CN110079329B - Composition for producing soil conditioner, and soil conditioning method - Google Patents
Composition for producing soil conditioner, and soil conditioning method Download PDFInfo
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- CN110079329B CN110079329B CN201910067283.4A CN201910067283A CN110079329B CN 110079329 B CN110079329 B CN 110079329B CN 201910067283 A CN201910067283 A CN 201910067283A CN 110079329 B CN110079329 B CN 110079329B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01B—SOIL WORKING IN AGRICULTURE OR FORESTRY; PARTS, DETAILS, OR ACCESSORIES OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINES OR IMPLEMENTS, IN GENERAL
- A01B79/00—Methods for working soil
- A01B79/02—Methods for working soil combined with other agricultural processing, e.g. fertilising, planting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C—RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09C1/00—Reclamation of contaminated soil
- B09C1/08—Reclamation of contaminated soil chemically
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K17/00—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials
- C09K17/40—Soil-conditioning materials or soil-stabilising materials containing mixtures of inorganic and organic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2101/00—Agricultural use
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2109/00—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE pH regulation
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- Soil Sciences (AREA)
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- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
The invention discloses a composition for manufacturing a soil conditioner, a soil conditioner and a soil conditioning method. The disclosed soil conditioner comprises 100 parts by weight of bauxite residue, 5-15 parts by weight of a curing agent, 5-25 parts by weight of a thickening agent and 7.5-10 parts by weight of water.
Description
Technical Field
The invention discloses a composition for manufacturing a soil conditioner, the soil conditioner and a soil conditioning method. Specifically disclosed are a composition for producing a soil conditioner which can condition acidic soil to a soil having a pH in the range of 6.0-8.0, a soil conditioner and a soil conditioning method.
Background
Generally, more than 50% of korean soil is composed of granite and granite gneiss, and soil is gradually acidified due to concentrated rainfall in summer, resulting in soil loss and thus calcium (Ca) leaching, and excessive use of chemical fertilizers.
Particularly, recently, with the increase of the frequency of acid rainfall, soil acidification is further accelerated, resulting in a great decrease in agricultural productivity and tree growth in mountain forests.
To neutralize the acid soil, calcium carbonate (CaCO) is generally used3) Or quicklime (CaO), etc., but the use of too much lime tends to decrease the ratio of magnesium (Mg) to calcium (Ca) in the soil, resulting in a lack of magnesium (Mg).
Although this chemical treatment method can neutralize acid soil, on the other hand, there are problems as follows: when contacting with water, heat is generated, so that beneficial microorganisms with natural purification capability existing in soil are remarkably reduced, the natural purification capability of the soil is reduced, the physical and chemical balance of the soil is damaged, the regeneration capability of the soil is reduced, and crops are injured.
Disclosure of Invention
[ problem ] to provide a method for producing a semiconductor device
An embodiment of the present invention provides a composition for producing a soil conditioner capable of conditioning acid soil to soil having a pH in the range of 6.0 to 8.0.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a soil conditioner manufactured using the composition for manufacturing the soil conditioner.
Still another embodiment of the present invention provides a soil improvement method using the soil improvement agent.
[ technical solution ] A
In one aspect, the present invention provides a composition for manufacturing a soil amendment, comprising:
100 parts by weight of bauxite residue;
5-15 parts by weight of a curing agent;
5-25 parts of a thickening agent; and
7.5 to 10 parts by weight of water.
The bauxite residue may include SiO 25 to 40% by weight of Al2O315 to 25% by weight of Fe2O310-45 wt%, CaO 1-10 wt%, MgO 0-3 wt%, K20 to 5 weight percent of O and Na2O2-15 wt%, TiO 23 to 15 weight percent, MnO 0 to 1 weight percent, P2O50 to 1 weight percent and 5 to 45 weight percent of water, and has a pH of 10 to 15.
The curing agent may include molasses, gum arabic, sodium alginate, glycerin, gelatin, microcrystalline cellulose, pitch, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alumina sol, cement, sodium polyphosphate, lignosulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, surfactant, starch, thermosetting resin raw material, or a combination thereof.
The thickener may include bentonite, clay, kaolin, sericite, talc, acid clay, pumice, silica sand, silica, zeolite, pearlite, vermiculite, bran, sawdust, wood powder, pulp floc, soybean powder, or combinations of these.
The composition for manufacturing the soil conditioner may further include 1 to 10 parts by weight of a fertilizer component with respect to 100 parts by weight of the bauxite residue.
The fertilizer component comprises urea, phosphoric acid, potassium, manganese, boron, or combinations of these.
