CN109748604A - A kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of the back-mixing of material stage by stage inoculation - Google Patents
A kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of the back-mixing of material stage by stage inoculation Download PDFInfo
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
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- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of Organic fertilizer production methods of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage " indigenous microorganism ", the technique is suitable for that existing Organic fertilizer production method and technique are optimized and be transformed, production cost is reduced in conjunction with use to improve organic fertilizer production efficiency.Method includes the following steps: (1) by the entire fermentation process of organic fertilizer according to material physicochemical property and wherein microbe species and characteristic, be divided into several stages；(2) each stage is respectively in starting and intermediate position setting back-mixing material vaccination and back-mixing material access point；(3) a certain amount of material is taken from back-mixing material access point, is added to back-mixing material vaccination, continues compost after mixing thoroughly；(4) after fermentation, it is qualified up to organic fertilizer product to examine.Microbial activity in the present invention in back-mixing material is high, and proliferation is fast, can rapidly adapt to material items physicochemical property, and lag phase, which will substantially shorten, even to be eliminated, and proliferation is rapidly to be substantially improved production efficiency and product quality.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to agricultural technology fields, and in particular to a kind of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage " indigenous microorganism " has
Machine fertilizer production method.
Background technique
Since organic fertilizer has many advantages, such as, the attention increasingly by agriculture related practitioner in recent years, various lifes
Production method and technique are announced and are implemented in succession like the mushrooms after rain.In these methods, to accelerate to have using microbial fermentation
Machine substance is decomposed, is the essential characteristic of organic fertilizer production technique.However, since organic fertilizer production raw material type, property are a variety of more
Sample, organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum, production equipment and technique used are also different, so as to have height to have low for organic fertilizer production efficiency, are produced
Product quality is also irregular.
Organic fertilizer production efficiency is improved, promoting organic fertilizer product quality is the direction that everybody makes joint efforts.It is well known that having
Take the factor of decisive role to be microorganism in the production of machine fertilizer, all technique, method include relevant device design around
How microbial metabolism rate is improved to be unfolded.However, being superimposed different material property since microbial metabolism itself is extremely complex
Etc. after variable factors so that the microbial metabolism " abysmal " in organic fertilizer fermentation production process, is difficult to carry out accurately it
Description and regulation.So far, people usually " change when in face of these complicated stubborn problems again and foundation-free data
It is numerous for letter " avoid, it is desirable to by simple operations reach optimum efficiency.Exactly in the case where this thinking is leading, currently, absolutely mostly
Number organic fertilizer production process all has ignored to wherein " core force " --- " care " of microbial cells itself, usually in list
After secondary production disposably accesses fermenting agent when starting, just lets alone wherein microorganism and run its course.Due in each production phase
Material properties persistently changes, and necessarily plays screening effect to the microbe species in different fermentations stage material, and " suitable person is raw
Deposit ", uncomfortable person is then suppressed, or even withers away.Therefore, in actual production, it is much sent to the functional microorganism thallus of great expectations,
In particular for the microorganism fungus kind of stage addition rear in fermentation, it is likely that at early period " self-satisfied ", just because of living environment
It is not suitable for and is inhibited even to be killed by temporary.Even if certain function strains are only temporarily suppressed, also by retardation production process,
Reduce production efficiency.Because the different dominant microfloras that the different fermentations stage in composting process is formed, are various by material
Different physicochemical properties inductions and slowly generate, be the performance that microbial cells adapt to living environment, and can not cross over
Slow process.Therefore, the production technology of disposable inoculation fermentation microbial inoculum will occur in entire fermentation process multiple long or short
Lag phase, so that fermentation period extends, production efficiency is pulled low.And the function strain killed in earlier fermentation, addition is then
It is " idle work ", does not only play effect, but also certain phased mission is made " to take over the baton " without corresponding function microbial cells, nothing at all
Method guarantee is timely completed fermentation task and goal, even results in miscellaneous bacteria and takes advantage of a favourable situation largely to breed, causes deterioration in quality.
