CN110066421A - A kind of perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm - Google Patents
A kind of perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm Download PDFInfo
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- CN110066421A CN110066421A CN201910385286.2A CN201910385286A CN110066421A CN 110066421 A CN110066421 A CN 110066421A CN 201910385286 A CN201910385286 A CN 201910385286A CN 110066421 A CN110066421 A CN 110066421A
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- acid
- waste
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- perfluorinated sulfonic
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/16—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with inorganic material
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Abstract
The present invention relates to proton exchange membrane and its resin art, in particular to a kind of perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm.It is the core material for preparing perfluorinated sulfonic resin with the waste and old amberplex containing perfluorinated sulfonic resin.Raw material is subjected to physical cleaning first, then carries out chemical treatment and biological treatment, removes raw material surface smut and all kinds of impurity, drying crushes, and carries out resin extraction using solvent.On the one hand the present invention solves raw material as dangerous solid waste, handles difficult problem using waste and old proton exchange membrane as raw material;On the other hand solve the problems, such as that amberplex is at high cost.Properties of product produced by the present invention are suitable with commercial like product performance, and cost is far below similar product, and according to target needs, carry out the Nomenclature Composition and Structure of Complexes design, be of great significance for the broader applications of amberplex.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to proton exchange membrane and its resin art, in particular to a kind of perfluorinated sulfonic resin of waste and old diaphragm returns
Receiving method.
Background technique
Chlorine industry is one of key areas of perfluorinated sulfonic acid ion exchange membrane application and the project core material
Source.Since 1999, China started caustic soda enlarging climax, and chlorine industry occupies an important position in Chinese national economy.
So far, the production capacities such as the main chlorine-alkali product PVC in China, caustic soda have ranked the first in the world, and production capacity is also continuing to increase.2017,
3365.2 tons of China's caustic soda production, 1,000,000 square metres of waste and old amberplex is eliminated, these waste and old diaphragm (waste and old ion exchanges
Film) as dangerous solid waste, processing is complicated, at high cost.
Amberplex is widely used in energy storage field, and greatly developing renewable energy is response environment pollution and greenhouse effect
The important channel answered is the trend of current energy development.Wherein, the renewable energy power generation based on wind energy and solar energy, will
Gradually quickly become main energy form.However, the intermittence of output, discontinuity feature are to restrict these renewable energies
The main problem of source form application development needs to be overcome by developing corresponding energy storage technology.Flow battery is (especially complete
Vanadium flow battery) and first choice of the fuel cell as extensive electrochemical energy storage, it obtains extensive concern in world wide and answers
With.Perfluorinated sulfonic acid ion exchange membrane is the core material of this two classes battery, and perfluorinated sulfonic resin is the key that prepare this diaphragm material
Material, huge to the performance and cost impact of battery and its system, the technology of the product is mainly grasped by external several at present,
It is at high cost.Therefore, inexpensive perfluorinated sulfonic resin has the extensive market demand.
Summary of the invention
The object of the present invention is to provide a kind of perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery methods of waste and old diaphragm, using the perfluor of low cost
Sulfonate resin technology can solve existing diaphragm problem at high cost.Except with cost advantage, performance is met or exceeded currently
Commercial product.
