CN109740562B - System and method for building appropriate area in ecological sponge type city - Google Patents
System and method for building appropriate area in ecological sponge type city Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses an ecological sponge type city construction suitable area target accurate identification and efficacy measuring and calculating system and method. The invention serves the accurate identification of the construction and reconstruction target suitable area and the suitable grade target in the whole process from city construction planning to engineering design, city heat island control and city landscaping, and can measure and calculate the effects exerted in the aspects of flood disasters and high-temperature extreme climate events under different city construction and reconstruction scenes. The system comprises a novel city planning design framework for controlling the dual targets of the sponge city and the heat island, realizes refined remote sensing classification and artificial intelligence detection algorithm aiming at accurate identification of ecological sponge city space suitability, and can effectively simulate the effects of city construction and transformation on rainfall flood and extreme high-temperature events.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to an accurate identification and efficacy measurement and calculation system and method for targets in an appropriate area for ecological sponge type city construction, belonging to the application field of remote sensing and geographic information technology applied in city planning design and ecological environment protection industry.
Background
Since the 21 st century, along with the rapid urbanization of china, urban flood and extreme thermal events frequently occur in recent years, which bring serious threats to urban management and residential safety. How to realize effective regulation of urban flood and slowing down of urban heat islands through ways such as urban green infrastructure construction and the like has important significance for improvement of urban living environment and improvement of urban ecosystem service. In the 70 s of the 20 th century, countries in Europe and America proposed a Low Impact Development (LID) concept, emphasizing that the original hydrological conditions before development are maintained through measures such as bioretention facilities, roof greening, vegetation shallow trenches, rainwater utilization and the like, controlling runoff pollution, reducing pollution discharge and realizing sustainable water circulation in development areas. In recent 10 years of China, extremely rare urban rainstorm weather appears in summer in cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou, Wuhan and the like, so that urban road water accumulation, traffic obstruction and even casualties occur, and the city is called as sea watching in cities. And the occurrence frequency of the extreme high temperature weather phenomenon of 40 ℃ is increased in part of summer.
In order to solve a series of urban ecological environment problems caused by rapid urbanization, a concept of 'sponge city' is proposed for the first time in '2012 low-carbon city and regional development science and technology forum' in 4 months in 2012. The national housing urban and rural construction department of 10 months in 2014 publishes technical guidelines for sponge city construction-low-impact development rainwater system construction (trial implementation), proposes the requirements of strongly promoting low-impact development and construction modes and accelerating the research and construction of policy measures of sponge cities, aims to popularize and apply the low-impact development and construction modes, constructs sponge cities with natural accumulation, natural permeation and natural purification functions, solves the national urban flood disasters, enhances the urban rainwater collection and reutilization and relieves urban water resource pollution. The national issuing of the guidance on promoting the construction of sponge cities comprehensively takes measures of seepage, stagnation, storage, purification, use, discharge and the like through the construction of the sponge cities, reduces the influence of the urban development and construction on the ecological environment to the maximum extent, and absorbs and utilizes 70 percent of rainfall on site. In 2020, more than 20% of the area of the urban built-up area meets the target requirement; by 2030, more than 80% of the area of the built-up area of the city meets the target requirement.
30 city pilot works including Beijing are developed in batches in the country in 2014, 6 million yuan is given to the prefecture city according to the scale of the city, 5 million yuan is given to the provincial city every year, and 4 million yuan is given to other cities every year. The second 14 cities were started in 2016, and 400 hundred million were financially withdrawn from the center, subsidizing two test lots of "sponge cities". So large-scale implementation sponge city construction, a large amount of funds are invested in, at the inhomogeneous underlying surface in city, and what regional implementation corresponding measure can really reduce the risk of rainstorm. How to select a high-risk target area and through a series of green infrastructure construction in cities, the win-win targets of water permeability (rain flood regulation) and thermal property (heat island slowing) on the surface of the cities are effectively realized, and the method is the key point of sponge city construction.
At present, in the sponge city construction early-stage planning and designing process, advanced city rainfall flood management and utilization concepts such as a space hierarchical structure theory and home and abroad 'low-influence development', 'elastic city design', 'sponge city construction' are coupled, key areas of Beijing city domain original green ecosystem protection, ecological restoration and low-influence development are accurately identified aiming at different landform cities, specific measures and strategies of space-specific 'seepage, stagnation, storage, purification, utilization and discharge' sponge city construction are provided, support such as data models are scientifically and effectively provided for departments such as city planning and environment protection, and visual and effective system tools are provided for Beijing city sponge city construction staging, hierarchical construction and engineering implementation and are important contents of sponge city construction. Therefore, in the early 2017, a relevant research is carried out on a Beijing city natural science fund key project 'surface type space distribution characteristics of the Beijing city and the adaptability research of the surface type space distribution characteristics to sponge city construction'.
Chinese patent gazette publication shows that "sponge city" is becoming a hot spot area and emerging direction for patent authorization. Recent patents such as 'a method and a system for collecting, purifying, regulating and storing ecological rainwater in a sponge city residential quarter' (publication No. CN107761907A, published day 2018, 3 and 6 days), 'a system and a method for regulating and storing rainwater in a sponge city' (publication No. CN107956244A, published day 2018, 4 and 24 days), 'a method for regulating and storing and designing a mountain park based on the concept of the sponge city' (publication No. CN106570267A, published day 2017, 4 and 19 days), and 'a system and a method for purifying ecological water for the sponge city' (publication No. CN107226590A, published day 2017, 10 and 3 days). However, these patents mainly focus on engineering measures for adjusting rainwater, improving ground surface water permeability and the like in the sponge city construction process. Related patents in the aspects of ecological city construction potential evaluation and the like, such as 'a construction method and a system of an ecological city' (publication number CN107993173A, 5 months and 4 days in 2018), are also related, and the application requirement of the practicability of sponge city construction planning design is difficult to meet. Therefore, relatively few patents are issued on the aspects of target identification and green infrastructure layout of the ecological sponge-type city construction suitable area designed and applied in the earlier stage of sponge city construction.