Microbe species and characteristic are expected to become by the optimization of vaccination ways during deeply probing into organic fertilizer fermentation
A kind of feasible way to solve the above problems.On the one hand, for microorganism, same or similar growing environment is often meant that
Same or similar dominant microflora, it is especially even more so under the initial source unanimous circumstances of flora.On the other hand, due to organic
During fertilizer production especially scale industrial production, starting fermentation material physicochemical property is all the same or close, production technology stream
Journey is relatively fixed, and therefore, phasic Chang rule, i.e., the fermentation materials of identical production phase, reason is presented in compost material property
It is also same or similar to change property, even if different production batch, the fermentation materials physicochemical property in same fermentation stage are also identical
Or it is close.Based on above two aspect, the microorganism fungus kind during organic fertilizer production will be formed different in variant fermentation stage
Dominant microflora, and it is relatively fixed.If can be numerous as strain by the expansion of the different dominant microfloras of these different phases, it be linked into
In the fermentation materials of respective stage, then different dominant microfloras can both be made to realize " seamless interfacing ", and shorten growing microorganism lag phase, mention
High efficiency ensures that function strain is not suppressed or inactivates, and fundamentally guarantees that organic fertilizer product quality, the present invention are
It follows this thinking and carries out organic fertilizer production technological design.
Summary of the invention
For the deficiencies in the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a kind of material back-mixings stage by stage to be inoculated with
Organic fertilizer production method.This method can be improved the efficiency of organic fertilizer production, promote fermentation quality.
In order to achieve the above technical purposes, this invention takes following technical measures:
A kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of the back-mixing of material stage by stage inoculation, comprising the following steps:
(1) microbe species and characteristic according to material physicochemical property and wherein, the entire fermentation process of organic fertilizer is divided into
The number of stages of different phase, according to material physicochemical property and wherein microbe species and characteristic are adjusted；
(2) continuously ferment when starting for the first time, be inoculated in the material heap in each stage by 0.05%~1% mass ratio organic
Fertile fermenting agent；Then back-mixing material vaccination is arranged in the start node according to fermentation progress in each stage, in each stage
Intermediate node be arranged back-mixing material access point；
(3) partial material is taken from back-mixing material access point, is added to the subsequent material for being in same phase in continuously fermenting
The back-mixing material vaccination of heap, continues compost after mixing thoroughly, the microorganism in back-mixing material is to become dominant bacteria after domestication
Microorganism, material items physicochemical property can be rapidly adapted to, lag phase, which will substantially shorten, even to be eliminated, and proliferation is rapidly to big
Width improving production efficiency；
(4) feeding, returning charge are recycled according to step (3), completes uninterruptedly continuously fermenting for different material heaps, any material
After heap completes whole fermentation stages, it is qualified up to organic fertilizer product to examine.
Preferably, the entire fermentation process of organic fertilizer is divided into initial stage in step (1), be rapidly heated, medium temperature, high temperature, after-ripening
It ferments five stages.
Step (1) the material physicochemical property includes the ingredient of nutrient matrix and ratio, material moisture, gas permeability, interior
Portion's heap temperature and pH value；The microbiologic properties refers to the hydrolase type and property, microorganism pair generated including microorganism
The demand of oxygen and nutritional ingredient, pH and temperature tolerance range and the most suitable growth pH, optimum growth temperature, production acid, production alkali etc..
Step (2) the organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum is single culture or composite bacteria.
In step (3), partial material is taken from the back-mixing material access point in primary fermentation stage, is added to middle place of continuously fermenting
When the back-mixing material vaccination of the subsequent material heap of same phase, according to 0.05%~1% mass ratio in subsequent material heap
It is inoculated with organic fertilizer fermenting agent.
Continuously ferment when starting for the first time, the organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum that fermentation stage is selected in the early stage can produce at relatively low temperature
The substance decompositions such as cellulose, starchiness, lipid in raw material are that other microorganisms easily utilize substance by raw a large amount of hydrolases,
It is largely proliferated for subsequent thallus and condition is provided.
Continuously ferment when starting for the first time, is in relative low temperature in the organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum for the fermentation stage selection that is rapidly heated
Under be able to achieve the aerobic microbiological strain of fast breeding.
Continuously ferment when starting for the first time, is that respiratory metabolism is vigorous in the organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum that the mesophilic digestion stage selects
Aerobic microbiological can rapidly adapt to material from medium temperature to high temperature transition stage, and have stronger high temperature resistance, be able to achieve quickly
The aerobic microbiological strain of proliferation.
Continuously ferment when starting for the first time, is mainly thermophilic heat resisting in the organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum that high temperature fermentation stage is selected
Microorganism, aerobic respiration metabolism is vigorous, energy fast decoupled organic matter, and generates amount of heat, heap temperature is raised, mainly with gemma bar
Based on bacterium microorganism.
Continuously ferment when starting for the first time, it is facultative aerobic or anaerobism is micro- in organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum that the afterripening fermentation stage selects
Based on biology, to accelerate the main fermentation later period decomposed.
