CN109994495A - X射线检测器 - Google Patents

X射线检测器 Download PDF

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CN109994495A
CN109994495A CN201811591241.2A CN201811591241A CN109994495A CN 109994495 A CN109994495 A CN 109994495A CN 201811591241 A CN201811591241 A CN 201811591241A CN 109994495 A CN109994495 A CN 109994495A
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electrode
semiconductor regions
ray detector
detector arrangement
top electrode
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CN109994495B (zh
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尹载皓
朴时亨
姜汶秀
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LG Display Co Ltd
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Abstract

公开了一种X射线检测器。在一个示例中X射线检测器装置包括开关部分和连接至开关部分的光电检测部分。光电检测部分包括底电极、设置在底电极上方的半导体区域、以及设置在半导体区域上方的顶电极。顶电极的面积小于半导体区域的顶表面的面积。

Description

X射线检测器
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2017年12月27日在韩国提交的韩国专利申请第10-2017-0181488号的优先权,通过引用将其并入本文,如同在本文中完全阐述一样。
技术领域
示例性实施方式涉及一种X射线检测器。
背景技术
根据在医学应用中广泛使用的X射线诊断方法,使用X射线检测胶片来拍摄图像,并且必须花费用于胶片印刷的一段预定时间来获得图像拍摄的结果。
然而,近来,由于半导体技术的快速发展,已经对使用薄膜晶体管(TFT)的数字X射线检测器(DXD)进行了研究和开发。由于TFT用作开关装置,因此一旦拍摄X射线图像,这种数字X射线检测器就可以实时提供诊断的结果。
通常,X射线检测器是通过检测面板内的电流来生成图像的直接式(direct-type)数字X射线检测器。直接式数字X射线检测器包括在TFT阵列基板的顶层上层叠的非晶硒(Se)层上制造的透明电极。TFT的像素电极可以检测与Se层接收的电荷的程度相对应的电流的量。此外,直接式数字X射线检测器使用p-本征(intrinsic)-n(PIN)二极管。在直接式数字X射线检测器中,PIN二极管的漏电流的增大将会造成图像质量的降低。
在PIN二极管中,其电极配置对漏电流特性敏感。特别地,电场可以根据PIN二极管的侧壁的斜坡形状而显著地变化。当PIN二极管的侧壁的斜坡形状改变时,不同量的漏电流可以流过PIN二极管。因此,这会提供不均匀的屏幕图像,从而降低输出图像的质量。
发明内容
本公开内容的示例性实施方式的各个方面提供了一种X射线检测器,其能够将p-本征-n(PIN)二极管的漏电流保持在预定水平,从而防止图像质量降低,或改善图像质量。
根据本公开内容的一个方面,X射线检测器装置可以包括开关部分和连接至开关部分的光电检测部分。光电检测部分包括底电极、设置在底电极上方的半导体区域、以及设置在半导体区域上方的顶电极。顶电极的面积小于半导体区域的顶表面的面积。