The technical scheme is that
A kind of perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm is with the waste and old proton exchange membrane containing perfluorinated sulfonic resin
Core material, process comprises the following steps:
(1) physical cleaning
By the waste and old proton exchange membrane physical cleaning containing perfluorinated sulfonic resin, removes raw material surface smut and water solubility is miscellaneous
Matter;
(2) chemistry and/or biological treatment
Raw material after physical cleaning is subjected to chemical treatment and/or biological treatment, in organic solvent, acid solution, alkali
Property one of solution, oxidation-reduction quality solution and microbial flora or more than one processing, cleaned with pure water, and dry, powder
It is broken, it is spare;
(3) resin extracts
Raw material after chemically treated and/or biological treatment is dissolved in solvent, and additive is added as needed and carries out group
Divide and adjust, filters to obtain resin solution.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of the waste and old diaphragm in step (2), when chemistry and/or biological treatment, leads to
Successive time for crossing adjustment organic solvent, acid solution, alkaline solution, oxidation-reduction quality solution and microbial flora processing mode
Sequence, or chemistry or biological treatment link are decreased or increased according to raw material and product characteristic.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of the waste and old diaphragm, in step (2), organic solvent be ethyl alcohol, isopropanol,
In isobutanol, dimethylbenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, DMAC N,N' dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or N-Methyl pyrrolidone
One or more, concentration be 1wt%~99wt%, temperature be 0 DEG C~140 DEG C;Acid solution is sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitre
Acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydroiodic acid, hypochlorous acid, dichromic acid, perchloric acid, sulfurous acid, pyrosulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, Asia
One of sulfonic acid, carboxylic acid or more than one, concentration be 1wt%~99wt%, temperature be 0 DEG C~140 DEG C;Alkaline solution is hydrogen
Sodium oxide molybdena, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium alkoxide, potassium alcoholate, lithium alkoxide, alkyl sodium,
The one or more of alkyl potassium, hydrocarbyl lithium, quaternary ammonium base, aqueous solution in amino bases, concentration are 1wt%~99wt%, temperature
Degree is 0 DEG C~140 DEG C;Oxidation-reduction quality solution is hydrogen peroxide, permanganate, hypochlorite, perchlorate, manganate, weight chromium
One kind of hydrochlorate, peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulphite, ferrous salt, nitrite, phosphite, aqueous solution in iodide
Or more than one, concentration is 1wt%~99wt%, and temperature is 0 DEG C~140 DEG C;Microbial flora is photosynthetic bacteria, saccharomycete, consolidates
Nitrogen bacterium, lactic acid bacteria, actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, der Pilz, Eubacterium, water-disintegrable bacterium, cellulose-decomposing bacterium, whiterot fungi, lactic acid
One of bacterium or more than one, concentration 102~1030Cfu/mL, temperature are 0 DEG C~100 DEG C.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of the waste and old diaphragm, for two layers or more of raw material, before step (2) or
After step (2), the different composition delamination of raw material is sorted.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of the waste and old diaphragm, drying described in step (2), gas pressure be greater than
0 to 0.3MPa, atmosphere be one of oxygen, nitrogen, air, ammonia, helium or more than one.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of the waste and old diaphragm, in step (3), the reaction temperature of resin extraction process
Be 140 DEG C~280 DEG C, the reaction time be 5min~5h, solvent be methanol, water, ethyl alcohol, isopropanol, isobutanol, dimethylbenzene, N,
One of dinethylformamide, n,N-dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or N- base pyrrolidones or more than one, tree
Rouge is liquid after extracting, and by being further concentrated or dilution is handled, or solvent is volatilized to obtain solid resin.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of the waste and old diaphragm, in step (3), additive be zinc oxide, calcium oxide,
Zirconium oxide, silver oxide, perfluorinated carboxylic acid resin, perfluorinated sulfonic resin, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Kynoar, silica, oxidation
One of aluminium, titanium oxide, polyether sulfone, polyether-ether-ketone, polyimides, polyamide or more than one, mass fraction be 0.01~
80%.
Design philosophy of the invention is:
The impurity of waste and old diaphragm is removed first, resin is then carried out and extracts and carry out composition regulation as needed.Removal
Impurity is the basis for extracting pure resins and technological difficulties of the invention, due to the use occasion and condition of waste and old diaphragm
Difference, dopant species and adhering mode are not quite similar, and single minimizing technology is unable to satisfy requirement, therefore need to be in the base of physical cleaning
On plinth, according to waste and old diaphragm feature using corresponding chemistry and/or biological method, influenced with providing free from admixture for resin extraction step
Useful raw materials;Resin extracts and composition regulation is final goal of the invention, and extract by solvents resin operation simplicity, cost can
Control, more important is being easy to be added additive in the process to carry out composition regulation, to realize the product for being directed to different occasions and demand
Design.
The invention has the advantages and beneficial effects that:
1. the present invention is the core material for preparing diaphragm with the waste and old diaphragm containing perfluorinated sulfonic resin, through physical cleaning, change
The processes such as and biological treatment, resin extraction, prepare perfluorinated sulfonic resin.Use waste and old amberplex for raw material, the raw material
It is originally used for dangerous solid waste, general processing mode is landfill, is now translated into enabled production, has environmental protection outstanding excellent
Gesture.
