CN110073085A - 一种改进的选择性催化还原*** - Google Patents
一种改进的选择性催化还原*** Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
提供了选择性催化还原(SCR)***,其用于处理排放通道中的排气。该***包括:水解催化器(18),其位于排放通道(12)中;以及柴油机排放流体(DEF)定量配给单元(16),其被配置为将DEF注射到水解催化器上。SCR催化器(20)位于水解催化器(18)下游的通道(12)中,并且控制器(26)通过定量配给单元(16)控制DEF定量配给。控制器(26)被配置成控制DEF定量配给单元(15),使得DEF以小于或等于1赫兹的调制频率被注射。还提供了使用SCR***处理排放通道中的排气的方法。
Description
发明领域
本发明涉及用于处理柴油发动机排气的选择性催化还原***。
发明背景
选择性催化还原(SCR)***是已知的,并且通常包括在柴油发动机的排放***中,以便处理这种发动机的排气。这种***涉及将柴油机排放流体(DEF)引入到在发动机的排放通道中流动的排气中。DEF包含尿素,尿素在排放通道内经受水解和/或热解,从而产生氨。氨进入到SCR催化器中,其中在排气中存在的任何氮氧化物(NOx)在排气排出到大气中之前被转化为氨气和水。
已经提出了将DEF定量配给到排放通道的许多SCR***。这种***有时被称为“湿式喷射(wet spray)”***,并将尿素溶液喷雾注射到排气中,在排气中尿素分解形成氨。这种***的示例在US2008/022654中示出。US’654公开了一种SCR***,该***包括SCR催化器和试剂注射器,该试剂注射器将DEF注射到SCR催化器下游的SCR催化器上。试剂注射器以介于1Hz和10Hz之间的频率注射DEF。
当在某个条件下将DEF定量配给到SCR***中的水解催化器上时,DEF充分冷却催化剂,以减缓或有效防止尿素的热解和异氰酸的随后水解,以及氨和异氰酸的解吸。对氨释放的这种抑制造成水解催化器功能的滞后或延迟。这限制了可对SCR催化器中氨储存和NOx转化施加的控制量。此外,尿素缓慢的或被阻止的热解也可能导致在排放通道中形成尿素沉积物,并且未反应的尿素或氨在氨泄漏事件中(例如,如果排放入口温度升高的话)未经处理地流出排放通道。
现有的SCR***使用DEF注射器以由DEF的供应压力控制的流动速率注射一定体积的DEF,其中在注射事件之间只有通常少于一秒的短时间段。这不允许水解催化器的温度在低温和中温条件以及/或者低流速条件和中流速条件下恢复,这最终抑制了氨产生。已知的SCR***倾向于使用尽可能高的注射脉冲宽度调制频率。
本发明的目的是消除或减轻已知SCR排放***的上述缺点中的至少一个。
发明概述
根据本发明的第一方面,提供了用于处理排放通道中的排气的选择性催化还原(SCR)***,该***包括:
水解催化器,其位于排放通道中;
柴油机排放流体(DEF)定量配给单元,其被配置为将DEF注射到水解催化器上;
SCR催化器,其位于水解催化器下游的通道中;以及
控制器,其适于通过定量配给单元控制DEF定量配给,其中控制器被配置成控制DEF定量配给单元,使得DEF以小于或等于1赫兹的调制频率被注射。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供了用于交通工具的排放装置,该装置包括根据本发明的第一方面的SCR***。
根据本发明的第三方面,提供了包括根据本发明的第一方面的SCR***的交通工具。
根据本发明的第四方面,提供了使用SCR***处理排放通道中的排气的方法,该方法包括以下步骤:
提供位于所述排放通道中的水解催化器、用于以可变DEF定量配给速率将DEF注射到通道中的柴油机排放流体(DEF)定量配给单元以及控制器;
将DEF注射到水解催化器上;以及
控制DEF的定量配给,使得DEF以小于或等于1赫兹的调制频率被注射。
附图简述
现在将参考附图仅通过示例的方式描述本发明的优选的实施例,在附图中:
图1是选择性催化还原(SCR)***的示意图;
图2示出了图1的SCR***的示例定量配给模式;以及
图3示出了各个示例定量配给速率的氨产量的曲线图。
附图详述
参考图1,示出了选择性催化还原(SCR)***10。***10位于排放通道12中,该排放通道12将排气从交通工具(未示出)的发动机(未示出)输送出去。排气首先穿过已知类型的柴油机氧化催化器(DOC)14,其可以可选地形成***10的一部分。DOC 14催化排气中碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的氧化反应,以产生二氧化碳和水。