Therefore, the current sponge city construction has the following key difficulties in the whole process from early site selection, planning and design to engineering implementation: (1) the site selection is correct and reasonable, and can be supported by a corresponding data model and a system, so that the site selection from a large area range suitable for a target area is realized, and the areas can really improve the regulation effect of rainstorm flood and achieve the effect of achieving twice the result with half the effort; (2) the planning is scientific and effective, and a visual refined interactive map can support the realization of reasonable design of space-specific measures; (3) the effect can be detected, and the effect on the engineering construction can be monitored in real time, so that the problems in the construction can be found and corrected in time. And (4) the double targets of rain flood regulation and heat island slowing down of the city need to be planned overall, and the comprehensive effect of the construction of the ecological sponge city is realized.
In order to solve the problems, the invention provides a series of models, data and algorithms for accurately identifying key targets in suitable areas for ecological sponge city construction aiming at double targets of urban rainfall flood regulation and heat island reduction for the first time; and the method provides different planning and design scenes and engineering construction approaches, and can measure and calculate the implementation effect of the ecological sponge type city construction space optimization measures.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention solves the problems: the system and the method overcome the defects of the prior art, provide a system and a method for accurately identifying targets and calculating efficacies of suitable areas for ecological sponge type city construction, and realize real-time monitoring of effects under different scene planning designs. The system and the method have urgent application requirements and great application values in the fields of urban planning and construction, garden design, mapping, geographic information and ecological environment protection. The method provides a brand-new concept framework for the construction of a novel sponge city, and realizes the visual space decision support function of city green infrastructure construction with dual purposes of rain flood regulation and heat island retarding under the support of city big data.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a system and a method for accurately identifying targets and calculating effects of suitable areas for ecological sponge type city construction comprise the following steps:
the system comprises a spatial data acquisition module, a data processing module and a data processing module, wherein the spatial data acquisition module is used for acquiring and processing remote sensing data and basic geographic data of an urban area, and calculating suitable area spatial identification evaluation factor data comprising urban impervious surface proportion, surface runoff coefficient, surface apparent heat ratio and surface relative elevation by utilizing spatial analysis and remote sensing image processing software;
the suitable area space identification module is used for acquiring graded suitable area evaluation factor data according to the suitable area space identification evaluation factor data and the suitable level of the suitable area space identification evaluation factor data to the ecological sponge type city construction, evaluating the suitable level of the sponge ecological city construction by using a space superposition analysis method, and dividing a rainfall flood regulation suitable area and a heat island regulation and control suitable area;
the index control and measure design module is used for calculating the regulation proportion of the rain flood in urban areas, built-up areas, functional areas and high-suitability areas and the regulation proportion of the impervious ground surface and the impervious green land under the heat island regulation and control situation according to the overall planning and design target of the urban planning; according to the evaluation result of the appropriate area for sponge ecological city construction, and according to the type characteristics of the underlying surface of the city, the ground surface space optimization measures of the appropriate area for rain flood regulation and the appropriate area for heat island regulation are designed by utilizing space superposition analysis;
and the construction efficiency measuring and calculating module is used for calculating the reduction and cooling benefits of the space optimization area on the surface runoff according to the surface space optimization measures of the rainfall flood regulation suitable area and the heat island regulation suitable area, evaluating the urban rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation and control efficiency of the ecological sponge type urban construction, and obtaining the rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation and control efficiency of the ecological sponge type urban construction.
The spatial data acquisition module is specifically realized as follows:
(1) the remote sensing data comprises Landsat OLI remote sensing image data and MODIS remote sensing image data, and the basic geographic data comprises DEM data, soil type data, city function zoning data, rivers, road data and meteorological data; the calculation of the suitable area space identification evaluation factor comprises urban impervious surface proportion extraction, surface runoff coefficient calculation, surface apparent heat ratio inversion and surface relative elevation data calculation;
(2) the method comprises the steps of extracting the proportion of the urban impervious earth surface, obtaining the proportion of the impervious earth surface, the proportion of the green land, the proportion of the water area and the proportion of the bare soil in ENVI remote sensing image processing software by using a mixed pixel decomposition method based on Landsat OLI remote sensing images,
ULi＝(fisa+fveg+fwater+fsoil)×ULi (1)
in the formula, ULiIs the area size of the pixel i; f. ofisa、fveg、fwater、fsoilThe proportions of the water impermeability, the greenbelt, the water area and the bare soil in the pixel element i are respectively;
(3) the urban earth surface apparent heat ratio data inversion is based on the Landsat OLI remote sensing image, the MODIS remote sensing image and the meteorological data, the sensible heat and the latent heat flux of the earth surface are inverted by utilizing a quantitative remote sensing model, the earth surface apparent heat ratio data is calculated by utilizing a formula (2), and the specific calculation method is as follows,
in the formula, SHRiIs the apparent heat ratio of the pixel i; FHiIs the sensible heat flux of pixel i; FLEiLatent heat flux for pixel i;
(4) the urban surface runoff coefficient calculation is based on the urban impervious surface, green land, water area and bare soil proportion data, and utilizes the formulas (3), (4) and (5) to calculate by using grids in ArcGIS to obtain the surface runoff yield and runoff coefficient, and the specific calculation method is as follows,
Runoffi＝f(CCNi,Pi) (4)
CCNi＝(fisa×ISAcn+fveg×Vegcn+fwater×Watercn+fsoil×Soilcn) (5)
in the formula, RiThe runoff coefficient of the pixel i is; piIs the precipitation of the pixel i; CCNiIs a comprehensive infiltration coefficient representing the pixel i; runoffiCalculating the surface yield of the pixel i by precipitation and infiltration coefficients; f. ofisa、fveg、fwater、fsoilThe proportions of the water impermeability, the greenbelt, the water area and the bare soil in the pixel element i are respectively; ISAcn、Vegcn、Watercn、SoilcnRespectively representing the subsurface permeability coefficients of the impervious water, the greenbelt, the water area and the bare soil in the pixel i;
(5) the earth surface relative elevation calculation is obtained by utilizing the spatial neighborhood analysis and calculation of a formula (6) in ArcGIS based on the DEM data, and the specific calculation method is as follows,
in the formula, HriThe relative elevation value of the ith pixel element is obtained; hiThe real elevation value of the ith pixel element is obtained; hminAnd min is a minimum value of pixel elevation in the ith pixel neighborhood range, and is a function of taking the minimum value.