2. the present invention is using waste and old amberplex as primary raw material, source is sufficient, low cost product, harmless in completion
While changing processing, completely new perfluorinated sulfonic resin is prepared, is realized " turning waste into wealth ".
3. the present invention can carry out the design of product form and structure according to the needs of target capabilities.
4. excellent product performance produced by the present invention, key index is better than similar product.
Specific embodiment
In the specific implementation process, the present invention is based on the ion exchange membrane preparation methods of waste and old resin recovery technology, to contain
The waste and old amberplex of perfluorinated sulfonic resin is the core material for preparing diaphragm.Raw material is subjected to physical cleaning first, will be contained
The waste and old proton exchange membrane physical cleaning of perfluorinated sulfonic resin removes raw material surface smut and water-solubility impurity;Then changed
Raw material after physical cleaning is carried out chemical treatment and/or biological treatment, in organic solvent, acidity by and/or biological treatment
One of solution, alkaline solution, oxidation-reduction quality solution and microbial flora or more than one processing, are cleaned with pure water, are gone
Except raw material surface smut and all kinds of impurity, and dries, crushes, it is spare;Resin extraction is carried out again, it will be chemically treated and/or raw
Treated that raw material is dissolved in solvent for object, and additive is added and carries out composition regulation, filters to obtain resin solution.
In the following, by embodiment, invention is further described in detail.
Embodiment 1
In the present embodiment, waste and old proton exchange membrane is cleaned through deionized water, sulfuric acid (concentration 20wt%, temperature 80
DEG C) handle 30min and hydrogen peroxide (concentration 3wt%, temperature are 60 DEG C) processing 30min, drying, crushing in 90 DEG C of atmospheric airs
It is the raw material of 50 mesh to granularity.The smashed raw material of 2kg is added in 50L n,N-Dimethylformamide organic solvent, is heated to
200 DEG C of heat preservation 2h, are obtained by filtration uniform, limpid resin solution, solvent are volatilized, obtain solid resin.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin purity 99wt% recycled using the present embodiment.
Embodiment 2
In the present embodiment, waste and old amberplex is cleaned through deionized water, ethyl alcohol (concentration 10wt%, temperature 30
DEG C) impregnate 30min, water-disintegrable bacterium (concentration 1011Cfu/mL, temperature are 30 DEG C) processing time 2h, in 100 DEG C of normal pressure nitrogen
It dries, be crushed to the raw material that granularity is 50 mesh.The smashed raw material of 10kg is dissolved in 200L N- base pyrrolidones, is heated to
180 DEG C of heat preservation 2h, are obtained by filtration uniform, limpid resin solution, then reacted device is concentrated into 40L.
Perfluor sulfoacid resin solution the concentration 20wt%, purity 99wt% recycled using the present embodiment.
Embodiment 3
In the present embodiment, waste and old amberplex is cleaned through deionized water, ethyl alcohol (concentration 20wt%, temperature 25
DEG C) processing 20min and potassium permanganate solution (concentration 5wt%, temperature be 50 DEG C) processing 30min, in 80 DEG C of atmospheric airs
It dries, be crushed to the raw material that granularity is 200 mesh.The smashed raw material of 10kg and 1kg polyimides are dissolved in 50L isopropanol,
180 DEG C of heat preservation 2.5h are heated to, uniform, limpid resin solution is obtained by filtration, preparation liquid is evaporated under reduced pressure to 10L.
Perfluor sulfoacid resin solution the concentration 30wt%, purity 98.5wt% recycled using the present embodiment.
Embodiment 4
In the present embodiment, waste and old amberplex is cleaned through deionized water, cellulose-decomposing bacterium (concentration 106cfu/
Ml, temperature are 25 DEG C) 1h is handled, it dried in 80 DEG C of pressure 0.06MPa ammonias, be crushed to the raw material that granularity is 100 mesh.By 10kg
Smashed raw material is dissolved in 80L dimethylbenzene, is heated to 100 DEG C of heat preservation 2.5h, uniform, limpid solute solution is obtained by filtration,
20g silver oxide is added thereto, solvent is volatilized to obtain solid resin.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin purity 98.5wt% recycled using the present embodiment aoxidizes silver content 1.5wt%.
