CN109798451B - Method for determining leakage position of oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline - Google Patents
Method for determining leakage position of oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for determining a leakage position of an oil-gas gathering and transportation pipeline, and belongs to the technical field of oil-gas field engineering automation. The method for determining the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline determines a first leakage range and a second leakage range by acquiring a negative pressure wave signal of a head station and a tail station on the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline and a potential distribution curve of a plurality of cathodic protection potentials, determines a third leakage range according to the first leakage range and the second leakage range, further enables a constructor to directly determine the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline according to the third leakage range, and combines a negative pressure wave technology and a cathodic protection potential technology to accurately determine the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, improves the positioning accuracy and is convenient for finding the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline in time.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of oil and gas field engineering automation, and particularly relates to a method for determining a leakage position of an oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
Background
The gathering and transportation pipeline is used as a life line for oil field production, the safe operation of the gathering and transportation pipeline is vital, if the operation state of the pipeline is abnormal, such as perforation, a series of adverse results such as crude oil (natural gas) leakage and environmental pollution can be caused, and a large amount of manpower and material resources are needed for line patrol, production halt, emergency rescue and leakage repair of the gathering and transportation pipeline, so that a large amount of time is spent. Therefore, the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline is monitored in real time, the leakage position is rapidly and accurately judged, emergency is timely processed, loss is reduced to the minimum, and the method has important practical significance.
The current common technology mostly utilizes a negative pressure wave or infrasonic wave technology to determine the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, and the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline is determined by arranging a pressure sensor or an infrasonic wave sensor on the pipeline and analyzing a pressure signal of the pressure sensor or an infrasonic wave signal of the infrasonic wave sensor.
In the process of implementing the invention, the inventor finds that at least the following problems exist in the prior art:
the existing method for determining the leakage position of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline by utilizing the negative pressure wave or infrasonic wave technology has the advantages that the time for determining the leakage position is long, and under the field and field construction conditions, the pressure signal or the infrasonic wave signal is easily interfered by the outside, so that the measured positioning is not accurate, the working efficiency is influenced, and the production cost is increased.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of this, the present invention provides a method for determining a leakage position of an oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, so as to accurately determine the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
Specifically, the method comprises the following technical scheme:
a method of determining a location of a leak in an oil and gas gathering pipeline, the method comprising:
acquiring a negative pressure wave signal of a first station and a negative pressure wave signal of a last station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline;
determining a first leakage point position according to the negative pressure wave signal of the head station and the negative pressure wave signal of the tail station;
determining a first leakage range according to the position of the first leakage point;
acquiring potential distribution curves of a plurality of cathodic protection potentials arranged on the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline;
determining a second leakage range according to the potential distribution curve;
and determining a third leakage range according to the first leakage range and the second leakage range.
Further, the calculation formula of the first leakage range is as follows:
S1’＝L1-L*1％
S1”＝L1+L*1％
in the formula: s1' is a first boundary value for the first leakage range in m; s1"is a second boundary value of the first leakage range, in m; l is1Is the first leak point location in m; l is the length of the pipeline in m.
Further, said determining a third leakage range from said first leakage range and said second leakage range specifically comprises: judging whether the first leakage range is within the second leakage range, and if the first leakage range is within the second leakage range, the first leakage range is the third leakage range; if the first leakage range is not within the second leakage range, the intersection of the first leakage range and the second leakage range is the third leakage range.
Further, before determining the first leakage range according to the position of the first leakage point, the method further includes: and acquiring an infrasonic signal of a first station and an infrasonic signal of a last station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
Further, after acquiring the infrasonic signal of the first station and the infrasonic signal of the last station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, the method further comprises the following steps: and determining the position of a second leakage point according to the infrasonic wave signal of the first station and the infrasonic wave signal of the last station.
Further, after determining a second leakage point position according to the infrasonic wave signal of the head station and the infrasonic wave signal of the end station, the method further includes: and obtaining a third leakage point position according to the first leakage point position and the second leakage point position.
Further, the calculation formula of the position of the third leakage point is as follows:
L3＝L1+(L2-L1)*10％
in the formula: l is3Is the third leak point location in m; l is2The second leak point location is given in m.
Further, the method further comprises: and determining the fourth leakage range according to the position of the third leakage point.
Further, after determining the fourth leakage range according to the third leakage point position, the method further includes: and determining the third leakage range according to the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range.
Further, the calculation formula of the fourth leakage range is:
S4’＝L3-L*0.5％
S4”＝L3+L*0.5％
in the formula: s4' is a first boundary value of the fourth leakage range in m; s4"is a second boundary value of the fourth leakage range, in m.