根据示例性实施方式,可以将PIN二极管的漏电流保持在恒定水平,从而使漏电流的发生变得均匀或基本上均匀。
附图说明
从结合附图的以下详细描述中将更清楚地理解本公开内容的上述和其他目的、特征和优点,在附图中:
图1是示出了根据示例性实施方式的X射线检测器的示例性配置的电路图;
图2是示出了图1所示的X射线检测器中使用的光电检测器像素的示例的截面图;
图3A至图3D是示出了根据实施方式的制造光电检测部分的工艺的截面图;
图4包括(a)至(c),示出了根据实施方式的PIN二极管的形状的示例的截面图;
图5是示出了根据示例性实施方式的PIN二极管中出现的示例性电路径(electricline)的方向的概念图;
图6A至图6E是示出了根据示例性实施方式的制造光电检测部分的工艺的截面图;
图7A和图7B是分别表示相对于PIN二极管的侧壁斜度产生的电场的曲线图;
图8A至图8C是示出了根据实施方式的PIN二极管的形状的示例的截面图;
图9是示出了根据示例性实施方式的PIN二极管中出现的示例性电路径的方向的概念图;以及
图10是示出了根据示例性实施方式的PIN二极管的高度与第一长度之间的关系的截面图。
具体实施方式
在下文中,将详细参照本公开内容的实施方式,在附图中示出了该实施方式的示例。贯穿本文,应参照附图,在附图中将使用相同的附图标记来表示相同或相似的部件。在本公开内容的以下描述中,在本文中所并入的已知功能和部件的详细描述可能导致本公开内容的主题不清楚的情况下,将省略所述详细描述。
还将理解的是,虽然本文中可以使用例如“第一”、“第二”、“A”、“B”、“(a)”和“(b)”的术语来描述各种元件,但是这些术语仅用于将一个元件与另一个元件进行区分。此类元件的实质、序列、顺序或数目不受这些术语的限制。将理解的是,当元件被称为“连接至”或“耦接至”另一元件时,该元件不但可以“直接连接或耦接至”另一元件,而且也可以经由“中间”元件“间接连接或耦接至”另一元件。在相同的上下文中,将理解的是,当元件被称为形成在另一元件“上”或“下”时,该元件不但可以直接位于该另一元件上或下,而且也可以经由中间元件间接地位于该另一元件上或下。
图1是示出了根据本公开内容的示例性实施方式的X射线检测器的示例性的配置的电路图。根据本公开内容的所有实施方式的X射线检测器的所部件均可操作地耦接和配置。
参照图1,X射线检测器100包括光电检测器电路110、偏置驱动器电路120、栅极驱动器电路130和读出集成电路(IC)140。
光电检测器电路110可以检测在接收到X射线发生器发射的X射线时由闪烁体(scintillator)产生的光,并且通过光电转换根据所检测的光输出电检测信号。光电检测器电路110可以包括以矩阵形式布置的多个光电检测器像素,该多个光电检测器像素与多条栅极线GL和多条数据线DL相交的点相邻。多条栅极线GL和多条数据线DL可以相交,更特别地,以直角相交。然而,本公开内容不限于此。尽管通过示例的方式将光电检测器电路110示出为包括以四列四行布置的十六(16)个光电检测器像素P,但是本公开内容不限于此,并且光电检测器像素P的数目和/或布置可以变化。
每一个光电检测器像素P可以包括:光电检测部分101,其通过检测由闪烁体响应于X射线产生的光而输出电检测信号,例如光检测电压;以及开关部分102,其响应于由栅极驱动器电路130输出的栅极信号而传送由光电检测部分101输出的电检测信号。
光电检测部分101检测由闪烁体产生的光,并且通过光电转换根据所检测的光输出电检测信号。光电检测部分101可以包括通过光电效应将入射光转换成电信号的装置。另外,光电检测部分101可以包括p-本征-n(PIN)二极管。PIN二极管在p型半导体区域与n型半导体区域之间具有未掺杂的本征半导体区域。
开关部分102可以传送由光电检测部分101输出的检测信号。开关部分102可以包括晶体管,该晶体管的栅电极电连接至多条栅极线GL中的一条栅极线,并且该晶体管的源电极经由多条数据线DL中的一条数据线电连接至读出IC 140。偏置驱动器电路120可以电连接至光电检测部分101。具体地,偏置驱动器电路120可以经由多条偏置线BL将偏置电压施加至光电检测部分101。偏置驱动器电路120可以选择性地将反向偏置或正向偏置施加至光电检测部分101。