Another aspect of the present invention provides:
a soil conditioner produced from the composition for producing a soil conditioner.
Another aspect of the present invention provides:
a soil improvement method comprising a step of throwing the soil improvement agent into acid soil.
The pH value of the acid soil can be 4-6, and the pH value of the soil conditioner can be 10-11.
The amount of the soil conditioner added to 100 parts by weight of the acid soil may be 1 to 10 parts by weight.
The soil improvement method may further include: and maintaining the mixture of the acid soil and the soil conditioner.
[ PROBLEMS ] the present invention
The soil conditioner manufactured using the soil conditioner-manufacturing composition according to an embodiment of the present invention can prevent or suppress soil and groundwater contamination due to elution of heavy metals, while providing soil favorable for plant growth by neutralizing acid soil.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a soil conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a graph showing the pH of improved soil according to the addition rate of soil conditioners and during curing;
FIG. 3 is a graph showing the results of a germination test of lettuce seeds in an acid soil treated or untreated with a soil conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 4 is a picture showing the growth of lettuce seedlings in acid soil treated or untreated with the soil conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention.
[ notation ] to show
10: a soil conditioner; 11: a bauxite residue;
12: a curing agent; 13: a thickener;
14: fertilizer composition
Detailed Description
The following describes a composition for manufacturing a soil conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention in detail.
The composition for manufacturing a soil conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: 100 parts of bauxite residue, 5-15 parts of curing agent, 5-25 parts of thickening agent and 7.5-10 parts of water.
The bauxite residue (bauxite residue) refers to red mud, red clay or scarlet clay (scarletcalay), and is produced by Bayer process from bauxite ore to produce aluminum hydroxide (Al (OH)3) And alumina (Al)2O3) Waste generated in the process of (1).
The bauxite residue may include SiO 25 to 40% by weight of Al2O315 to 25% by weight of Fe2O310-45 wt%, CaO 1-10 wt%, MgO 0-3 wt%, K20 to 5 weight percent of O and Na2O2-15 wt%, TiO 23 to 15 weight percent, MnO 0 to 1 weight percent, P2O50 to 1 weight percent and 5 to 45 weight percent of water.
The bauxite residue may have a pH of 10 to 15.
The function of the solidifying agent is to granulate the soil conditioner-producing composition comprising the solidifying agent. If the composition for manufacturing a soil conditioner contains a fertilizer component, such a solidifying agent does not degrade the quality of the fertilizer component, but can ensure physical and chemical stability.
The composition for producing a soil improvement agent is different from a soil improvement agent described later in that, unlike the soil improvement agent, the composition is not granulated and has a smaller amount of water than the soil improvement agent.
The curing agent may include molasses, gum arabic, sodium alginate, glycerin, gelatin, microcrystalline cellulose, pitch, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, sodium polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, alumina sol, cement, sodium polyphosphate, lignosulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, surfactant, starch, thermosetting resin raw material, or a combination thereof.
When the content of the curing agent is less than 5 parts by weight compared to 100 parts by weight of the bauxite residue, the amount of water used in manufacturing the soil conditioner increases to cause coagulation between solids, and when it exceeds 15 parts by weight, the amount of water used in manufacturing the soil conditioner decreases to fail to smoothly achieve granulation (granulation).
The thickener has the property of adhering other substances to each other by mixing with the other substances. The thickener has the property of self-expanding by more than 10 times in volume after absorbing water, and does not affect the chemical properties of other substances adhered due to no chemical activity.
The thickener may include bentonite, clay, kaolin, sericite, talc, acid clay, pumice, silica sand, silica, zeolite, pearlite, vermiculite, bran, sawdust, wood powder, pulp floc (pulp floc), soybean powder (soy flours), or combinations of these.
When the content of the thickener is less than 5 parts by weight compared to 100 parts by weight of the bauxite residue, the elution speed of the components included in the soil conditioner is too high, and when it exceeds 25 parts by weight, not only granulation is not easily achieved but also the components included in the soil conditioner are not easily eluted at the time of manufacturing the soil conditioner.
The composition for manufacturing a soil conditioner may further include 1 to 10 parts by weight of a fertilizer component with respect to 100 parts by weight of the bauxite residue.
If the content of the fertilizer component is within the range as compared with 100 parts by weight of the bauxite residue, no pesticide damage occurs and the fertilizer addition effect is sufficient.
The fertilizer component may include urea, phosphoric acid, potassium, manganese, boron, or combinations of these.
