table 7, table 8, wherein: the annual income is 1580 yuan in 1 st to 3 rd years, and is 48818 yuan in 4 th year. And compared with the withering time of the polygonatum cyrtonema of a compound operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema, the withering time is delayed by about 45 days. Table 9 shows that, in the 8 middle ten days of the month, the wilting rate of polygonatum multiflorum is only 18.4%, while the wilting rate of the compound operation mode of torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum is up to 87.8%, all polygonatum multiflorum in the 8 bottom of the month 'torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum' mode is fallen to seedlings, and all polygonatum multiflorum in the 'torreya grandis-polygonatum multiflorum-dragon claw millet' mode is withered to seedlings only in 10 middle ten days of the month. The reason is that the annual economic crop of the castanea mollissima has a good shading effect on polygonatum cyrtonema and is beneficial to the growth of polygonatum cyrtonema and Chinese torreya. From table 9, it can also be seen that, in terms of yields and qualities of polygonatum polysaccharides and Chinese torreya, the composite operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum multiflorum-corn is significantly higher than the composite operation mode of Chinese torreya-polygonatum multiflorum, wherein the rhizome yield of polygonatum multiflorum is increased by 32.0%, the polygonatum polysaccharides are increased by 24.0%, the growth amount of new shoots of Chinese torreya is increased by 24.3%, and the oil content of Chinese torreya seeds is increased by 10.9%. The reason is that the good shading environment formed by the corns with the height of more than 120 cm and the crown width of more than 60cm is not only beneficial to the growth of polygonatum cyrtonema and the young Chinese torreya, but also promotes the improvement of the quality of polygonatum cyrtonema and the quality of Chinese torreya seeds.
The embodiment of the invention has the characteristics that:
the cultivation mode of the Chinese torreya, polygonatum cyrtonema Hua and annual economic crops really realizes the organic combination of long, medium and short economic benefits in forestry production, realizes annual income, and solves the problem that the rhizoma polygonati is only put into and not put out before the Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema Hua cultivation mode is put into production;
compared with the Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema cultivation mode, the overground part growth period of the polygonatum cyrtonema is prolonged by more than 30 days, the rhizome yield is improved by more than 25%, the polygonatum cyrtonema has better quality, and the rhizome polysaccharide is improved by more than 20%;
and thirdly, a Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema-annual economic crop cultivation mode is favorable for growth of young Chinese torreya and improvement of the quality of Chinese torreya seeds, compared with the Chinese torreya-polygonatum cyrtonema cultivation mode, the growth amount of new tips is improved by more than 15%, and the oil content of the Chinese torreya seeds is improved by more than 10%.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from the scope of the claims.
Claims (2)
1. A cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in a torreya base in young forests is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, selecting a Chinese torreya base: selecting a Chinese torreya base with a slope of below 700 meters above the altitude, wherein the Chinese torreya base is located east west or north from south, is provided with a horizontal zone and has a canopy density below 0.5, and is used as an interplanting base, and the Chinese torreya base with a horizontal zone and a canopy density below 0.5 is selected above the altitude of above 700 meters and is used as an interplanting base;
(II) the quality requirements of Polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are as follows: (A) seedling growing: selecting 3-5 year-old seedlings with non-rotten rootstocks, more than 2 strong sprouts and more than 5 coarse roots with the diameter of 2 mm; (B) rhizome seedling: selecting 1-3-age rootstocks which have no rot, more than 5 thick roots with 2mm and more than 1 strong sprout and rootstocks with cut openings, and uniformly covering the rootstocks with plant ash after juice flows out of the cut surfaces;
(III) selecting annual economic crops: selecting annual photophobic economic crops with normal crown width of 40-100 cm, normal height of more than 50cm, closed before 8 months of the solar calendar and harvested 11 months ago;
(IV) land preparation and ridge making: the torreya grandis crown vertical projection outer edge is 20cm, soil is completely prepared and ridges are formed, the soil preparation depth is 20cm-30cm, and the ridges are distributed as follows: the direction of each ridge is perpendicular to the horizontal belt, the width of each ridge is more than 1.6cm, Chinese torreya and polygonatum cyrtonema are planted in the middle of each ridge, 0.4-0.5 cm of parts of each ridge are interplanted with annual economic crops, and a drainage ditch with the width of about 30cm is formed between every two ridges;
(V) applying base fertilizers in a strip manner: before planting, fertilizing furrows with depth of 20cm and width of 20cm are arranged on the ridge surface, the furrows are perpendicular to the ridges, the distance between the furrows is 30cm-50cm, the fertilizing furrows are filled with fully decomposed organic fertilizer, and the surface layer is covered with soil;