The suitable area space identification module is specifically realized as follows:
(1) the establishing of the graded suitable area evaluation factor data, according to the suitable degree of the suitable area space identification evaluation factor to the ecological sponge type city construction, the ArcGIS natural breakpoint method and quantile method are utilized to grade the suitable area space identification evaluation factor, the impervious surface ratio M, the sensible heat ratio SHR, the runoff coefficient R and the relative elevation H are divided into 5 grades to generate the graded suitable area evaluation factor data, the specific calculation method is as follows,
in the formula, Mi、SHRi、Ri、HiThe ratio of the ith impervious earth surface, the sensible heat ratio, the runoff coefficient and the elevation suitability grade are respectively, and the value of i is {1,2,3,4 and 5 };
(2) the method comprises the following steps of evaluating the suitable grade of the ecological sponge type city construction, utilizing a GIS space analysis tool to perform grid superposition operation according to the graded suitable area evaluation factor data, calculating the suitability grade of the ecological sponge type city construction in different areas, obtaining the space data of the suitable area of the ecological sponge type city construction, utilizing grid calculation to extract the higher and high suitable grade of the apparent heat ratio and the higher and high suitable grade of the runoff coefficient, respectively serving as a heat island regulation and control suitable area and a rainfall flood regulation suitable area, serving as input data of an index control and measure design module, and specifically calculating the suitability grade and the suitable area identification as follows:
where Int is the rounding function, max is the maximum function, SIiAn ith suitability grade area is constructed in the ecological sponge type city, and the value of i is {1,2,3,4,5 }; j is the number of evaluation factors satisfying the ith suitability level; miThe impermeable ground surface proportion of the ith suitability grade; SHRiIs the ith suitability level sensible heat ratio; riThe surface runoff coefficient of the ith suitability grade; hiIthIndividual fitness level relative elevation; HR is a heat island regulation suitable area, and FR is a rain flood regulation suitable area.
The index control and measure design module is specifically realized as follows:
(1) according to the city planning design target, the city area, the built-up area, the functional area, the rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation suitable area surface runoff control total amount and the heat island regulation index are determined by referring to the city general planning, the sponge city planning and the city land characteristics, and the regulation proportion of the city watertight land and the green land under different scales is calculated;
(2) the method comprises the following steps of calculating the water-tight land surface and green land adjusting proportion of the urban area, the built-up area, the functional area and the rainfall flood adjusting suitable area according to the surface runoff total amount control rate of the planning design by utilizing a formula (9) to calculate the current area runoff total amount control rate and the difference between the current area runoff total amount control rate and a design target, and estimating the water-tight land surface and green land area proportion needing to be adjusted:
in the formula, TR0Is the total current runoff of the area, Qisa，Qveg，QotherRunoff for current area impervious terrain, greenbelt and other terrain coverage types, respectively; TR (transmitter-receiver)1Is the total amount of runoff, Q 'of the regional planning design'isa，Q’veg，Q’otherRunoff for impervious terrain, greenfield and other terrain coverage types, respectively, under planning design scenarios;
is the average runoff for the current greenfield area,
the average runoff of the impervious surface, S is the area of the impervious surface and the green land which needs to be optimized; ISAmAnd Vegm is the regulation ratio of water-impermeable surface and greenery;
(3) the calculation method of the regulation ratio of the impermeable ground and the greenbelt of the city area, the built-up area, the functional area and the heat island regulation and control suitable area comprises the following steps of calculating the difference between the average surface temperature of the current area and the surface temperature under the situation of high thermal comfort by using a formula (10), and calculating the area ratio of the impermeable ground and the greenbelt of the area needing to be regulated:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
is the average surface temperature of the current area;
is the average surface temperature after optimization of the coverage space of the regional surface; delta Temp is the difference between the surface temperatures of the areas needing to be adjusted; p is the number of pixels of the optimized impermeable ground and green land; tempisa，Tempveg，TempwaterAnd TempotherAverage surface temperatures for impervious surfaces, greenbelts, water areas and other surface covering types, respectively; m, n, o and s are the total number of pixels of the impervious earth surface, the green land, the water area and other earth surface covering types before optimizing the earth surface covering space respectively; m 'and n' are the total number of the pixels of the water-impermeable ground and the green land respectively after the ground surface covering optimization; ISAmAnd VegmThe area ratio of the corresponding water-tight ground and green land is shown;
(4) the urban ground surface underlying surface characteristics comprise the distance from roads, rivers and buildings, soil types, underlying surface types, gradient, elevation and the like;
(5) the design of the earth surface space optimization measures of the rainfall flood regulation suitable area and the heat island regulation suitable area is to identify the layout positions of the space optimization measures by utilizing GIS space analysis according to the type characteristics of the urban underlying surface and the construction conditions of different space optimization measures to obtain a space optimization measure drawing of the ecological sponge type urban suitable area, and the space optimization measure drawing is used as input data of an ecological sponge type urban construction efficiency measuring and calculating module.
The construction efficacy measuring and calculating module is specifically realized as follows:
(1) the method comprises the steps of calculating the reduction of surface runoff by a space optimization area and evaluating the urban rainfall flood regulation effect, drawing according to space optimization measures of an ecological sponge type urban rainfall flood regulation suitable area, calculating the watertight surface and greenbelt area of the rainfall flood regulation suitable area, calculating the control rate of the total amount of the surface runoff after the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge type urban construction suitable area are implemented by using a hydrological model, calculating the promotion rate of the control rate of the total amount of the surface runoff after the space optimization measures are implemented, and representing the construction effect of urban rainfall flood regulation, wherein the measuring and calculating method is shown in a formula (11);
in the formula, TRmThe total amount of surface runoff of the area after space optimization measures of the rainfall flood regulation suitable area are implemented; TR (transmitter-receiver)0The total amount of surface runoff of the area before the space optimization measures of the rainfall flood regulation suitable area are implemented; TR (transmitter-receiver)cThe improvement rate of the surface runoff total amount control rate after the space optimization measures are implemented;
(2) the method comprises the steps of calculating the cooling benefit of a space optimization area and evaluating the regulation and control effect of the urban heat island, drawing according to the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge type urban heat island regulation and control suitable area, calculating the water-tight soil surface and green land area of the heat island regulation and control suitable area, calculating the average earth surface temperature after the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge type urban construction suitable area are implemented, calculating the reduction ratio of the average earth surface temperature after the space optimization measures are implemented, and representing the construction effect of the urban heat island regulation and control, wherein the measuring and calculating method is shown in a formula (12);
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
is suitable for regulating and controlling heat islandAverage surface temperature of the area after the optimization measures of the suitable area space are implemented;
the regional average earth surface temperature before the space optimization measures of the heat island regulation and control suitable region are implemented; m ', n', o and s are the total number of pixels of the impervious earth surface, the green land, the water area and other earth surface coverage types after earth surface coverage optimization respectively; tempcIs the rate of decrease of the average surface temperature of the area after the space optimization measures are implemented.