With respect to the composition for manufacturing a soil conditioner, when the content of the water is less than 7.5 parts by weight compared to 100 parts by weight of the bauxite residue, the granulation ratio at the time of manufacturing the soil conditioner is decreased, and when it exceeds 10 parts by weight, a coagulation phenomenon occurs between solids to generate lumps.
Another embodiment of the present invention provides a soil conditioner manufactured using the composition for manufacturing a soil conditioner.
Fig. 1 is a schematic view of a soil conditioner 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
According to fig. 1, a soil conditioner 10 according to an embodiment of the present invention may include bauxite residue 11, a curing agent 12, a thickener 13, and optionally a fertilizer component 14.
Although not shown in fig. 1, soil amendment 10 may also include water.
The method for producing a soil conditioner according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below.
The method for manufacturing the soil conditioner of the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps: a step S10 of obtaining bauxite residue from the aluminum production process; an S20 step of drying the bauxite residue; s30, mixing 100 parts by weight of bauxite residue, 5-15 parts by weight of curing agent and 5-25 parts by weight of thickening agent to obtain a solid mixture; and a step of continuously or intermittently adding 7.5 to 10 parts by weight of water to the molding machine while rotating the molding machine for 100 parts by weight of the bauxite residue together with the solid mixture (S40).
The aluminum production process in the step S10 includes an aluminum production process at home and abroad.
The drying in the step S20 may be performed at 100 to 200 ℃ for 1 to 24 hours.
In the step S30, 1 to 10 parts by weight of a fertilizer component may be further added to 100 parts by weight of the bauxite residue.
The molding machine in the S40 step may be a disc type or drum type molding machine.
The contact surface of the forming machine with the solid mixture may be configured to be inclined 45 to 55 DEG with respect to the gravity direction.
The solid mixture may be fed into the molding machine in a gravity direction in a state where the contact surface of the molding machine is rotated at a rotational speed of 30 to 80 rpm. As a result, the solid mixture can be rotated along the contact surface after being fed to the contact surface of the molding machine at an inclination of 45 to 55 °.
The rotational speed of the contact surface and the inclination of the contact surface determine the size and strength of the soil conditioner ultimately produced.
The solid mixture and the water may be fed to the molding machine through different feeding ports in the S40 step. For example, the solid mixture inlet is formed in a U-shaped cross-sectional water channel shape, and the water inlet is formed in a nozzle shape.
After the step of S40, the method for manufacturing a soil conditioner may further include a step of drying the result of the step of S40 (i.e., the granulated soil conditioner).
The soil improvement method according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below.
The soil improvement method of an embodiment of the present invention includes a step of throwing the soil improvement agent into acid soil.
The pH value of the acid soil can be 4-6, and the pH value of the soil conditioner can be 10-11.
The amount of the soil conditioner added is 1 to 10 parts by weight relative to 100 parts by weight of the acid soil.
If the amount of the soil conditioner added is within the above range, the soil conditioner will not be harmed by agricultural chemicals and will have sufficient effect.
The soil improvement method may further comprise the step of maintaining the mixture of the acid soil and the soil improvement agent.
And naturally drying the mixture in the space for blocking sunlight and cutting ventilation for 1-20 days to perform the maintenance step.
The soil improvement method can improve the acid soil with the pH value of 4-6 into the soil with the pH value of 6.0-8.0.
The soil improvement method can inhibit or prevent soil and groundwater pollution caused by elution of heavy metals, and can provide soil favorable for plant growth.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
Examples
Examples 1 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 6: preparation of soil conditioner
First, bauxite residue (KC, Kyofo-Toho, san Hu surface, Zhan Nanlingshi county) was treated with a particulate insoluble residue (SiO) produced in the process for producing aluminum hydroxide225.8 weight percent, Al2O320.8 weight percent, Fe2O323.8 weight percent, CaO 2.68 weight percent, K20.09 weight percent of O, Na2O10.5 weight percent, TiO25.39 weight percent, MnO 0.06 weight percent, P2O50.03 weight percent)), a curing agent (molasses) and a thickener (bentonite) were mixed and placed in a pelletizing system and stirred for one minute. As a result, a solid mixture was obtained.
The solid mixture was then slowly dropped into the pan by tilting the pan by 50 ° and rotating the pan former at a rotational speed of 40 rpm. At the same time, water is added to the disc former through a nozzle.
The rotation speed of the disc was then adjusted to 60rpm and rotated for 20 minutes. As a result, a granulated soil conditioner was obtained.
Table 1 below shows the ratio of bauxite residue, molasses, bentonite and water for manufacturing the soil conditioner. The numerical units in Table 1 below are parts by weight.