Embodiment 5
In the present embodiment, waste and old amberplex is cleaned through deionized water, sulfuric acid (concentration 15wt%, temperature 80
DEG C) handle 30min and phosphoric acid (concentration 10wt%, temperature are 50 DEG C) processing 30min, drying, crushing in 80 DEG C of atmospheric airs
It is the raw material of 50 mesh to granularity.The smashed raw material of 10kg, 5kg perfluorinated carboxylic acid resin, 100L N,N-dimethylformamide are had
Solvent is placed in reactor, is heated to 200 DEG C of heat preservation 2.5h, uniform, limpid resin solution is obtained by filtration.
The resin solution perfluorinated carboxylic acid resin concentration 10wt% recycled using the present embodiment, perfluorinated sulfonic resin concentration
20wt%.
Embodiment 6
In the present embodiment, waste and old amberplex is cleaned through deionized water, (concentration is potassium permanganate solution
10wt%, temperature are 60 DEG C) handle 50min and anaerobic fermentation (temperature is 50 DEG C) processing 1h, drying, powder in 80 DEG C of normal pressure helium
It is broken to the raw material that granularity is 100 mesh.The smashed raw material of 10kg, 1kg polyether sulfone, 100L N,N-dimethylformamide is organic
Solvent is placed in reactor, is heated to 200 DEG C of heat preservation 2.5h, uniform, limpid resin solution is obtained by filtration, solvent is volatilized
Solid resin.
The perfluorinated carboxylic acid resin content 90wt%, polyether sulfone content 9wt% recycled using the present embodiment.
Embodiment 7
In the present embodiment, waste and old amberplex is cleaned through deionized water, sulfuric acid (concentration 20wt%, temperature 80
DEG C) processing 1h, hydrochloric acid (concentration 10wt%, temperature are 80 DEG C) processing 30min, ethyl alcohol (concentration 50wt%, temperature 50
DEG C) handle 30min and hypochlorous acid (concentration 5wt%, temperature are 60 DEG C) processing 30min, drying, crushing in 80 DEG C of atmospheric airs
It is the raw material of 200 mesh to granularity.By the smashed raw material of 5kg, 20g zirconium oxide perfluorinated sulfonic resin, 100L N, N- dimethyl methyl
Organic amide solvent is placed in reactor, is heated to 200 DEG C of heat preservation 2.5h, uniform, limpid resin solution is obtained by filtration.
Resin solution perfluorinated sulfonic resin the concentration 20wt%, zirconia content 0.1wt% recycled using the present embodiment.
Embodiment 8
In the present embodiment, waste and old amberplex is cleaned through deionized water, sulfuric acid (concentration 50wt%, temperature 50
DEG C) processing 10min, hydrochloric acid (concentration 10wt%, temperature be 80 DEG C) processing 20min, (concentration 20wt%, temperature are ethyl alcohol
80 DEG C) handle 30min and hydrogen peroxide (concentration 5wt%, temperature are 50 DEG C) processing 30min, drying, powder in 80 DEG C of atmospheric airs
It is broken to the raw material that granularity is 300 mesh.The smashed raw material of 5kg and 90L N,N-dimethylformamide organic solvent are placed in reaction
In device, 200 DEG C of heat preservation 1h are heated to, uniform, limpid resin solution is obtained by filtration, solvent is volatilized to obtain solid resin.
The perfluorinated sulfonic resin purity 99wt% recycled using the present embodiment.
Embodiment the result shows that, on the one hand the present invention solves raw material as dangerous solid using waste and old proton exchange membrane as raw material
Body waste handles difficult problem;On the other hand solve the problems, such as that amberplex is at high cost.Properties of product produced by the present invention
Suitable with commercial like product performance, cost is far below similar product, and according to target needs, carries out the Nomenclature Composition and Structure of Complexes and set
Meter, is of great significance for the broader applications of amberplex.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm, which is characterized in that with the waste and old matter containing perfluorinated sulfonic resin
The core material that proton exchange is, process comprise the following steps:
(1) physical cleaning
By the waste and old proton exchange membrane physical cleaning containing perfluorinated sulfonic resin, raw material surface smut and water-solubility impurity are removed;
(2) chemistry and/or biological treatment
Raw material after physical cleaning is subjected to chemical treatment and/or biological treatment, it is molten in organic solvent, acid solution, alkalinity
One of liquid, oxidation-reduction quality solution and microbial flora or more than one processing, are cleaned, and dry, crush with pure water, standby
With;
(3) resin extracts
Raw material after chemically treated and/or biological treatment is dissolved in solvent, and additive is added as needed and carries out component tune
Section, filters to obtain resin solution.