Changed based on material properties in fermentation process, the factors such as microbe species, quantity, growth metabolism situation will in material
Entire production process is divided into different phase.In Continuous Fermentation Processes, microorganism in early stage material after environmental induction,
The certain dominant bacterias or flora for matching the stage are produced, there is it steadily relatively for a long time in some specifically fermentation stage
, " indigenous microorganism " in the stage might as well be referred to as.To improving production efficiency and product quality, then these must be reused
" indigenous microorganism ", and shorten induction time required for its a large amount of proliferation.
Compared with prior art, it the advantages of the method for the present invention and has the beneficial effect that:
(1) since compost material physicochemical property is changing always, the dominant microflora of different phase is different.And
The conversion of dominant microflora difference need to usually be induced by environmental factor, and Induction Process speed is different, must before being proliferated thallus largely
Certain lag phase need to be undergone, so that fermentation process extends, reduces production efficiency.And material stage by stage of the present invention
Back-mixing is inoculated with " indigenous microorganism ", then has well solved this problem, so that the shortening of thalli growth lag phase even is eliminated, fastly
Speed proliferation accumulation thallus, completes stage fermentation task, greatly improves production efficiency；
(2) since compost material physicochemical property is changing always, certain function bacteriums in composite bacteria agent may be in certain stage
Its function is not played just to be killed by suppression, and this respect problem is then not present in material back-mixing inoculation " indigenous microorganism " stage by stage, makes
Each strain " Each performs its own functions " " each its material to the greatest extent " is obtained, compost fermentation is completed in relay；
(3) since when production of continuously fermenting starts for the first time or continuous production interruption is restarted, each stage is inoculated with organic fertilizer
Fermenting agent will activate different strain or flora in mix bacterium agent in different phase, and form the fermentation stage dominant bacteria or bacterium
Group avoids certain function strains from being suppressed in adverse environment and even withers away.
(4) due in organic fertilizer composite bacteria agent each strain in different fermentations stage " showing the skill respectively ", " Each performs its own functions ", " each
Compost fermentation is completed in its material to the greatest extent ", relay, therefore, can avoid the unfavorable shadow of mutual antagonism that may be present between composite bacteria agent strain
It rings；
(5) it is inoculated with " indigenous microorganism " microbial inoculum stage by stage, so that fermentation is more abundant, decomposed more thorough, gained organic fertilizer product
Matter is more preferable；
(6) link all not sterile workings are inoculated with since organic fertilizer fermentation produces, there are a large amount of miscellaneous bacterias in material.Disposably
Inoculation microbial inoculum not can avoid miscellaneous bacteria proliferation, in some instances it may even be possible to replace function bacterium, and " the micro- life of original inhabitants of inoculation stage by stage of the present invention
Object " method, then in the growth vigor for continually strengthening function bacterium so that compost fermentation whole process be placed in objective function bacterium " control " it
Under.Therefore product quality is more reliable and more stable；
(7) present invention can be transformed on the basis of existing production line and production technology, and easy to implement, practicability is good.
It is put into without extras, production efficiency and product quality can be substantially improved.
Specific embodiment
Detailed specific description is done to the present invention combined with specific embodiments below, but the present invention is not limited to following embodiments
Details, without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics of the present invention, the present invention can be realized in other specific forms.
Embodiment 1
One kind provided in the present embodiment stage by stage material back-mixing inoculation " indigenous microorganism " Organic fertilizer production method,
The following steps are included:
(1) using fresh chicken manure, stalk, vegetables waste dish as main material production organic fertilizer.Material blending: by fresh chicken manure,
Three kinds of stalk, vegetables waste dish (guillotine cutting is at 1-2cm bulk) raw material are 600:150:250 proportion mixing, and adjust in mass ratio
Its water content is 30-70%；
(2) can by organic fertilizer fermentation process according to material physicochemical property and wherein microbe species and characteristic, be divided into initial stage,
It is rapidly heated, medium temperature, high temperature, five stages of afterripening fermentation；Back-mixing material access point and back-mixing material is respectively set in five stages
Access point.
(3) continuously ferment after starting, 0.5 ‰ -10 ‰ inoculation fermentation microbial inoculums are pressed in the first heap material.It ferments in the early stage rank
The organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum of Duan Xuanyong is saccharomycete, aspergillus (aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus glaucus etc.), trichoderma, white
Ground is mould, solution fiber bacillus, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, in bacillus megaterium etc.
One or more.These microorganisms can generate a large amount of hydrolases at relatively low temperature, by cellulose, the starch in raw material
The substance decompositions such as matter, lipid are that other microorganisms easily utilize substance, are largely proliferated for subsequent thallus and provide condition.