[ TABLE 1 ]
Evaluation examples
Evaluation example 1: evaluation of soil conditioner Properties
The properties of the soil conditioners produced in examples 1 to 7 and comparative examples 1 to 6 were visually observed. As a result, the soil improvement agents produced in examples 1 to 7 had a high granulation ratio and did not cake. However, the soil conditioners manufactured in comparative examples 2 and 4 to 5 were not practically suitable for use as soil conditioners because of their low granulation ratio, and the soil conditioners manufactured in comparative examples 1 and 6 were not practically suitable for use as soil conditioners because of the formation of lumps between solids.
Evaluation example 2: evaluation of acid soil improvement Effect
The soil conditioner manufactured in example 2 was completely mixed together after being added to acid soil at various ratios. Then, the mixture was cured or cured, and the physical properties thereof were evaluated. The acid soil is soil collected from the junction of a mountain land and an arable land in a Jinchuan surface stone well in the city of south Rou, and the pH value is between 5.0 and 5.5.
(measurement of pH)
The addition rate of the soil conditioner and the curing period were changed, and then the improved soil pH was measured, and the results thereof are shown in fig. 2. In fig. 2, 1 to 3% are the weight ratio (%) of the soil conditioner to 100% of the acid soil.
According to fig. 2, the higher the addition rate of the soil conditioner, the higher the pH of the improved soil, and the higher the pH of the soil to be maintained as compared to the soil not to be maintained (i.e., dry-mixed). The curing period providing the highest pH also differs depending on the addition rate of the soil conditioner.
(heavy Metal elution test)
When the soil conditioner is sprayed on the cultivated land, in order to investigate the change of heavy metals in the soil after the rainfall reaction, a heavy metal elution test was performed as follows, and the results are shown in table 2 below. The soil improvement agent addition ratio in table 2 below means the weight ratio (%) of the soil improvement agent to the acid soil 100%, and "n.d." means no detection. The numerical units in Table 2 below are mg/kg.
< test method for heavy Metal elution >
After the top of the column (20mm) filled with acid soil and soil conditioner mixed therewith was filled with rainfall (in terms of average rainfall), an elution test was carried out for 90 days, and then the residue (i.e., acid soil + soil conditioner) was analyzed.
[ TABLE 2 ]
According to the above Table 2, heavy metals (As, Cd, Pb, Cr)6+Hg, Cu, Ni, Zn) were all shown to be lower than the reference values.
Evaluation example 3: evaluation of gushing speed of Water
The soil conditioners manufactured in examples 2, 4, 5, 3 and 4 were uniformly mixed at a ratio of 2 weight percent (1g) with respect to 100 weight percent (50g) of the acid soil used in the evaluation example 2, and then subjected to a water gush test as follows, the results of which are shown in table 3 below.
< method for testing Water leaching >
Water was slowly added to the upper part of a column (20mm) filled with the mixture of the soil conditioner and the acid soil. Specifically, water is slowly added in an amount that completely wets the mixture but does not pass through the mixture and spill out from under the column. The velocity of the gush of water through the mixture and out the bottom of the column was then determined by pouring 50ml of water onto the column. Here, the higher the water flooding rate, the higher the elution rate of the soil conditioner components.
[ TABLE 3 ]
From table 3 above, the water flooding rates of the soil improvement agents produced in examples 2, 4 and 5 were proper, whereas the water flooding rate of the soil improvement agent produced in comparative example 3 was too high, and the amount of bentonite in the soil improvement agent produced in comparative example 4 was large, and the water flooding rate was too low due to excessive swelling of the bentonite.
(lettuce seed germination percentage test)
Lettuce seed germination rate test was performed according to KS IISO17126 (method for measuring the effect of soil quality-pollutants on soil plants, method for screening lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed germination rate). The KS IISO17126 test is a method for determining the effect of contaminants on the germination rate of lettuce seeds, and the present invention does not relate to the study of soil contamination, and therefore, does not use a dry coating material (coarse sand) which involves the diffusion condition of contaminants. The moisture content is calculated and adjusted according to the acid soil weight ratio. Further, light conditions (dark conditions and weekly cycle conditions) and the like were performed in compliance with KS IISO 17126. Specifically, 4,300 ± 430lx was applied to the weekly cycle recording condition. The lettuce seed germination rate is measured on the sixth day after the test method KS IISO17126, and is the lettuce seed germination rate after the treatment with the soil conditioner compared with the acid soil. As the LED lamp for lettuce germination, TERA (white 4, blue 3, red 11) of parsus (china) company, which is additionally provided with blue for auxiliary light amount, in addition to LEDs (white and red) required for photosynthesis, was used. After the soil conditioner manufactured in example 7 was added to acidic dry land soil or strongly acidic paddy field soil at various ratios, germination percentage experiments were performed without maintenance or curing. Since the pH of strongly acidic soils is very low (4.5), 2% soil conditioners are required to raise the pH above 6.