2. the perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm described in accordance with the claim 1, which is characterized in that in step (2),
When chemistry and/or biological treatment, by adjusting organic solvent, acid solution, alkaline solution, oxidation-reduction quality solution and microorganism
The precedence of flora processing mode, or chemistry or biological treatment link are decreased or increased according to raw material and product characteristic.
3. the perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm described in accordance with the claim 1, which is characterized in that in step (2),
Organic solvent is ethyl alcohol, isopropanol, isobutanol, dimethylbenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, DMAC N,N' dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl
One of sulfoxide or N-Methyl pyrrolidone or more than one, concentration be 1wt%~99wt%, temperature be 0 DEG C~140 DEG C;
Acid solution be sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, hydroiodic acid, hypochlorous acid, dichromic acid, perchloric acid,
One of sulfurous acid, pyrosulfuric acid, sulfonic acid, sulfinic acid, carboxylic acid or more than one, concentration be 1wt%~99wt%, temperature 0
DEG C~140 DEG C;Alkaline solution be sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate,
The one or more of sodium alkoxide, potassium alcoholate, lithium alkoxide, alkyl sodium, alkyl potassium, hydrocarbyl lithium, quaternary ammonium base, aqueous solution in amino bases,
Concentration is 1wt%~99wt%, and temperature is 0 DEG C~140 DEG C;Oxidation-reduction quality solution is hydrogen peroxide, permanganate, hypochlorous acid
Salt, perchlorate, manganate, bichromate, peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, sulphite, ferrous salt, nitrite, phosphorous acid
The one or more of aqueous solution in salt, iodide, concentration are 1wt%~99wt%, and temperature is 0 DEG C~140 DEG C;Micro- life
Object flora be photosynthetic bacteria, saccharomycete, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, actinomyces, Bifidobacterium, der Pilz, Eubacterium, water-disintegrable bacterium,
One of cellulose-decomposing bacterium, whiterot fungi, lactic acid bacteria or more than one, concentration 102~1030Cfu/mL, temperature be 0 DEG C~
100℃。
4. the perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm described in accordance with the claim 1, which is characterized in that for two layers with
On raw material the different composition delamination of raw material is sorted before the step (2) or after step (2).
5. the perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm described in accordance with the claim 1, which is characterized in that step (2) institute
The drying stated, gas pressure are greater than 0 to 0.3MPa, atmosphere be one of oxygen, nitrogen, air, ammonia, helium or
More than one.
6. the perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm described in accordance with the claim 1, which is characterized in that in step (3),
The reaction temperature of resin extraction process is 140 DEG C~280 DEG C, and the reaction time is 5min~5h, and solvent is methanol, water, ethyl alcohol, different
Propyl alcohol, isobutanol, dimethylbenzene, N,N-dimethylformamide, DMAC N,N' dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide or N- base pyrrolidones
One of or more than one, resin extract after be liquid, by being further concentrated or dilution is handled, or solvent volatilized
Solid resin.
7. the perfluorinated sulfonic resin recovery method of waste and old diaphragm described in accordance with the claim 1, which is characterized in that in step (3),
Additive is zinc oxide, calcium oxide, zirconium oxide, silver oxide, perfluorinated carboxylic acid resin, perfluorinated sulfonic resin, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), gathers partially
One of vinyl fluoride, silica, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, polyether sulfone, polyether-ether-ketone, polyimides, polyamide or it is a kind of with
On, mass fraction is 0.01~80%.
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CN116478448A (en) * | 2023-06-20 | 2023-07-25 | 国家电投集团氢能科技发展有限公司 | Method for recycling perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin by using water electrolysis membrane |
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CN116478448A (en) * | 2023-06-20 | 2023-07-25 | 国家电投集团氢能科技发展有限公司 | Method for recycling perfluorinated sulfonic acid resin by using water electrolysis membrane |
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