栅极驱动器电路130可以顺序地将具有栅极导通电压电平的栅极信号施加至多条栅极线GL。光电检测器像素P的开关部分102可以响应于栅极脉冲而接通。当开关部分102接通时,光电检测部分101输出的检测信号可以通过开关部分102和数据线DL被输入到读出IC140。通过薄膜处理(thin-film processing),栅极驱动器电路130可以被设置为要安装在光电检测器电路110的一个表面上的IC,或者可以设置在印刷电路板(例如光电检测器电路110)上。
读出IC 140可以接收并输出由响应于栅极信号而接通的开关部分102输出的检测信号。读出IC 140可以读取检测信号,并将检测信号传送至信号处理装置,该信号处理装置进而可以数字化并输出检测信号。数字化的检测信号可以作为图像信号被提供至单独的显示装置。
图2是示出了图1所示的X射线检测器中所使用的光电检测器像素P的示例的截面图。
如图2所示,光电检测器像素P可以设置在多个像素区域中的一个像素区域中,该多个像素区域由设置在X射线检测器100的光电检测器电路110上的数据线DL和栅极线GL的交叉而限定。每个光电检测器像素P可以包括:光电检测部分101,其将光电信号转换为电信号;开关部分102,其执行开关操作以驱动光电检测部分101。另外,光电检测部分101可以包括PIN二极管206、207和208a,而开关部分102可以包括薄膜晶体管(TFT)201、203、204a和204b。
TFT 201、203、204a和204b可以包括:栅电极201,其连接至多条栅极线GL中的一条栅极线GL;有源层203,其位于栅电极201上;源电极204a,其将有源层203的一端连接至与多条数据线DL中的一条数据线DL相连的数据线电极210a;以及漏电极204b,其连接至有源层203的另一端。漏电极204b可以连接至光电检测部分101。光电检测部分101可以连接至与多条偏置线BL中的一条偏置线BL相连的偏置电极线210b,通过该偏置线来施加用于控制电子或空穴的偏置。偏置线BL可以由金属制成。
可以通过在基板200上沉积栅极金属并且对沉积的栅极金属进行图案化来设置栅电极201。栅电极201可以由选自以下中的一种制成:铝(Al)、钼(Mo)及其合金,但不限于这些。可以在包括栅电极201的基板200上设置栅极绝缘膜202。另外,可以在栅极绝缘膜202上方设置有源层203。有源层203可以包括未掺杂有杂质的第一非晶硅层,以及掺杂有n型杂质的第二非晶硅层。另外,可以通过在有源层203上方沉积和图案化源极/漏极金属来设置源电极204a和漏电极204b。源极/漏极金属可以是选自以下中的一种:Al、Mo及其合金,但不限于这些。可以在包括源电极204a和漏电极204b的栅极绝缘膜202上方设置第一绝缘膜205。另外,可以在第一绝缘膜205上方设置光电检测部分101的底电极206。底电极206可以被称为阴极。
第一绝缘膜205可以具有设置在与漏电极204b交叠的位置处的第一接触孔ch1,第一接触孔ch1将底电极206连接至漏电极204b。PIN二极管206、207和208a可以设置在底电极206上。PIN二极管206、207和208a可以包括半导体区域207,在该半导体区域207中顺序地设置有n型半导体层、本征半导体层和p型半导体层。可以在PIN二极管206、207和208a的半导体区域207上方设置顶电极208a。顶电极208a可以是透明电极。顶电极208a可以是铟锡氧化物(ITO)电极。可以在顶电极208a上方设置第二绝缘膜209。顶电极208a可以被称为阳极。
第二接触孔ch2可以设置在与源电极204a交叠的位置处,以便延伸穿过第一绝缘膜205和第二绝缘膜209,使得数据线电极210a经由第二接触孔ch2连接至源电极204a。另外,可以在与顶电极208a交叠的位置处设置第三接触孔ch3,并且数据线电极210a可以经由第三接触孔ch3连接至顶电极208a。另外,可以在第二绝缘膜209上方的与栅电极201交叠的位置处设置光阻挡膜210c。光阻挡膜210c可以防止漏电流流过TFT 201、203、204a和204b。另外,可以在第二绝缘膜209上方设置第三绝缘膜211。数据线电极210a、偏置线电极210b和光阻挡膜210c可以在同一工艺中制造。数据线电极210a、偏置线电极210b和光阻挡膜210c可以由相同的材料制成。