As a result of the germination rate test of the lettuce seeds, the lettuce seeds all germinated within 7 days after sowing in the acid soil (i.e., without the soil conditioner treatment) and the soil treated with the soil conditioner. Specifically, acid soil was germinated on the sixth day after sowing, and soil treated with 0.8 weight percent soil conditioner was germinated on the fifth day. The soil treated with 1 weight percent of the soil conditioner without being cured germinated on the seventh day, and the soil treated with 1 weight percent of the soil conditioner after being wet-cured for seven days germinated on the fourth day.
Lettuce seedling growth was seen in both acid soils and all soils treated with soil amendments over time. The germination of lettuce seeds and the growth of lettuce seedlings are shown in fig. 3 and 4, respectively.
Although the present invention has been described with reference to the drawings and the embodiments, this is only an example; those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that: various modifications and equivalent substitutions may be made. Therefore, the substantial scope of the present invention should be defined by the technical idea of the appended claims.
Claims (7)
1. A composition for use in the manufacture of a soil amendment, comprising:
100 parts by weight of bauxite residue;
5-15 parts by weight of a curing agent;
5-25 parts of a thickening agent; and
7.5-10 parts by weight of water;
the curing agent is molasses;
the thickening agent is bentonite.
2. A composition for improving soil according to claim 1,
the bauxite residue includes: SiO 22 5 to 40% by weight of Al2O3 15 to 25% by weight of Fe2O310-45 wt%, CaO 1-10 wt%, MgO 0-3 wt%, K20 to 5 weight percent of O and Na2O2-15 wt%, TiO23 to 15 weight percent, MnO 0 to 1 weight percent, P2O50 to 1 weight percent and 5 to 45 weight percent of water, and has a pH of 10 to 15.
3. A soil conditioner characterized in that it is produced by using the composition for producing a soil conditioner according to claim 1 or 2.
4. A method for improving soil, comprising the step of feeding the soil improvement agent according to claim 3 to acidic soil.
5. The soil improvement method according to claim 4,
the pH value of the acid soil is 4-6, and the pH value of the soil conditioner is 10-11.
6. The soil improvement method according to claim 4,
the input amount of the soil conditioner to 100 parts by weight of the acid soil is 1-10 parts by weight.
7. The soil improvement method according to claim 4,
further comprising: and maintaining the mixture of the acid soil and the soil conditioner.
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| CN110564421A (en) * | 2019-09-11 | 2019-12-13 | 纳新环保材料(湖北)有限公司 | Contaminated oil soil remediation agent and using method thereof |
| CN110653247B (en) * | 2019-09-30 | 2021-11-19 | 中国矿业大学 | Soil phosphorus condition improvement method based on red mud-based composite solid waste material recycling |
| CN110591727B (en) * | 2019-10-28 | 2021-03-30 | 长安大学 | Loose soil curing agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN110819355A (en) * | 2019-11-29 | 2020-02-21 | 北京市首发天人生态景观有限公司 | Soil hardening agent and preparation method thereof |
| CN111014275B (en) * | 2019-12-19 | 2021-07-02 | 江苏华东新能源勘探有限公司（江苏省有色金属华东地质勘查局八一三队） | Heavy metal soil remediation agent and application thereof |
| CN111362755A (en) * | 2020-05-09 | 2020-07-03 | 胡玉青 | Manure composition containing red mud |
| CN111662727B (en) * | 2020-07-17 | 2021-04-23 | 北京市环境保护科学研究院 | Improver for soil polluted by primary explosive |
| CN113403087B (en) * | 2021-07-12 | 2022-07-08 | 长沙理工大学 | Soft rock disintegrating soil modifier, preparation method thereof and soft rock disintegrating soil improvement method |
| KR102557722B1 (en) | 2021-08-19 | 2023-07-21 | 건국대학교 산학협력단 | Material and method for purifying contaminant using Acrylic acid modified Clay mineral |
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| CN110079330B (en) | 2020-10-23 |
| KR101937980B1 (en) | 2019-01-14 |
| CN110079330A (en) | 2019-08-02 |
| CN110079329A (en) | 2019-08-02 |
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