CN109712730B - High-voltage electric pulse disintegration spherical fuel element device containing ring clamp - Google Patents
High-voltage electric pulse disintegration spherical fuel element device containing ring clamp Download PDFInfo
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- CN109712730B CN109712730B CN201811637823.XA CN201811637823A CN109712730B CN 109712730 B CN109712730 B CN 109712730B CN 201811637823 A CN201811637823 A CN 201811637823A CN 109712730 B CN109712730 B CN 109712730B
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
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Abstract
A high-voltage electric pulse disintegration device for spherical fuel element contains a support, a lifting mechanism, a discharge cavity, a high-voltage electrode, a ground electrode and a ring clamp. The lifting mechanism is arranged at the bottom of the bracket; the high-voltage electrode is fixed on the top of the bracket; the discharge cavity is fixed on the lifting mechanism; the high-voltage electrode and the ground electrode are both in a flat plate shape; the ground electrode is fixed at the bottom of the discharge cavity and also used as a screen; the circular ring clamp is fixed on the ground electrode; the fuel element is fixed in a self-adaptive mode through a circular ring clamp, and the distance between the fuel element and the high-voltage electrode is 1-8 mm. When high-voltage pulse discharge is carried out, the fuel element is disintegrated by shock waves generated by the discharge, and fragments are filtered out by the ground electrode; the lifting platform adjusts the discharge gap and continues to discharge until the fuel elements are completely disassembled. The device can directly and completely disintegrate the fuel element, has high disintegration energy efficiency, and obviously reduces the working voltage; and has the advantages of small volume, no secondary pollution and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a device for disassembling a spherical fuel element by high-voltage electric pulses, which is suitable for a device for disassembling a spherical fuel element of a high-temperature reactor under a radioactive condition and belongs to the technical field of post-treatment of radioactive spent fuel.
Background
The post-treatment of spent fuel of a high-temperature gas cooled reactor is very important, and special disassembly research needs to be carried out according to the structural specificity of a spherical fuel element used by the spent fuel. Among various disintegration methods, the high-voltage electric pulse method has the characteristics of high disintegration speed, no consumption of chemical reagents in the treatment process, no generation of secondary waste and no generation of dust, and is a method with better development prospect.
At present, no special device for disassembling the high-temperature reactor fuel element by using high-voltage electric pulses exists, and the existing relevant report is that a commercial high-voltage electric pulse device is adopted to disassemble cylindrical graphite blocks, TRISO particles, graphite fragments and the like, so that the energy waste phenomenon exists, and the energy efficiency of disassembly is low. The reason for this is that since the device is a commercial device, the device is normally used for breaking an insulator or a material in which the insulator covers a small amount of a conductor, and therefore, the situation that the high-voltage electrode and the ground electrode are short-circuited during discharge is not considered, and when the material is a graphite material, the graphite is conductive, which may cause short-circuiting between the high-voltage electrode and the ground electrode. In order to prevent the high-voltage electric pulse device from being damaged by short circuit, under the condition that an internal electric loop of a commercial device cannot be changed, the existing report adopts a solution method that a gap is artificially increased between a high-voltage electrode and a ground electrode, and the resistor during breakdown of an aqueous medium is used as a current-limiting resistor during short circuit, so that the waste of energy is caused.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a device for disassembling a spherical fuel element by high-voltage electric pulses, which comprises a ring clamp, is used as a special device for disassembling a high-temperature reactor fuel element by a high-voltage electric pulse method, works under relatively low voltage, is resistant to short circuit of a high-voltage electrode and a ground electrode, does not need to additionally increase a current-limiting resistor, and further improves the safety and energy efficiency of a system.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a device for disassembling spherical fuel elements by high-voltage electric pulses comprises a bracket, a lifting mechanism, a high-voltage electrode, a discharge cavity and a ground electrode; the lifting mechanism is arranged on the bracket; the discharge cavity is fixed on the lifting flat mechanism; the high-voltage electrode is arranged on the top of the bracket and is insulated from the bracket; the ground electrode is fixed at the bottom of the discharge cavity; the method is characterized in that: the device also comprises a circular ring clamp with a blade at the upper part; the circular ring clamp is fixed on the ground electrode; the high-temperature reactor spherical fuel element is placed on the cutting edge of the circular ring clamp, and the distance between the high-temperature reactor spherical fuel element and the high-voltage electrode is 1-8 mm.