图3A至图3D是示出了根据本公开内容的实施方式的制造光电检测部分的工艺的截面图。
如图3A所示,光电检测部分101的PIN二极管206、207和208a可以包括设置在第一绝缘膜205上方的底电极206。尽管底电极206被示出为平行于水平表面,但是本公开内容不限于此,并且可以包括其他变型。半导体区域207可以设置在底电极206上方。半导体区域207可以包括p型半导体层、本征半导体层和n型半导体层。尽管半导体区域207的顶表面被示出为平行于水平表面,但是半导体区域207的顶表面可以符合(conform)底电极206。
如图3B所示,可以在半导体区域207上方设置顶电极金属208。另外,如图3C所示,执行湿法蚀刻可以实现半导体区域207上方的顶电极208a。可以使用顶电极208a作为掩模进行干法蚀刻。执行干法蚀刻可以将半导体区域207蚀刻成符合顶电极208a。因此,这可以制造PIN二极管206、207和208a,上述PIN二极管包括顶电极208a、底电极206和对应于顶电极208a和底电极206的半导体区域207。在半导体区域207中,n型半导体层、本征半导体层和p型半导体层可以顺序地设置在底电极206上方。如图3D所示,在PIN二极管206、207和208a中,半导体区域207的侧壁可以设置成对应于顶电极280a的边缘。
然而,如图4所示,在PIN二极管206、207和208a中,由于在干法蚀刻工艺中发生的偏差,对应于光电检测器像素P的半导体区域207的侧壁可以具有各种斜度。
参照图4,PIN二极管206、207和208a的侧壁的斜度可以是如图4的(a)所示的90度、如图4的(b)所示的45度、或者如图4的(c)所示的-45度。本文中使用的角度,例如90度、45度和-45度仅是说明性的,并且侧壁的斜度不限于此。例如,PIN二极管206、207和208a的侧壁可以以从下述角度中选择的斜度朝向底电极206延伸:相对于垂直线的任意锐角、任意钝角和直角。
另外,如图5所示,PIN二极管206、207和208a可以设置在第二绝缘膜209的部分之间,并且电路径(electric line)30可以在顶电极208a与底电极206之间穿过。当电路径30从底电极206向顶电极208a前进时,电路径30穿过半导体区域207。然而,一些电路径31和32可以穿过第二绝缘膜209,使得除了半导体区域207之外,漏电流还可以穿过第二绝缘膜209。如图4所示,当半导体区域207的侧壁的斜度不恒定时,不同量的漏电流可以流过第二绝缘膜209,因此流过光电检测部分101的电流的幅值可以变化。变化的电流的幅值可以使不同量的电流通过数据线DL被传送至读出IC 140。因此,读出IC 140可以被提供有非均匀电流,并且基于非均匀电流生成图像信号,这是有问题的。
图6A至图6E是示出了根据示例性实施方式的制造光电检测部分的工艺的截面图。
如图6A所示,半导体区域207可以设置在底电极206上方。尽管底电极206被示出为平行于水平表面,但是底电极不限于此,并且可以包括其他变型。半导体区域207可以包括p型半导体层、本征半导体层和n型半导体层。尽管半导体区域207的顶表面被示出为平行于水平表面,但是半导体区域的顶表面可以符合底电极206,或者可以具有其他变型。
如图6B所示,顶电极金属208a可以设置在半导体区域207上方。顶电极金属208a可以由ITO制成。当执行湿法蚀刻时,如图6C所示,顶电极208a可以设置在半导体区域207上方。另外,当使用掩模来干法蚀刻半导体区域207时,可以蚀刻出符合顶电极208a的半导体区域207。因此,可以提供包括顶电极208a、底电极206和对应于顶电极208a和底电极206的半导体区域207的PIN二极管206、207和208a。