The invention discloses a system and a method for accurately identifying targets and measuring and calculating effects of suitable areas for ecological sponge type city construction, which comprises the following steps:
s1, acquiring required urban spatial data, acquiring and processing remote sensing data and basic geographic data of an urban area, wherein the remote sensing data comprises Landsat OLI remote sensing image data and MODIS remote sensing image data, the basic geographic data comprises DEM data, soil type data, urban functional division data, river data, road data and meteorological data, and proper area spatial identification evaluation factor data comprising urban impervious surface proportion, surface apparent heat ratio, surface runoff coefficient and surface relative elevation are calculated by utilizing ArcGIS and ENVI software;
s2, calculating graded suitable region evaluation factor data according to the suitable region space identification evaluation factor data and the suitable grade of the suitable region space identification evaluation factor data to the ecological sponge type city construction, evaluating the suitable grade of the ecological sponge type city construction by using a GIS space superposition analysis method, and dividing a rainfall flood regulation suitable region and a heat island regulation and control suitable region;
s3, calculating the regulation proportion of the waterproof ground surface and the green land in the rain flood regulation and heat island regulation and control suitable areas of the urban area, the built-up area, the functional area and the high-suitability area according to the overall planning and design target of the urban planning, and then designing the ground surface space optimization measures of the rain flood regulation and control suitable areas and the heat island regulation and control suitable areas by utilizing GIS space superposition analysis according to the evaluation result of the sponge ecological city construction suitable areas and the type characteristics of the urban ground surface underlying surface;
s4, calculating the proportion of the water-tight land and the green land in the space optimization area according to the rainfall flood regulation suitable area and the heat island regulation suitable area ground surface space optimization measures, and further calculating the reduction and cooling benefits of the ground surface runoff to obtain the rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation and control effects of the ecological sponge city construction.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the advantages that:
(1) the invention breaks through the traditional sponge city construction concept, provides a systematic method for accurately identifying the suitable target area for ecological sponge city construction, obviously enhances the heat island effect caused by the expansion of large-scale cities in China, particularly obviously increases the frequency of extreme thermal events in summer, has irreversibility in city construction, provides a complete physical and technical method system for identifying the suitable area space for sponge city construction planning and engineering implementation, and has the advantages of intuition, clearness, strong operability, stronger visualization degree and auxiliary decision support function.
(2) The invention provides a method for realizing spatial integration and intelligent calculation of high-precision remote sensing information of a water-tight surface of an urban underlying surface, urban hydrological process key elements, urban heat island key indexes and 4 topographic characteristics factors, can quickly acquire and detect which areas of a city are most suitable for sponge city construction and which areas are not suitable or have lower priority for sponge city construction, provides accurate positioning information for sponge city planning management and engineering implementation, and prevents a series of problems of site selection and the like, such as large dismantling and large construction of a sponge city, difficulty in finding key parts for construction and the like, thereby realizing accurate construction. The application of the method system can generate higher economic benefit and has wide industrial application requirements.
(3) The invention provides a model method for measuring and calculating the construction efficiency of an ecological sponge city, which can measure and calculate the ecological effect of the ecological sponge city under the control of different indexes in the aspects of rain flood regulation and heat island reduction by applying a computer simulation method according to the existing current situation data, has strong operability and reliable simulation result, provides a multi-scenario reference scheme for sponge city planners or decision makers, and has important reference value for engineering implementation and ecological benefit evaluation.
(4) Under the support of geographical ecological big data obtained by remote sensing multi-source data of ecological sponge city construction, the invention realizes space operation guided by the win-win target of urban heat island and rainfall flood regulation, realizes index control design of different administrative grade units of the ecological sponge city construction and grade and type identification of space pertinence suitable district targets, provides more specific measures and measures, and has the characteristic of strong application pertinence.
(5) The invention realizes the automatic operation of a computer system on the basis of the existing high-precision big data of the city, integrates the geographical knowledge rule and the intelligent judgment rule, realizes the space grid operation from the core functions of data acquisition, operation, index design, measure design and the like, can realize three-dimensional display of part, has stronger space visual display function and has stronger operability compared with the traditional drawing operation.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system and a method for accurately identifying targets and calculating efficacy of suitable areas for ecological sponge type city construction according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a spatial data collection module implementation;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of an implementation of a comfort zone space identification module;
FIG. 4 is a flow chart of an implementation of the indicator control and measure design module;
fig. 5 is a flow chart of the construction efficacy measurement module.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and examples.
As shown in fig. 1, the system comprises a spatial data acquisition module, a suitable area spatial identification module, an index control and measure design module and a construction efficiency measurement module.
As shown in fig. 2, the spatial data acquisition module of the present invention is specifically implemented as follows:
step 1-1, collecting data required by space identification of an ecological sponge type city construction suitable area, wherein the data comprises remote sensing image data and basic geographic data, the remote sensing data comprises Landsat OLI remote sensing image data and MODIS remote sensing image data, and the basic geographic data comprises DEM data, soil type data, city function zoning data, rivers, road data and meteorological data.