The technical scheme provided by the embodiment of the invention has the beneficial effects that:
according to the method for determining the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, provided by the embodiment of the invention, the first leakage range and the second leakage range are determined by acquiring the negative pressure wave signals of the first station and the last station on the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline and the potential distribution curves of a plurality of cathodic protection potentials, the third leakage range is determined according to the first leakage range and the second leakage range, further, a constructor can directly determine the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline according to the third leakage range, the accurate determination of the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline is realized by combining the negative pressure wave technology and the cathodic protection potential technology, the positioning accuracy is improved, and the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline can be found in time.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the drawings needed to be used in the description of the embodiments will be briefly introduced below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.
Fig. 1 is a flowchart of a method for determining a leakage position of an oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 2 is a flowchart of a method for determining a leakage position of an oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the technical solutions and advantages of the present invention clearer, the following will describe embodiments of the present invention in further detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example one
The method for determining the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline provided by the embodiment of the invention takes an indoor test pipeline as an example, wherein the length L of the pipeline is 362.3m, the pipe is 304 stainless steel, the transmission medium is water, the temperature of the medium is normal temperature (20 ℃), the flow chart of the method is shown in figure 1, and the method comprises the following steps:
step 101: and acquiring a negative pressure wave signal of a first station and a negative pressure wave signal of a last station of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
Before the step, a first pressure sensor is arranged at the first station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, and a second pressure sensor is arranged at the last station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
If leakage occurs at a certain position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, negative pressure waves are generated at the position and are spread outwards from the leakage position, and when the negative pressure waves are spread to a head station of the pipeline, a first pressure sensor collects pressure signals and identifies the head station negative pressure wave signals through a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU); when propagating to the end station of the pipeline, the second pressure sensor collects pressure signals and identifies end station negative pressure wave signals through the remote terminal unit RTU.
Step 102: and determining the position of the first leakage point according to the negative pressure wave signal of the first station and the negative pressure wave signal of the last station.
Specifically, after receiving a first-station negative pressure wave signal and a last-station negative pressure wave signal, the remote terminal unit RTU detects a first time node appearing in the first-station negative pressure wave signal and a second time node appearing in the last-station negative pressure wave signal by using a wavelet mode maximum singular point detection method, performs difference on the first time node and the second time node to obtain a response time difference, and determines a first leakage point position on the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline according to the response time difference, the pipeline length and the negative pressure wave propagation speed.
The calculation formula of the position of the first leakage point is as follows:
in the formula: l is1In order to locate the first point of leakage,m, length of pipeline, m, α, the transmission speed of negative pressure wave, m/s, flow speed, and t2-t1Wherein, t2Is a second time node; t is t1Is the first time node.
In the embodiment of the invention, two leakage points X are used1And X2For example, by calculation: x191.213 m; x2Is 169.232 m.
Step 103: a first leakage range is determined based on the location of the first leakage point.
Specifically, the calculation formula of the first leakage range is:
S1’＝L1-L*1％
S1”＝L1+L*1％
in the formula: s1' is a first boundary value for a first leakage range in m; s1"is a second boundary value for the first leakage range in m; l is1Is the first leak point location in m; l is the length of the pipeline in m.
By calculation, in the embodiment of the present invention, X1S of the first leakage range1' is 87.59m, X1Second boundary value S of the first leakage range of1"is 94.836m, i.e. for point X1In terms of 87.59m<S1<94.836m；X2S of the first leakage range1' is 165.609m, X1Second boundary value S of the first leakage range of1"is 172.855m, i.e. for point X2In terms of 165.609m<S1<172.855m。
Step 104: and acquiring a potential distribution curve of a plurality of cathodic protection potentials arranged on the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
Before the step, a plurality of cathodic protection potential test piles are arranged along the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
It should be noted that the potential information of the cathodic protection potential test pile is wirelessly transmitted through GPRS.
Specifically, each cathodic protection potential test pile transmits a potential signal thereof to the remote terminal unit RTU, and the remote terminal unit RTU generates a potential distribution curve from the potential signals of the plurality of cathodic protection potentials.
Step 105: and determining a second leakage range according to the potential distribution curve.
It should be noted that the size of the second leakage range determined by the cathodic protection potential is related to the distance spanned between two adjacent cathodic protection potential test stakes. The smaller the distance between two adjacent cathodic protection potential test piles is, the smaller the range value of the second leakage range is; on the contrary, the larger the distance between two adjacent cathodic protection potential test piles is, the larger the range value of the second leakage range is.