如图6D所示,PIN二极管206、207和208a可以被配置成使得其侧壁符合顶电极208a的边缘。由于在干法蚀刻工艺中发生的偏差,对应于每个光电检测器像素P的PIN二极管206、207和208a的侧壁可以具有图4中所示的形状。
另外,顶电极208a可以被湿法蚀刻。当顶电极208a被湿法蚀刻时,通过蚀刻,顶电极208a的尺寸可以减小。本文使用的术语“尺寸”可以表示顶电极208a的面积。然而,本公开内容不限于此,并且面积和高度二者可以减小。
如图6E所示,当顶电极208a被湿法蚀刻时,顶电极208a的尺寸可以减小至小于PIN二极管206、207和208a的顶表面的尺寸。顶电极208a的***La与半导体区域207的***Lb之间的距离可以被称为第一长度L1。另外,顶电极208a的***La与半导体区域207的***Lb可以彼此平行。
图7A和图7B是分别表示相对于PIN二极管的侧壁斜度产生的电场的曲线图。横轴表示顶电极208a的***La与半导体区域207的***Lb之间的长度,纵轴表示电场的强度。
另外,图7A表示PIN二极管206、207和208a的厚度为的情况,图7B表示PIN二极管206、207和208a的厚度为的情况。
参照图7A和图7B,可以理解的是,施加至PIN二极管206、207和208a的顶电极208a和底电极206的电场的强度根据顶电极208a的***La与半导体区域207的***Lb之间的长度而变化。参照图7A,可以理解的是,当顶电极208a的***La与半导体区域207的***Lb之间的长度为0.5μm时,电场饱和。参照图7B,可以理解的是,当顶电极208a的***La与半导体区域207的***Lb之间的长度为1μm时,电场饱和。
因此,顶电极208a的***La与半导体区域207的***Lb之间的长度越长,不饱和区域越短。顶电极208a的面积比半导体区域207的顶部的面积越小,从底电极206流至顶电极208a的电流的量可以被更均匀地保持。
图8A至图8C是示出了根据本公开内容的实施方式的PIN二极管的形状的示例的截面图。
参照图8A至图8C,在干法蚀刻工艺期间PIN二极管206、207和208a的半导体区域207的侧壁可以具有各种斜度。例如,半导体区域207的侧壁的斜度可以是如图8A所示的90度、如图8B所示的45度、或者如图8C所示的-45度。本文使用的角度,例如90度、45度和-45度仅是说明性的,侧壁的斜度不限于此并且可以变化。
另外,顶电极208a可以被配置成短于半导体区域207的顶部的长度,而不管半导体区域207的侧壁的斜度如何。
因此,多个光电检测器电路的光电检测部分中的每个光电检测部分中所包括的半导体区域207可以被配置成使得其顶部被顶电极208a覆盖,并且其侧壁以选自下述角度的角度朝向底电极206延伸:相对于垂直线的直角、锐角和钝角。
另外,如图9所示,PIN二极管206、207和208a可以设置在图2所示的第二绝缘膜209的部分中,并且电路径30可以在顶电极208a与底电极206之间穿过。当顶电极208a的面积小于半导体区域207的面积,并且顶电极208a的***La比半导体区域207的***Lb更靠近PIN二极管206、207和208a的中心部分时,当电路径30从底电极206向顶电极208a前进时,漏电流仅穿过半导体区域207而不流过第二绝缘膜209。因此,这可以减少漏电流的量,使得光电检测部分101可以检测恒定量的电流。尽管PIN二极管206、207和208a的半导体区域207的侧壁的斜度在本文中已被描述为90度,但是本公开内容不限于此,并且可以包括其他变型。另外,当顶电极208a的***比半导体区域207的***更靠近PIN二极管206、207和208a的中心部分时,不管半导体区域207的侧壁斜度如何,流过第二绝缘膜209的漏电流的量可以减少,使得光电检测部分101可以检测恒定量的电流。
图10是示出了根据本公开内容的示例的PIN二极管的高度与第一长度之间的关系的截面图。