Step 1-2, mainly extracting urban impervious surface proportion data. And extracting the proportion information of the urban impervious ground surface based on Landsat OLI remote sensing image data. Firstly, carrying out radiometric calibration on the Landsat OLI remote sensing image by using ENVI software, and carrying out atmospheric correction on data subjected to radiometric calibration by using a FLAASH atmospheric correction module; secondly, MNF conversion or principal component conversion is carried out on the image after the atmospheric correction, so that the spectral information is concentrated into the first three wave bands; then selecting high-albedo ground surfaces, low-albedo ground surfaces, vegetation and bare soil pure end members by using a scatter diagram, and finally extracting four urban ground surface covering component information by applying a constrained mixed pixel decomposition (LMSA) method in ENVI; and then calculating a corrected normalized water body index (MNDWI) and a normalized vegetation index (NDVI), obtaining pure vegetation and water body pixels of the urban area by using a threshold value method, summing up high and low albedo component data, removing water body and vegetation information to obtain impervious surface proportion data, and then extracting a greenbelt proportion, a water body proportion and a bare soil proportion.
And 1-3, mainly used for inverting the urban earth surface apparent heat ratio data. (1) And (5) inverting the surface temperature. Firstly, radiometric calibration and atmospheric correction of the Landsat remote sensing image are generated in the step 1-2; secondly, calculating the ground surface emissivity by using the vegetation coverage and the ground surface coverage type, further calculating the vegetation coverage, and calculating the ground surface emissivity of the natural ground surface, the artificial ground surface and the water body by using the vegetation coverage; then inverting the atmospheric transmittance, calculating the water vapor content in the atmosphere by utilizing the 2 nd and 19 th wave bands of MODIS data, and further estimating the atmospheric transmittance; thirdly, calculating the earth surface albedo of the area by using a narrow-band widened-band reflectivity calculation method; and finally, calculating the surface temperature by utilizing the thermal infrared band, the atmospheric transmittance, the surface specific radiance and the like of the remote sensing image. (2) And (5) inverting the apparent heat ratio data of the earth surface. Firstly, calculating the surface uplink and downlink short-wave radiation energy by using the surface temperature data and the atmospheric transmittance and an empirical formula; secondly, estimating the soil heat flux by using the vegetation coverage and the earth surface temperature; then, calculating urban sensible heat flux and latent heat flux by using an energy partitioning method; and finally, calculating sensible heat ratio data by using the formula (2) and the sensible heat and latent heat flux data.
And 1-4, wherein the step is mainly used for calculating the urban surface runoff coefficient. Firstly, determining the infiltration characteristic of soil and the humidity condition of the soil in an urban area by using soil type data, and dividing the soil type into four types of { A, B, C and D } according to an SCS-CN hydrological model; secondly, determining CN values representing infiltration capacities of an impervious earth surface, vegetation, a water area and bare soil, setting the CN value of the impervious earth surface to be 98, segmenting and dividing the CN value of the vegetation according to NDVI, wherein the NDVI is between 0.65 and 1 and mainly covers forest land, the CN value is between [55 and 66], the NDVI is between [0.57 and 0.65 and mainly covers grassland and shrubs, the CN value is between [58 and 73], the NDVI is between [0.4 and 0.57 and mainly covers farmlands, the CN value is between [78 and 81], the NDVI is less than 0.4, the CN value is between [59 and 86], and the CN value of soil is between [86 and 94 ]; and then, carrying out reclassification on the NDVI data in ArcGIS to obtain vegetation CN value data, then utilizing grid calculation in GIS, multiplying and summing the data of the earth surface covering components and respective CN values to obtain CN value data of the whole area, setting the annual precipitation of the area to be 600mm, and utilizing formulas (3), (4) and (5) to calculate the earth surface runoff and the runoff coefficient.
And 1-5, mainly calculating the relative elevation data of the urban earth surface. Firstly, the DEM data obtained in the step 1-1 is utilized, an ArcGIS neighborhood analysis tool is applied, a 9 x 9 neighborhood range is selected, the minimum value of the elevation in a neighborhood window is calculated, then a grid operation tool is utilized, the difference value between the original elevation value and the minimum value of the neighborhood range is calculated, and the relative elevation difference value between the element by element of the city earth surface and the neighborhood range is obtained.
And 1-6, sorting the urban impervious surface proportion data, the urban surface runoff coefficient, the urban surface apparent heat ratio data and the urban terrain relative elevation data basic geographic information data generated in the steps 1-2, 3,4 and 5 to generate an ecological sponge type urban construction suitability evaluation database, and inputting the ecological sponge type urban construction suitability evaluation database into a suitable area space identification module.
As shown in fig. 3 and table 1, the adaptive region space identification module of the present invention is specifically implemented as follows:
step 2-1, establishing knowledge interpretation rules and algorithm design for ecological sponge type city construction space suitability identification, wherein the specific rules are as follows:
the evaluation index of the proportion of the impervious earth surface is divided into 5 suitability grades, wherein the proportion of the impervious earth surface in a high suitable area, a common suitable area, a low suitable area and an unsuitable area is 80-100%, 60-80%, 50-60%, 40-50% and 0-40% respectively.
And secondly, dividing the urban surface runoff coefficient evaluation index into 5 suitability grades, wherein the surface runoff coefficients of a high suitable area, a common suitable area, a low suitable area and an unsuitable area are respectively 0.8-1, 0.7-0.8, 0.6-0.7, 0.5-0.6 and 0-0.5.
And thirdly, dividing the urban apparent heat ratio evaluation index into 5 suitability grades, wherein the earth surface apparent heat ratios of a high suitable area, a general suitable area, a low suitable area and an unsuitable area are respectively 0.85-1, 0.7-0.85, 0.55-0.7, 0.4-0.55 and 0-0.4.
And fourthly, dividing the relative elevation evaluation index of the city into 5 suitability grades, wherein the relative elevations of the earth surface of the high suitable area, the general suitable area, the low suitable area and the unsuitable area are respectively more than 8m, 6-8 m, 4-6 m, 2-4 m and 0-2 m.
TABLE 1 evaluation index of suitability for ecological sponge city construction
TABLE 1
And 2-2, mainly reclassifying the evaluation index data. According to the suitability grade standard defined in the step 2-1, Reclassify tools are used for reclassifying the urban impervious surface scale proportion data, the urban surface runoff coefficient, the urban sensible heat ratio and the urban relative elevation evaluation factors into high-suitability areas, general-suitability areas, low-suitability areas and unsuitable areas in ArcGIS software, and the high-suitability areas, the general-suitability areas, the low-suitability areas and the unsuitable areas are respectively assigned to be 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 for identification, so that a hierarchical evaluation factor model is constructed.