柴油机排气流体(DEF)定量配给单元16位于DOC 14的下游,该定量配给单元16被配置成将DEF注射到位于排放通道12中DOC 14下游的水解催化器18上。DEF定量配给单元16是已知的类型,并且以尿素水溶液的形式注射DEF。水解催化器18是已知的类型,并且催化DEF的水解反应,在该水解反应中产生氨和二氧化碳。
位于排放通道12中水解催化器18下游的是SCR催化器20,该SCR催化器20也是已知的类型。SCR催化器20在水解催化器18下游催化排气中的氮氧化物(NOx)和氨之间的还原反应,其中NOx被还原成氮气和水。可选地,***10可以包括直接位于SCR催化器20上游的SCR催化器过滤器22。SCR催化器过滤器22被配置成防止排放通道中的较大颗粒进入SCR催化器20。
位于排放通道12中的SCR催化器20下游的是已知类型的可选的氨泄露(AS)催化器24,该氨泄露催化器24被配置成在穿过SCR催化器20的任何未反应的氨从排气排放到大气中之前将其氧化。
***10还包括控制器26,该控制器26与DEF定量配给单元16通信,并被配置成控制DEF定量配给单元16将DEF注射到水解催化器18上的速率。控制器26还被配置成在开启状态和关闭状态之间控制DEF定量配给单元16。在开启状态下,DEF定量配给单元16以由控制器26设置的非零速率将DEF注射到水解催化器18上,而在关闭状态下,DEF定量配给单元不将DEF注射到水解催化器18上。控制器26被配置成采用脉冲频率调制来控制DEF定量配给单元16在开启状态和关闭状态之间的调制频率,并且还采用脉冲宽度调制来控制调制DEF定量配给单元将DEF流体注射到水解催化器18上的时间段。
***10还包括与控制器26通信的多个传感器。
氮氧化物(NOx)传感器28位于水解催化器18的上游,并被配置成测量排放通道12中的NOx水平。NOx传感器28与控制器26通信。
第一或入口温度传感器30也位于水解催化器18的上游,其与控制器26通信。入口温度传感器30被配置成测量水解催化器18上游的排气温度。
第二温度传感器32位于水解催化器18和SCR催化器20之间,第二温度传感器32与控制器26通信,并被配置为通过向控制器26发送信号来测量排气的温度值。第二温度传感器32可以位于水解催化器18和SCR催化器20之间。可替代地,第二温度传感器32可以位于水解催化器18内部。
氨传感器34也位于水解催化器18和SCR催化器20之间,其与控制器26通信。
工业适用性
参考图1和图2,现在将描述本发明的***10在实践中可以如何工作的示例。
当来自发动机的排气流经通道12时,控制器26控制DEF定量配给单元16,使得DEF定量配给单元16将DEF注射到水解催化器18上的调制频率小于或等于1Hz。优选地,当控制器26控制DEF定量配给单元16使得其处于开启状态时,DEF定量配给单元16以每小时11,000克的速率将DEF注射到水解催化器18上。
控制器26还响应于从第一温度传感器30或第二温度传感器32中的一个接收的信号和/或排放通道中的排气质量流率(其以已知方式计算),调节DEF定量配给单元16将DEF注射到水解催化器18上的调制频率。例如,如果水解催化器18处的排气的温度高于预定水平,则控制器26可以控制DEF定量配给单元16,使得其增加将DEF注射到水解催化器18上的调制频率。
在***10中可以使用的示例定量配给模式被描绘为在图2中曲线图。在示例模式中,DEF定量配给单元16处于关闭状态的最短时间是1s,并且定量配给单元16处于开启状态的最短时间是1s。在整个示例定量配给模式中,当定量配给单元16处于开启状态时,其以每小时11,000克的速率将DEF流体注射到水解催化器18上。
最初地,在示例定量配给模式的阶段A中,DEF定量配给单元16在1s的时间段内处于开启状态,并且在4s的时间段内处于关闭状态。在阶段B中,频率增加,其中DEF定量配给单元16在1s的时间段内处于开启状态,并在1s的时间段内处于关闭状态。在阶段C中,DEF定量配给单元16在3s内处于开启状态,并在1s钟内处于关闭状态。
根据本发明的***降低注射事件的调制频率以产生更多氨来还原NOx,而不是像现有的SCR***中所建议的那样增加DEF注射事件的调制频率来产生更多氨来还原NOx。在上述***中,由于定量配给频率为1Hz或更低,允许水解催化器的温度在注射事件之间恢复,这允许DEF更有效地转化为氨。这意味着更多的氨可用于SCR催化器处的选择性催化还原反应。因此,上述***具有提高的NOx还原能力,并且不会发生氨泄露事件。