In the embodiment of the invention, the distance between two adjacent cathodic protection potential test piles is 10m and X1Second leakage range S2The value range is as follows: 90m<S2<100m；X2Second leakage range S2The value range is as follows: 160m<S2<170m。
Step 106: a third leakage range is determined based on the first leakage range and the second leakage range.
Specifically, whether the first leakage range is within the second leakage range or not is judged, and if the first leakage range is within the second leakage range, the first leakage range is a third leakage range; if the first leakage range is not within the second leakage range, the intersection of the first leakage range and the second leakage range is a third leakage range.
The third leakage area is the location of the pipe leakage that the operator needs to check for confirmation.
In the examples of the present invention, X1The first leakage range of a point is not within the second leakage range, so the intersection of the first and second leakage ranges is the third leakage range, and thus, X1Point third leakage range S3Comprises the following steps: 90m<S3<94.836m。
In the examples of the present invention, X2The first leakage range of a point is also not within the second leakage range, so the intersection of the first and second leakage ranges is the third leakage range, and therefore, X2Point third leakage range S3Comprises the following steps: 165.609m<S3<170m。
The constructor can determine the leakage position by checking the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline in the range.
In the indoor test pipeline, the constructor sets the operating pressure of the fluid to be 0.2MPa and the leakage point X1Is actually at a position of 90.5 m; leakage point X2Is actually 168.8 m. Verification shows that the average positioning error is less than 3.6%, which shows the reasonability of the method for determining the leakage position of the oil-gas gathering and transportation pipeline provided by the embodiment of the invention.
According to the method for determining the leakage device of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline, provided by the embodiment of the invention, the first leakage range and the second leakage range are determined by acquiring the negative pressure wave signals of the first station and the last station on the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline and the potential distribution curves of a plurality of cathodic protection potentials, the third leakage range is determined according to the first leakage range and the second leakage range, further, a constructor can directly determine the leakage position of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline according to the third leakage range, the accurate determination of the leakage position of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline is realized by combining the negative pressure wave technology and the cathodic protection potential technology, the positioning accuracy is improved, and the leakage position of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline can be found timely.
Example two
The method for determining the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline provided by the embodiment of the invention also takes an indoor test pipeline as an example, wherein the length L of the pipeline is 362.3m, the pipe is 304 stainless steel, the transmission medium is water, the temperature of the medium is normal temperature (20 ℃), and the flow chart of the method is shown in fig. 2, and the method comprises the following steps:
step 101: and acquiring a negative pressure wave signal of a first station and a negative pressure wave signal of a last station of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
Before the step, a first pressure sensor is arranged at the first station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, and a second pressure sensor is arranged at the last station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
If leakage occurs at a certain position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, negative pressure waves are generated at the position and are spread outwards from the leakage position, and when the negative pressure waves are spread to a head station of the pipeline, a first pressure sensor collects pressure signals and identifies the head station negative pressure wave signals through a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU); when propagating to the end station of the pipeline, the second pressure sensor collects pressure signals and identifies end station negative pressure wave signals through the remote terminal unit RTU.
Step 102: and determining the position of the first leakage point according to the negative pressure wave signal of the first station and the negative pressure wave signal of the last station.
Specifically, after receiving a negative pressure wave signal of a head station and a negative pressure wave signal of a tail station, a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) detects a first time node appearing in the negative pressure wave signal of the head station and a second time node appearing in the negative pressure wave signal of the tail station by using a wavelet mode maximum singular point detection method, performs difference on the first time node and the second time node to obtain a first response time difference,
and determining the position of a first leakage point on the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline according to the first response time difference, the pipeline length and the negative pressure wave propagation speed.
The calculation formula of the position of the first leakage point is as follows:
in the formula: l is1Is the first leak point position in m, L is the pipe length in m, α is the negative pressure wave propagation velocity in m/s, V is the fluid flow velocity in m/s, Δ t is the first response time difference in s, where Δ t is1＝t2-t1，t2Is a second time node; t is t1Is the first time node.
In the embodiment of the invention, two leakage points X are used1And X2For example, by calculation: x190.472 m; x2Is 169.018 m.