And 2-3, evaluating the suitability grade of the ecological sponge type city construction mainly based on the four graded evaluation factor data obtained in the step 2-2. In ArcGIS software, space grid calculation is carried out on four image layers, GIS space superposition analysis is utilized, the judgment rule of a formula (8) is utilized, the suitability level of each evaluation factor data is judged pixel by pixel, the suitability level of the ecological sponge city construction is obtained through calculation and is divided into a high suitable area, a higher suitable area, a general suitable area, a low suitable area and an unsuitable area, and GIS space screening is utilized to divide the high and high suitable areas of the urban apparent heat ratio evaluation factor and the high and high suitable areas of the surface runoff coefficient into an urban heat island regulation suitable area and a rainfall flood regulation suitable area respectively.
As shown in fig. 4, the index control and measure design module of the present invention is specifically implemented as follows:
and 3-1, determining the total surface runoff control amount and the heat island regulation and control index of urban areas, built areas, functional areas and suitable areas according to the urban general plan, the sponge urban plan and the urban land characteristics, wherein if the total surface runoff control rate is set to be 75-80%, the urban average surface temperature is reduced by 2 ℃.
Step 3-2, calculating the total runoff control rate (TR) of the area by using a formula (11) according to the total runoff control rate of the surface planned and designed runoffc) And the difference from the design target (Δ TR)c) And calculating the area and proportion of the impermeable ground and the greenbelt which need to be adjusted.
And 3-3, calculating the difference between the current average surface temperature and the surface temperature under the situation of higher thermal comfort by using a formula (12), and calculating the area and the proportion of the impermeable surface and the greenbelt which need to be adjusted.
Step 3-4, adjusting a suitable area for urban rainfall flood, and fully considering river distance, building distance, road distance and descending by using the urban fine underlying surface data obtained in the step 1-2A plurality of factors such as the pad surface infiltration condition, the construction area of space optimization measures and the like, and the space analysis and the optimal management measures (BMP) in ArcGIS software are utilizedS) The method comprises the steps of selecting sites of low-impact development measures and green infrastructure, identifying optimal positions of arrangement of different measures such as seepage, stagnation, storage, purification, utilization and drainage, wherein the optimal positions comprise grass planting ditches, water storage tanks, permeable pavements, sunken greenbelts, rainwater parks, green roofs, riverside buffer belts and biological detention tanks, and identifying spatial positions of the cushion surface which can be modified in ArcGIS.
And 3-5, aiming at the suitable area for regulating and controlling the urban heat island, utilizing the urban fine underlying surface data obtained in the step 1-2, fully considering a plurality of factors such as river distance, building distance, road distance, underlying surface infiltration condition, space optimization measure construction area and the like, calculating the adjustable proportion of the impermeable ground surface and vegetation coverage of the area, and identifying the space position where the underlying surface can be modified in ArcGIS.
And 3-6, aiming measures for the urban heat island regulation and control area, the urban rainfall flood regulation area and the designed ecological sponge type urban space obtained based on the steps 3-3, 4 and 5. Aiming at urban heat island regulation, the proportion and the position of impermeable ground surface proportion control and vegetation coverage optimization are spatialized in ArcGIS, and spatial mapping of urban heat island regulation measures is realized; aiming at urban rainfall flood regulation, in ArcGIS, spatial data are formed by the layout positions, the design areas and other attributes of spatial measures such as grass planting ditches, reservoirs, permeable pavements, sunken greenbelts, rainwater parks, green roofs, riverside buffer zones, biological detention ponds and the like, space optimization measure mapping of an ecological sponge urban rainfall flood regulation suitable area is realized, and index control and measure optimization layout spatial data are used as input data of an efficacy measuring and calculating module.
As shown in fig. 5, the construction efficacy measuring and calculating module of the present invention is specifically implemented as follows:
step 4-1, drawing according to the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge type urban rainfall flood regulation suitable area obtained in the step 3, and counting and calculating the water-tight surface and the green area of the urban construction rainfall flood regulation suitable area in ArcGIS;
step 4-2, calculating the control rate of the total amount of surface runoff after the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge type city construction suitable area are implemented by using the hydrological model, and calculating the lifting rate of the control rate of the total amount of surface runoff after the space optimization measures are implemented, wherein the lifting rate is used for representing the construction efficacy of city rainfall flood regulation;
4-3, calculating the average earth surface temperature after the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge type city construction suitable area are implemented, and calculating the reduction ratio of the average earth surface temperature after the space optimization measures are implemented, wherein the reduction ratio is used for representing the construction efficacy of city heat island regulation and control;
and 4-4, integrating rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation and control effects after the ecological sponge type urban space optimization measures are implemented to obtain a calculation result of the construction effect of the ecological sponge type urban space optimization measures.
Claims (6)
1. The utility model provides an accurate discernment of ecological sponge type city construction suitable area target and efficiency are calculated and are calculated system which characterized in that includes:
the system comprises a spatial data acquisition module, a data processing module and a data processing module, wherein the spatial data acquisition module is used for acquiring and processing remote sensing data and basic geographic data of an urban area, and calculating suitable area spatial identification evaluation factor data comprising urban impervious surface proportion, surface runoff coefficient, surface apparent heat ratio and surface relative elevation by utilizing spatial analysis and remote sensing image processing software;
the suitable area space identification module acquires graded suitable area evaluation factor data according to the suitable area space identification evaluation factor data and the suitable level of the suitable area space identification evaluation factor data to the ecological sponge type city construction, evaluates the suitable level of the ecological sponge type city construction by utilizing space superposition analysis, and divides a rainfall flood regulation suitable area and a heat island regulation and control suitable area;
the index control and measure design module is used for calculating the regulation proportion of the impervious ground surface and the green land under the rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation and control situations in an urban area, a built-up area, a functional area and a high-suitability area according to a city planning design target; according to the evaluation result of the ecological sponge type city construction suitable area and the characteristics of the city ground surface underlying surface, ground surface space optimization measures of a rainfall flood regulation suitable area and a heat island regulation suitable area are designed by utilizing space analysis;
and the construction efficiency measuring and calculating module is used for calculating the reduction and cooling benefits of the surface runoff in the space optimization region according to the rainfall flood regulation suitable region and heat island regulation suitable region surface space optimization measures to obtain the rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation efficiency measuring and calculating results of the ecological sponge city construction.