参照图10,相对于PIN二极管206、207和208a的高度h与第一长度L1之间的关系测量了输出灵敏度水平。尽管PIN二极管206、207和208a的高度已经被描述为是半导体区域207的高度,但是本公开内容不限于此,并且可以包括其他变型。底电极206和顶电极208a可以具有非常低的高度,使得PIN二极管206、207和208a的高度包括底电极206和顶电极280a的高度。
表1
在上述表1中,符号“+”表示顶电极208a的面积大于PIN二极管206、207和208a的半导体区域207的尺寸,使得顶电极280a从PIN二极管206、207和208a的半导体区域207的***Lb暴露,符号“0”表示顶电极208a的面积与PIN二极管206、207和208a的尺寸相同,符号“-”表示顶电极280a的面积小于半导体区域207的尺寸,使得顶电极208a的***La更靠近PIN二极管206、207的和208a中心。另外,在半导体区域207的高度h是时进行测量。在这种情况下,通过检测电流产生的普通输出值是2,000LSB。
可以理解的是,当半导体区域的高度h为并且第一长度在从的范围中时,输出值为从2,150至1,900。
因此,通过将顶电极208a的***La与半导体区域207的***Lb之间的第一长度L1除以半导体区域207的高度h而获得的值可以在从1/1.2至1/0.8的范围内。
已经给出了前述描述和附图,以说明本公开内容的某些原理。在不偏离本公开内容的原理的情况下,本公开内容所涉及领域的技术人员可以通过组合、分割、替代或改变要素来进行各种修改和变更。本文中所公开的上述实施方式将被解释为对本公开内容的原理和范围进行说明,而不是限制。应当理解,本公开内容的范围应由所附权利要求限定,并且其所有等同方案都落在本公开内容的范围内。

Claims (10)

1.一种X射线检测器装置,包括:
开关部分;以及
连接至所述开关部分的光电检测部分,
其中,所述光电检测部分包括底电极、设置在所述底电极上方的半导体区域、以及设置在所述半导体区域上方的顶电极,以及
所述顶电极的面积小于所述半导体区域的顶表面的面积。
2.根据权利要求1所述的X射线检测器装置,其中,设置在所述半导体区域上方的所述顶电极的***比所述半导体区域的***更靠近所述半导体区域的中心。
3.根据权利要求2所述的X射线检测器装置,其中,所述顶电极的***与所述半导体区域的***之间的第一长度对应于所述半导体区域的高度。
4.根据权利要求2所述的X射线检测器装置,其中,通过将所述顶电极的***与所述半导体区域的***之间的第一长度除以所述半导体区域的高度而获得的值在1/1.2至1/0.8的范围内。
5.根据权利要求1所述的X射线检测器装置,其中,所述开关部分包括晶体管,所述晶体管包括源电极、栅电极和漏电极,以及
所述底电极连接至所述晶体管的源电极或漏电极。
6.根据权利要求1所述的X射线检测器装置,其中,所述开关部分包括晶体管,所述晶体管包括源电极、栅电极和漏电极,
所述X射线检测器装置还包括:
数据线电极,其连接至与所述晶体管的漏电极或源电极相连的数据线;以及
偏置线电极,其连接至所述顶电极和偏置线,
其中,所述数据线电极和所述偏置线电极包含相同的材料。
7.根据权利要求6所述的X射线检测器装置,其中,光阻挡膜设置在与所述开关部分的栅电极交叠的位置处。
8.根据权利要求1所述的X射线检测器装置,还包括:
偏置驱动器,其连接至所述光电检测部分,并且将偏置电压施加至所述光电检测部分;
栅极驱动器,其通过将栅极信号施加至所述开关部分来接通所述开关部分;以及
读出集成电路,其接收所述开关部分响应于所述栅极信号而输出的信号,并且生成图像信号。
9.根据权利要求1所述的X射线检测器装置,其中,所述顶电极包括透明电极。
10.根据权利要求1所述的X射线检测器装置,其中,所述半导体区域的顶部的一部分被所述顶电极覆盖,并且
所述半导体区域的侧壁以选自下述角度的角度朝向所述底电极延伸:相对于水平线的直角、相对于垂直线的锐角、以及相对于垂直线的钝角。
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