使用根据本发明的SCR***将DEF有效转化为氨的证明在图3中示出。图3示出了在各个时间段内使用各种DEF定量配给速率进行测试的氨产量。氨产量在18秒的时间段内以10000g/hr的定量配给速率最大,其中最大氨产量约为百万分之900。氨产量在较低的2000g/hr和5000g/hr的定量配给速率下显著减少,这两个定量配给速率分别是在90秒和36秒的较长时间段内,其中最大氨产量分别约为百万分之700和百万分之590。这表明,短时间段内高定量配给速率的氨产量比长时间段内低定量配给速率的氨产量高得多。
因此,在不偏离由所附权利要求限定的本发明的范围的情况下,可以包含修改或改进。
例如,DEF注射频率的调制可以基于与水解催化器的内部条件相关的特定触发条件。估计器和水解催化器的嵌入式模型(embedded model)可以使用来自水解催化器出口的氨传感器读数和温度传感器读数,以及来自水解催化器入口的NOx传感器读数,以建立触发条件。
Claims (12)
1.一种用于处理排放通道中的排气的选择性催化还原(SCR)***,所述***包括:
水解催化器,其位于所述排放通道中;
柴油机排放流体(DEF)定量配给单元,其被配置为将DEF注射到所述水解催化器上;
SCR催化器,其位于所述水解催化器下游的通道中;以及
控制器,其适于通过所述定量配给单元控制DEF定量配给,
其中,所述控制器被配置成控制所述DEF定量配给单元,使得DEF以小于或等于1赫兹的调制频率被注射。
2.根据权利要求1所述的***,其中,所述控制器被配置成控制所述DEF定量配给单元,使得所述DEF定量配给单元在至少1s的调制时间段内注射DEF。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的***,其中,所述***还包括与所述控制器通信的至少一个温度传感器,
其中,所述控制器被配置成响应于从所述至少一个温度传感器接收的信号,选择性地调节所述DEF定量配给单元的调制频率。
4.根据权利要求3所述的***,其中,所述至少一个温度传感器位于所述水解催化器内部。
5.根据前述权利要求中任一项所述的***,其中,所述控制器被配置成响应于所述排放通道中的排气的质量流率的变化,选择性地调节所述调制频率。
6.一种用于交通工具的排放装置,所述装置包括根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的SCR***。
7.一种交通工具,所述交通工具包括根据权利要求1至5中任一项所述的SCR***。
8.一种使用SCR***处理排放通道中的排气的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
提供水解催化器、柴油机排气流体(DEF)定量配给单元和控制器,所述水解催化器位于所述排放通道中,所述柴油机排气流体(DEF)定量配给单元用于以可变DEF定量配给速率将DEF注射到所述通道中;
将DEF注射到所述水解催化器上;以及
控制DEF定量配给,使得以小于或等于1赫兹的调制频率注射DEF。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法,其中,所述方法还包括以下步骤:在至少1s的调制时间段内注射DEF流体。
10.根据权利要求8或权利要求9所述的方法,其中所述方法还包括以下步骤:提供至少一个温度传感器;以及响应于从所述至少一个温度传感器接收的信号,调节所述DEF定量配给单元的调制频率。
11.根据权利要求10所述的方法,其中,提供至少一个温度传感器的步骤包括将所述至少一个温度传感器定位在所述水解催化器内部。
12.根据权利要求8至11中任一项所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:响应于所述排放通道中排气的质量流率的变化,调节所述DEF定量配给单元的调制频率。
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PCT/EP2017/082201 WO2018114428A1 (en) | 2016-12-21 | 2017-12-11 | An improved selective catalytic reduction system |
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