2. The system for accurately identifying and calculating the efficacy of targets in suitable areas for ecological sponge-type city construction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the spatial data acquisition module is specifically realized as follows:
(1) the remote sensing data comprises Landsat OLI remote sensing image data and MODIS remote sensing image data, and the basic geographic data comprises DEM data, soil type data, city function zoning data, rivers, road data and meteorological data; the calculation of the suitable area space identification evaluation factor comprises urban impervious surface proportion extraction, surface runoff coefficient calculation, surface apparent heat ratio inversion and surface relative elevation data calculation;
(2) the method comprises the steps of extracting the proportion of the urban impervious ground surface, obtaining area proportion data UL 'of the impervious ground surface, the green land, the water area and the bare soil by utilizing a mixed pixel decomposition method in ENVI remote sensing image processing software based on Landsat OLI remote sensing images'i，
UL′i＝(fisa+fveg+fwater+fsoil)×ULi (1)
In the formula, ULiIs the area size of the pixel i; f. ofisa、fveg、fwater、fsoilThe proportions of the water impermeability, the greenbelt, the water area and the bare soil in the pixel element i are respectively;
(3) the urban earth surface apparent heat ratio data inversion is based on the Landsat OLI remote sensing image, the MODIS remote sensing image and the meteorological data, the quantitative remote sensing model is used for inverting the earth surface sensible heat and the latent heat flux, the equation (2) is used for calculating the earth surface apparent heat ratio data,
in the formula, SHRiIs the apparent heat ratio of the pixel i; FHiIs the sensible heat flux of pixel i; FLEiLatent heat flux for pixel i;
(4) the urban surface runoff coefficient calculation is based on the urban impervious surface, green land, water area and bare soil proportion data, and utilizes the formulas (3), (4) and (5) to calculate by using grids in ArcGIS to obtain surface runoff yield and runoff coefficient,
Runoffi＝f(CCNi,Pi) (4)
CCNi＝(fisa×ISAcn+fveg×Vegcn+fwater×Watercn+fsoil×Soilcn) (5)
in the formula, RiThe runoff coefficient of the pixel i is; piIs the precipitation of the pixel i; CCNiIs a comprehensive infiltration coefficient representing the pixel i; runoffiCalculating the surface yield of the pixel i by precipitation and infiltration coefficients; f. ofisa、fveg、fwater、fsoilThe proportions of the water impermeability, the greenbelt, the water area and the bare soil in the pixel element i are respectively; ISAcn、Vegcn、Watercn、SoilcnRespectively representing the subsurface permeability coefficients of the impervious water, the greenbelt, the water area and the bare soil in the pixel i;
(5) the relative elevation of the earth surface is calculated, based on the DEM data, the calculation is carried out by utilizing the spatial neighborhood analysis and calculation of a formula (6) in ArcGIS,
in the formula, HriThe relative elevation value of the ith pixel element is obtained; hiThe real elevation value of the ith pixel element is obtained; hminAnd min is a minimum value of pixel elevation in the ith pixel neighborhood range, and is a function of taking the minimum value.
3. The system for accurately identifying and calculating the efficacy of targets in suitable areas for ecological sponge-type city construction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the suitable area space identification module is specifically realized as follows:
(1) according to the suitability degree of the suitable area space identification evaluation factor for the ecological sponge type city construction, classifying the suitable area space identification evaluation factor by utilizing an ArcGIS natural breakpoint method and a quantile method, dividing an impervious ground surface proportion M, a sensible heat ratio SHR, a runoff coefficient R and a relative elevation H into 5 grades, and generating classified suitable area evaluation factor data;
in the formula, Mi、SHRi、Ri、HiThe scale of the ith impervious earth surface, the sensible heat ratio, the runoff coefficient and the relative elevation suitability grade are respectively, and the value of i is {1,2,3,4 and 5 };
(2) the ecological sponge type city construction suitable grade evaluation method comprises the following steps of carrying out grid superposition operation by utilizing a GIS space analysis tool according to graded suitable region evaluation factor data, calculating the suitability grade of ecological sponge city construction in different regions to obtain the suitable grade space data of the ecological sponge type city construction, extracting the higher and high suitable grade of the apparent heat ratio and the higher and high suitable grade of the runoff coefficient by utilizing grid calculation, respectively using the extracted suitable grade and high suitable grade as a heat island regulation and control suitable region and a rainfall flood regulation suitable region, and using the extracted suitable grade and high suitable grade as input data of an index control and measure design module, wherein the identification of the suitability grade and the suitable region is specifically calculated as follows:
wherein Int is an integer ofInteger function, max being a function of taking the maximum value, SIiAn ith suitability grade area is constructed in the ecological sponge type city, and the value of i is {1,2,3,4,5 }; j is the number of evaluation factors satisfying the ith suitability level; miThe impermeable ground surface proportion of the ith suitability grade; SHRiIs the ith suitability level sensible heat ratio; riThe surface runoff coefficient of the ith suitability grade; hiThe ith fitness level relative elevation; HR is a heat island regulation suitable area, and FR is a rain flood regulation suitable area.