Primary fermentation stage mid-term (generally compost fermentation 24-48h after access microbial inoculum) takes a certain amount of compost material (single batch
‰) the 0.5 ‰ -100 of quality of material, merge organic fertilizer fermenting agent (the 0.5 ‰ -10 ‰ of single batch materials quality), be added to the
Heap fermentation is played in the new compost material of two heaps after mixing, the every 2-5d turning of the first heap material is primary, when internal heap temperature starts
Enter the fermentation stage that is rapidly heated when raising；
(4) it reaches and is rapidly heated after fermentation stage, 0.5 ‰ -10 ‰ inoculation fermentation microbial inoculums are pressed in the first heap material.Fast
The organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum that fast fermentation at elevated temperatures stage selects be actinomyces, saccharomycete, aspergillus (aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus,
Aspergillus glaucus etc.), trichoderma, geotrichum candidum, solution fiber bacillus, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus subtilis, lichens gemma bar
One or more of bacterium, bacillus megaterium etc..It is predominantly able to achieve the aerobic microbiological of fast breeding at relatively low temperature
Strain (based on bacterium, actinomyces).
A certain amount of compost matter is taken from the fermentation stage mid-term that is rapidly heated (generally compost fermentation 24-48h after access microbial inoculum)
Expect (the 0.5 ‰ -100 ‰ of single batch materials quality), is added to the second heap and is in mixed in the material at the fermentation stage initial stage that is rapidly heated
The uniform rear heap that rises is closed to ferment, the every 2-5d turning of the first heap material is primary, enter medium temperature hair when internal heap temperature reaches 40-45 DEG C
The ferment stage；
(5) it reaches after medium temperature fermentation stage, 0.5 ‰ -10 ‰ inoculation fermentation microbial inoculums is pressed in the first heap material.In medium temperature
The organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum that fermentation stage is selected is actinomyces, saccharomycete, aspergillus (aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, grayish green song
It is mould etc.), it is trichoderma, geotrichum candidum, solution fiber bacillus, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, huge
One or more of Bacterium anthracoides etc..The predominantly vigorous aerobic microbiological of respiratory metabolism can rapidly adapt to material in
Temperature has stronger high temperature resistance to high temperature transition stage.Be able to achieve fast breeding aerobic microbiological strain (with bacterium,
Based on actinomyces).
A certain amount of compost material (the 0.5 ‰ -100 ‰ of single batch materials quality) are taken in mesophilic digestion stage mid-term, are added to
Second heap is in the material at initial stage in mesophilic digestion stage and is uniformly mixed, and compost fermentation, by the every 2-5d turning of the first heap material
Once, when internal compost rises to 50 DEG C or more, that is, enter high temperature fermentation stage；
(6) after reaching high temperature fermentation stage, 0.5 ‰ -10 ‰ inoculation fermentation microbial inoculums are pressed in the first heap material.It is sent out in high temperature
The organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum that the ferment stage selects is mainly that actinomyces, saccharomycete, aspergillus are (aspergillus niger, aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus terreus, grayish green
Aspergillus etc.), trichoderma, geotrichum candidum, solution fiber bacillus, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis,
One or more of bacillus megaterium etc..Predominantly thermophilic heat resisting microorganism, aerobic respiration metabolism is vigorous, can quickly divide
Organic matter is solved, and generates amount of heat, heap temperature is raised, mainly based on bacillus micro-organism.
A certain amount of compost material (the 0.5 ‰ -100 ‰ of single batch materials quality) are taken from high temperature fermentation stage mid-term, are added to
Second heap is in the material at high temperature fermentation stage initial stage and is uniformly mixed, and compost fermentation, by the every 2-5d turning of the first heap material
Once, until internal heap temperature drop to 35-40 DEG C, material becomes dark brown odorless, be determined as it is substantially decomposed, that is, enter after-ripening
Fermentation stage.
(7) after reaching the afterripening fermentation stage, 0.5 ‰ -10 ‰ inoculation fermentation microbial inoculums are pressed in the first heap material.It is sent out in after-ripening
The ferment stage select organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum be saccharomycete, Bacillus acidi lactici, lactobacillus acidophilus, actinomyces, bacillus subtilis,
One or more of clothing bacillus, bacillus megaterium etc..Based on predominantly facultative aerobic or anaerobe, to accelerate
The main fermentation later period is decomposed.