Step 103: and acquiring an infrasonic signal of a first station and an infrasonic signal of a last station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
Before the step, a first-time sound wave sensor is arranged at the first station of the oil-gas gathering and transportation pipeline, and a second-time sound wave sensor is arranged at the last station of the oil-gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
If leakage occurs at a certain position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, an infrasonic signal is generated at the position, when the infrasonic signal is transmitted to a first station of the pipeline, the first sonic sensor collects the infrasonic signal, and the first station infrasonic signal is identified through a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU); when propagating to the end station of the pipeline, the second acoustic sensor collects infrasonic signals and identifies the end station infrasonic signals through the remote terminal unit RTU.
Step 104: and determining the position of the second leakage point according to the infrasonic wave signal of the first station and the infrasonic wave signal of the last station.
Specifically, after receiving the infrasonic wave signal of the head station and the infrasonic wave signal of the end station, the remote terminal unit RTU detects a third time node appearing in the infrasonic wave signal of the head station and a fourth time node appearing in the infrasonic wave signal of the end station by using a cross-correlation delay estimation theory method, and obtains a second response time difference by subtracting the third time node and the fourth time node.
The calculation formula of the position of the second leakage point is as follows:
in the formula: l is2Is the second leak point location in m; Δ t2＝t4-t3Wherein t4 is a fourth time node; t is t3Is the third time node.
In the embodiment of the invention, X is obtained by calculation190.813 m; x2Is 167.806 m.
Step 105: and obtaining the position of a third leakage point according to the position of the first leakage point and the position of the second leakage point.
Specifically, the calculation formula of the position of the third leakage point is as follows:
L3＝L1+(L2-L1)*10％
in the formula: l is3Is the third leak point location in m; l is2Is the second leak point location in m.
In the embodiment of the present invention, the above X is1And X2The position of the first leakage point and the position of the second leakage point of the point are substituted into the formula, and the calculation result is that X1The third leak point of (a) is at a position of 90.506 m; x2Is 168.412 m.
Step 106: and determining a fourth leakage range according to the position of the third leakage point.
Specifically, the calculation formula of the fourth leakage range is:
S4’＝L3-L*0.5％
S4”＝L3+L*0.5％
in the formula: s4' is a first boundary value for the fourth leakage range in m; s4"is the second boundary value of the fourth leakage range, in m.
By calculation, in the embodiment of the present invention, X1Is smaller than the first boundary value S of the fourth leakage range4' is 88.695m, X1Of the fourth leakage range S4"is 92.317m, i.e. for point X1Of 88.695m<S4<92.317m；X2Is smaller than the first boundary value S of the fourth leakage range4' is 166.6m, X1Of the fourth leakage range S4"is 170.223m, i.e. for point X2In terms of 166.6m<S4<170.223m。
Step 107: and acquiring a potential distribution curve of a plurality of cathodic protection potentials arranged on the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
Before the step, a plurality of cathodic protection potential test piles are arranged along the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
It should be noted that the potential information of the cathodic protection potential test pile is wirelessly transmitted through GPRS.
Specifically, each cathodic protection potential test pile transmits a potential signal thereof to the remote terminal unit RTU, and the remote terminal unit RTU generates a potential distribution curve from the potential signals of the plurality of cathodic protection potentials.
Step 108: and determining a second leakage range according to the potential distribution curve.
It should be noted that the size of the second leakage range determined by the cathodic protection potential is related to the distance spanned between two adjacent cathodic protection potential test stakes. The smaller the distance between two adjacent cathodic protection potential test piles is, the smaller the range value of the second leakage range is; on the contrary, the larger the distance between two adjacent cathodic protection potential test piles is, the larger the range value of the second leakage range is.
In the embodiment of the invention, the distance between two adjacent cathodic protection potential test piles is 10m and X1Second leakage range S2The value range is as follows: 90m<S2<100m；X2Second leakage range S2The value range is as follows: 160m<S2<170m。
Step 109: and determining a third leakage range according to the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range.
Specifically, whether the fourth leakage range is within the second leakage range or not is judged, and if the fourth leakage range is within the second leakage range, the fourth leakage range is a third leakage range; if the fourth leakage range is not within the second leakage range, the intersection of the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range is the third leakage range.
The third leakage area is the location of the pipe leakage that the operator needs to check for confirmation.
In the examples of the present invention, X1The fourth leakage range of a point is not within the second leakage range, so the intersection of the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range is the third leakage range, and therefore the third leakage range S3Comprises the following steps: 90m<S3<92.317m；
In the examples of the present invention, X2The fourth leakage range of the point is not in the second leakage rangeAnd, therefore, the intersection of the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range is the third leakage range, and, therefore, the third leakage range S3Comprises the following steps: 166.6m<S3<170m。
The constructor can determine the leakage position by checking the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline in the range.