4. The system for accurately identifying and calculating the efficacy of targets in suitable areas for ecological sponge-type city construction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the index control and measure design module is specifically realized as follows:
(1) according to a city planning design target, referring to city overall planning, sponge city planning and city land characteristics, determining surface flow control and heat island control indexes in an urban area, a built-up area, a functional area, rainfall flood regulation and heat island control suitable area, and calculating regulation proportions of city watertight land and green land under different scales;
(2) the regulation ratios of the water-tight land surface and the green land of the urban area, the built-up area, the functional area and the rainfall flood regulation suitable area are calculated in a mode that according to the total surface runoff control rate of the planning design, the formula (9) is utilized to calculate the total runoff control rate of the current area and the difference between the total runoff control rate and the design target, and the area ratio of the water-tight land surface and the green land to be regulated is calculated,
in the formula, TR0Is the total current runoff of the area, Qisa，Qveg，QotherRunoff for current area impervious terrain, greenbelt and other terrain coverage types, respectively; TR (transmitter-receiver)1Is the total amount of runoff, Q 'of the regional planning design'isa，Q’veg，Q’otherImpervious ground surface, green land and the like, respectively, for planning and design scenariosIts surface coverage type runoff;
is the average runoff for the current greenfield area,
the average runoff of the impervious surface, S is the area of the impervious surface and the green land which needs to be optimized; ISAmAnd VegmIs the regulation ratio of the water-tight surface and the green land;
(3) the regulation ratio of the impermeable ground and the greenbelt of the city area, the built-up area, the functional area and the heat island regulation and control suitable area is calculated in the following way, the difference between the average surface temperature of the current area and the surface temperature under the situation of higher thermal comfort is calculated by using a formula (10), the area ratio of the impermeable ground and the greenbelt of the area needing to be regulated is calculated,
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
is the average surface temperature of the current area;
is the average surface temperature after optimization of the coverage space of the regional surface; delta Temp is the difference between the surface temperatures of the areas needing to be adjusted; p is the number of pixels of the optimized impermeable ground and green land; tempisa，Tempveg，TempwaterAnd TempotherAverage surface temperatures for impervious surfaces, greenbelts, water areas and other surface covering types, respectively; m, n, o and s are the total number of pixels of the impervious earth surface, the green land, the water area and other earth surface covering types before optimizing the earth surface covering space respectively; m 'and n' are the total number of the pixels of the water-impermeable ground and the green land respectively after the ground surface covering optimization; ISAmAnd VegmIs relative toThe area adjustment proportion of the corresponding water-tight surface and green land;
(4) the characteristics of the urban subsurface include the distance from roads, rivers and buildings, the soil type, the coverage type of the subsurface, the gradient and the elevation;
(5) the design of the ground surface space optimization measures of the rain flood regulation suitable area and the heat island regulation suitable area is to identify the layout positions of the space optimization measures by utilizing GIS space analysis according to the urban ground surface underlying surface characteristics and the construction conditions of different space optimization measures to obtain a space optimization measure drawing of the ecological sponge city suitable area, and the space optimization measure drawing is used as input data of the ecological sponge city construction efficacy measuring and calculating module.
5. The system for accurately identifying and calculating the efficacy of targets in suitable areas for ecological sponge-type city construction according to claim 1, characterized in that: the construction efficacy measuring and calculating module is specifically realized as follows:
(1) the method for calculating the reduction of the surface runoff and evaluating the urban rainfall flood regulation effect in the space optimization area comprises the steps of drawing according to space optimization measures of the ecological sponge urban rainfall flood regulation suitable area, calculating the watertight surface and greenbelt area of the rainfall flood regulation suitable area, calculating the control rate of the total amount of the surface runoff after the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge type urban construction suitable area are implemented by using a hydrological model, calculating the improvement rate of the control rate of the total amount of the surface runoff after the space optimization measures are implemented, representing the construction effect of urban rainfall flood regulation, and the measuring and calculating method is shown in a formula (11),
in the formula, TRmThe total amount of surface runoff of the area after space optimization measures of the rainfall flood regulation suitable area are implemented; q ″)isa，Q″veg，Q″otherRespectively adjusting runoff of impervious ground surfaces, green lands and other ground surface covering types of the areas after space optimization measures of the suitable areas are implemented for the rainfall flood; TR (transmitter-receiver)0Is a space optimization measure for regulating suitable area of rain floodTotal surface runoff in the pre-application area; TR (transmitter-receiver)cThe improvement rate of the surface runoff total amount control rate after the space optimization measures are implemented;
(2) the method for calculating the cooling benefit of the space optimization area and evaluating the regulation and control effect of the urban heat island comprises the steps of drawing according to the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge urban heat island regulation and control suitable area, calculating the water-tight surface area and the green area of the heat island regulation and control suitable area, calculating the average surface temperature after the space optimization measures of the ecological sponge type urban construction suitable area are implemented, calculating the reduction ratio of the average surface temperature after the space optimization measures are implemented, and representing the construction effect of the urban heat island regulation and control, and the measuring and calculating method is shown in a formula (12),
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,
the average surface temperature of the area after the space optimization measures of the heat island regulation and control suitable area are implemented;
the regional average earth surface temperature before the space optimization measures of the heat island regulation and control suitable region are implemented; m ', n', o and s are the total number of pixels of the impervious earth surface, the green land, the water area and other earth surface coverage types after earth surface coverage optimization respectively; tempcIs the rate of decrease of the average surface temperature of the area after the space optimization measures are implemented.
6. A method for accurately identifying and calculating the efficacy of targets in suitable areas for ecological sponge type city construction is characterized by comprising the following steps:
s1, acquiring required urban spatial data, acquiring and processing remote sensing data and basic geographic data of an urban area, wherein the remote sensing data comprises Landsat OLI remote sensing image data and MODIS remote sensing image data, the basic geographic data comprises DEM data, soil type data, urban functional division data, river data, road data and meteorological data, and proper area spatial identification evaluation factor data comprising urban impervious surface proportion, surface apparent heat ratio, surface runoff coefficient and surface relative elevation are calculated by utilizing ArcGIS and ENVI software;
s2, calculating graded suitable region evaluation factor data according to the suitable region space identification evaluation factor data and the suitable grade of the suitable region space identification evaluation factor data to the ecological sponge type city construction, then evaluating the suitable grade of the ecological sponge type city construction by utilizing a GIS space superposition analysis method, and dividing a rainfall flood regulation suitable region and a heat island regulation and control suitable region;
s3, calculating the regulation proportion of the impervious ground surface and the green land in the urban area, the built-up area, the functional area, the rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation and control suitable area according to the urban planning overall planning design target, and then designing the ground surface space optimization measures of the rainfall flood regulation suitable area and the heat island regulation and control suitable area by GIS space superposition analysis according to the evaluation result of the ecological sponge type urban construction suitable area and the urban ground surface underlying surface characteristics;
s4, calculating the proportion of the water-tight land and the green land in the space optimization area according to the rainfall flood regulation suitable area and the heat island regulation suitable area ground surface space optimization measures, and further calculating the reduction and cooling benefits of the ground surface runoff to obtain the rainfall flood regulation and heat island regulation and control effects of the ecological sponge city construction.
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