(VI) planting method: planting polygonatum cyrtonema after harvesting Chinese torreya fruits to 3 months in the next year, planting polygonatum cyrtonema on two sides of a fertilizing ditch, before planting, firstly, opening a seeding ditch along the outer side of the fertilizing ditch by 10-20 cm, wherein the width of the seeding ditch is 10-20 cm, the depth of the seeding ditch is 10-20 cm, the seeding ditch and the fertilizing ditch are parallel to each other, applying a layer of coke ash in the seeding ditch, taking no fresh soil as the degree, the coke ash refers to the remainder after stacking and burning a layer of mixed irrigation and a layer of soil, the thickness of the mixed irrigation is 10-50 cm, the thickness of the soil is 3-20 cm, planting polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are placed on the coke ash to prevent root and stem decay, the distance between polygonatum cyrtonema plants is 10-20 cm, the polygonatum cyrtonema plants is separated from annual economic crop planting holes on two sides by 20-50 cm, covering the ridge surface with the thickness of 3-5 cm, and the yellow soil is taken from the mountain forest surface 0.5-2.0 m deep red soil or yellow soil and is screened by a 10-20 mesh sieve, planting the annual economic crop after planting polygonatum cyrtonema till 5 months before the next year, reasonably arranging the specific planting time according to local climatic conditions, the growth period of the annual economic crop, plant closing time and fruit harvesting time, wherein the row spacing of the planted plants is the same as the normal crown width, the normal crown width of the annual economic crop is 50cm, the row spacing of the planted plants is 50cm during sowing, and the polygonatum cyrtonema and the annual economic crop are not interplanted in the vertical projection range of the Chinese torreya crown;
(VII) managing after planting:
s1, weeding: manually removing weeds for 1-2 times from the emergence of annual economic crops to the coming of plum rain season;
s2, topdressing: topdressing for 3 times a year, applying an organic-inorganic compound fertilizer when polygonatum cyrtonema fruits for the first time, broadcasting between polygonatum cyrtonema rows and torreya grandis, wherein the fertilizing amount is 50 g-150 g/m2, and simultaneously spraying a leaf fertilizer once; when the annual economic crops grow to the height of 20-50 cm for the second time, uniformly spreading 40-50 g/m of phosphate fertilizer 2 on the ridge surface; thirdly, after the temperature exceeds 30 ℃ in 5 continuous days and before the annual economic crop is closed, uniformly taking plant ash on the polygonatum cyrtonema and the branches and leaves of the annual economic crop in the morning, wherein the using amount is 150 g-250 g/m 2;
s3, insect prevention: when grasshoppers, aphids and other ground pests are found to be harmful, the self-made pepper water is sprayed and dried in the early morning or at the evening, the spray humidity of polygonatum cyrtonema and leaves of annual economic crops is used as the humidity, the spraying is carried out for 1 time every other day and for 2-5 times continuously, and the pepper water self-making method comprises the following steps: taking 500g of fresh pepper, breaking the wall of the pepper by using a wall breaking machine at 5000-10000 r/min for 1-10 min, adding 1-2 times of water, stirring for breaking the wall for 1-5 min, filtering to obtain pepper liquid, respectively adding 20-50 times of tap water and 10-100% of medical alcohol, stirring uniformly to obtain the pepper liquid, and irrigating underground pests by using a tea seed cake aqueous solution;
s4, covering: after all polygonatum cyrtonema is fallen down, removing weeds on the ground, checking whether soil has underground pests or not, if the soil has the underground pests, uniformly spreading 1.5-2.5kg/m2 of tea seed cake organic fertilizer on the ridge surface, then covering the overground part of the annual economic crop on the ridge surface for overwintering, if the soil has no underground pests, applying fertilizers at intervals for overwintering, uniformly spreading 1.5-2.5kg/m2 of organic fertilizer on the ridge surface in the winter of the 2 nd year after the polygonatum cyrtonema is planted, then covering the overground part of the annual economic crop on the ridge surface for overwintering, and after harvesting and before covering and overwintering, spreading 0.1-0.5 kg of lime in each crop;
(eighth), harvesting: chinese torreya and polygonatum cyrtonema are harvested by a conventional method, annual economic crops are harvested, the harvesting methods are fundamentally different due to different harvesting positions, and the harvesting of roots is as follows: selecting fine days, cutting off overground parts, piling up the overground parts, digging roots and stems, paying attention to avoid injuring roots of polygonatum cyrtonema, finishing harvesting, arranging two sides of ridges in time, recovering the conditions before harvesting, and harvesting fruits: only fruits or fruit clusters are collected, and overground plants are cut off before the polygonatum cyrtonema seedlings are poured for 10 days and covered nearby.
2. The cultivation method for interplanting polygonatum cyrtonema and annual economic crops in a young forest torreya grandis base according to claim 1, wherein the cultivation method comprises the following steps: the plant ash in the step (II) and the step (VII) refers to the residue after the grass plants are combusted.
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