A certain amount of compost material (the 0.5 ‰ -100 ‰ of single batch materials quality) are taken from afterripening fermentation stage mid-term, are added to
Second heap, which is in the material at initial stage in afterripening fermentation stage, is uniformly mixed and rises heap, and the first heap material material is completely decomposed, i.e., complete
At compost fermentation；
After the detection of (8) first heap materials is qualified, drying is granulated up to organic fertilizer product.Above-mentioned (3)~(7) are recycled, by
Two heap materials take a certain amount of compost material to be added in third heap material to ferment, recycle with this in each fermentation stage mid-term
Production of continuously fermenting can be realized and prepare organic fertilizer.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of the inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage, it is characterised in that the following steps are included:
(1) microbe species and characteristic according to material physicochemical property and wherein, are divided into difference for the entire fermentation process of organic fertilizer
The number of stages in stage, according to material physicochemical property and wherein microbe species and characteristic are adjusted；
(2) continuously ferment when starting for the first time, by 0.05%~1% mass ratio inoculation organic fertilizer hair in the material heap in each stage
Yeast-like fungi agent；Then back-mixing material vaccination is arranged in the start node according to fermentation progress in each stage, in each stage
Back-mixing material access point is arranged in intermediate node；
(3) partial material is taken from back-mixing material access point, is added to the subsequent material heap in continuously fermenting in same phase
Back-mixing material vaccination, continues compost after mixing thoroughly, the microorganism in back-mixing material is to become the micro- of dominant bacteria after domestication
Biology can rapidly adapt to material items physicochemical property, and lag phase, which will substantially shorten, even to be eliminated, and proliferation is rapidly to substantially mention
Rise production efficiency；
(4) feeding, returning charge are recycled according to step (3), completes uninterruptedly continuously fermenting for different material heaps, any material heap is complete
After whole fermentation stages, it is qualified up to organic fertilizer product to examine.
2. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 1, feature exist
In: the entire fermentation process of organic fertilizer is divided into initial stage in step (1), is rapidly heated, medium temperature, high temperature, five stages of afterripening fermentation.
3. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 1, feature exist
In: step (1) the material physicochemical property includes the ingredient and ratio, material moisture, gas permeability, internal heap temperature of nutrient matrix
And pH value；The microbiologic properties refers to the hydrolase type generated including microorganism and property, microorganism to oxygen and battalion
Demand, pH and the temperature tolerance range and the most suitable growth pH formed point, optimum growth temperature produce acid, produce alkali etc..
4. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 1, feature exist
In: step (2) the organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum is single culture or composite bacteria.
5. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 2, feature exist
In: in step (3), partial material is taken from the back-mixing material access point in primary fermentation stage, is added in continuously fermenting in phase
With the subsequent material heap in stage back-mixing material vaccination when, be inoculated in subsequent material heap according to 0.05%~1% mass ratio
Organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum.
6. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 2, feature exist
In: continuously ferment start for the first time when, in the early stage fermentation stage select organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum can generate at relatively low temperature greatly
Hydrolase is measured, is that other microorganisms easily utilize substance by substance decompositions such as cellulose, starchiness, lipids in raw material, after being
Continuous thallus is largely proliferated offer condition.
7. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 2, feature exist
In: continuously ferment start for the first time when, be rapidly heated fermentation stage selection organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum be at relatively low temperature can
Realize the aerobic microbiological strain of fast breeding.
8. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 2, feature exist
In: continuously ferment start for the first time when, be vigorous aerobic of respiratory metabolism in the organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum that the mesophilic digestion stage selects
Microorganism can rapidly adapt to material from medium temperature to high temperature transition stage, and have stronger high temperature resistance, be able to achieve fast breeding
Aerobic microbiological strain.
9. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 2, feature exist
In: continuously ferment start for the first time when, high temperature fermentation stage select organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum be mainly the micro- life of thermophilic heat resisting
Object, aerobic respiration metabolism is vigorous, energy fast decoupled organic matter, and generates amount of heat, heap temperature is raised, mainly with bacillus
Based on microorganism.
10. a kind of organic fertilizer continuous producing method of inoculation of material back-mixing stage by stage according to claim 2, feature exist
In: continuously ferment start for the first time when, the afterripening fermentation stage select organic fertilizer fermentation microbial inoculum is facultative aerobic or anaerobe
Based on, to accelerate the main fermentation later period decomposed.
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| CN113912430A (en) * | 2021-11-09 | 2022-01-11 | 沈阳建筑大学 | Method for treating rural multi-source organic solid waste |
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Application publication date: 20190514 |
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