In the indoor test pipeline, the constructor sets the operating pressure of the fluid to be 0.331MPa and the leakage point X1Is actually at a position of 90.5m, the leak point X2The actual position of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline is 168.8m, and verification shows that the average positioning error is less than 1%, so that the reasonability of the method for determining the leakage position of the oil gas gathering and transportation pipeline provided by the embodiment of the invention is demonstrated.
According to the method for determining the leakage device of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline, provided by the embodiment of the invention, the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range are determined by acquiring the negative pressure wave signals and the infrasonic signals of the first and last stations on the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline and the potential distribution curves of a plurality of cathodic protection potentials, the third leakage range is determined according to the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range, further, a constructor can directly determine the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline according to the third leakage range, and the accurate determination of the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline is realized by combining the negative pressure wave technology, the infrasonic technology and the cathodic protection potential technology, so that the positioning accuracy is improved, and the leakage position of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline can be found timely.
The above description is only for facilitating the understanding of the technical solutions of the present invention by those skilled in the art, and is not intended to limit the present invention. Any modification, equivalent replacement, or improvement made within the spirit and principle of the present invention should be included in the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. A method of determining a location of a leak in an oil and gas gathering pipeline, the method comprising:
acquiring a negative pressure wave signal of a first station and a negative pressure wave signal of a last station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline;
determining a first leakage point position according to the negative pressure wave signal of the head station and the negative pressure wave signal of the tail station;
determining a first leakage range according to the position of the first leakage point, wherein the calculation formula of the first leakage range is as follows:
S1’＝L1-L*1％
S1”＝L1+L*1％
in the formula: s1' is a first boundary value for the first leakage range in m; s1"is a second boundary value of the first leakage range, in m; l is1Is the first leak point location in m; l is the length of the pipeline and is in m;
acquiring potential distribution curves of a plurality of cathodic protection potentials arranged on the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline;
determining a second leakage range according to the potential distribution curve;
determining a third leakage range according to the first leakage range and the second leakage range;
wherein said determining a third leakage range from the first leakage range and the second leakage range specifically comprises: judging whether the first leakage range is within the second leakage range, and if the first leakage range is within the second leakage range, the first leakage range is the third leakage range; if the first leakage range is not within the second leakage range, the intersection of the first leakage range and the second leakage range is the third leakage range.
2. The method of determining a leak location in an oil and gas gathering pipeline as set forth in claim 1, wherein prior to determining a first leak range based on the first leak location, the method further comprises: and acquiring an infrasonic signal of a first station and an infrasonic signal of a last station of the oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline.
3. The method of determining a location of a leak in an oil and gas gathering pipeline as recited in claim 2 wherein after said obtaining the infrasonic signal of the first station and the infrasonic signal of the last station of the oil and gas gathering pipeline, the method further comprises: and determining the position of a second leakage point according to the infrasonic wave signal of the first station and the infrasonic wave signal of the last station.
4. The method of determining a leak location in an oil and gas gathering and transportation pipeline as recited in claim 3, wherein after determining a second leak location based on the infrasonic signal of the head station and the infrasonic signal of the end station, the method further comprises: and obtaining a third leakage point position according to the first leakage point position and the second leakage point position.
5. The method of determining a leak location in an oil and gas gathering pipeline as set forth in claim 4, wherein the third leak location is calculated by the formula:
L3＝L1+(L2-L1)*10％
in the formula: l is3Is the third leak point location in m; l is2The second leak point location is given in m.
6. The method of determining a leak location in an oil and gas gathering pipeline as set forth in claim 4, wherein after obtaining a third leak location based on the first leak location and the second leak location, the method further comprises: and determining a fourth leakage range according to the position of the third leakage point.
7. The method of determining a location of a leak in an oil and gas gathering pipeline as recited in claim 6 further comprising: determining the third leakage range according to the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range;
wherein said determining the third leakage range from the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range comprises: judging whether the fourth leakage range is within the second leakage range, and if the fourth leakage range is within the second leakage range, determining that the fourth leakage range is the third leakage range; if the fourth leakage range is not within the second leakage range, the intersection of the fourth leakage range and the second leakage range is the third leakage range.
8. The method of determining a leak location in an oil and gas gathering pipeline as set forth in claim 6, wherein said fourth leak range is calculated by the formula:
S4’＝L3-L*0.5％
S4”＝L3+L*0.5％
in the formula: s4' is a first boundary value of the fourth leakage range in m; s4"is a second boundary value of the fourth leakage range, in m.
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