Preferably, the high-voltage electrode discharge part is in a flat plate structure.
Preferably, the main body of the ground electrode discharge part is in the shape of a flat plate structure with a screen.
Preferably, a labyrinth seal structure is adopted between the discharge cavity and the high-voltage electrode.
In the technical scheme, the lifting mechanism comprises a lifting platform, an electric push rod and a stroke measuring element, wherein the stroke measuring element adopts a resistance ruler; the lifting platform is connected with the bracket through an electric push rod; one end of the electric push rod is fixed on the lifting platform, and the other end of the electric push rod is fixed on the bracket.
Another feature of the invention is: an insulating cylinder for preventing the side wall from discharging is arranged between the discharge cavity and the high-voltage electrode, and the insulating cylinder is made of polyurethane, polyether-ether-ketone or zirconia toughened ceramic. The insulation between the high-voltage electrode and the support is made of polycarbonate material, and the polycarbonate material is coated with a UV coating.
The invention has the following advantages and prominent effects: the invention can directly and completely disintegrate complete spherical fuel elements; the disintegration energy efficiency of the invention is high, which is about 2.6 times of the energy efficiency of the optimal embodiment in the literature report; the treatment process of the invention does not consume chemical reagent, does not generate secondary waste and does not generate dust. When the complete fuel element is crushed, the invention works at the voltage of about 60kV, which is obviously lower than the voltage of 200-420kV in the literature report, thereby reducing the requirements on high-voltage power supply and high-voltage protection. The invention adopts the self-adaptive clamp with the circular cutting edge, has small volume, uses less than 1L of water and is suitable for being used as experimental research equipment.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an isometric cross-sectional view of the apparatus of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a partially enlarged view of fig. 1.
Fig. 3 is a further enlarged partial view of fig. 2.
FIG. 4 is an isometric view of a high temperature stack fuel sphere fuel element placed on a ring fixture.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of adaptive clamping of a high temperature stack fuel sphere fuel element.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a high-voltage electric pulse full circuit in which the device of the present invention is located.
FIG. 7 is a schematic circuit diagram of the high voltage electrode-to-ground short circuit on-line detection device included in the device of the present invention.
In the figure: 1-a scaffold; 2-a lifting mechanism; 3-a high voltage electrode; 4-a labyrinth seal structure; 5-a discharge cavity; 6-high temperature stack spherical fuel elements; 7-an insulating cylinder; 8-a circular ring clamp; 9-ground electrode; 10-a measuring element; 11-an electric push rod; 12-a pulsed high voltage power supply; 13-high voltage charging current limiting resistor; 14-high voltage energy storage capacitor; 15-high voltage discharge current equalizing resistance; 16-high voltage discharge air switch; 17-rogowski coils for measuring pulse current; 18-the device of the invention; 19-lead acid batteries; 20-lead acid battery current limiting protection resistor and diode; 21-ammeter bypass protection capacitance; 22-ammeter bypass protection TVS; 23-ammeter current-limiting protection of copper sulfate water resistance; 24-ammeter.
Detailed Description
The invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific examples:
referring to fig. 1, 2 and 3, the device for disintegrating spherical fuel elements by high-voltage electric pulses, which comprises a circular ring fixture, comprises a support 1, a lifting mechanism 2, a high-voltage electrode 3, a discharge cavity 5 and a ground electrode 9, wherein the lifting mechanism 2 is mounted on the support 1; the discharge cavity 5 is fixed on the lifting mechanism 2; the high-voltage electrode 3 is arranged on the top of the bracket and is insulated from the bracket; the ground electrode 9 is fixed at the bottom of the discharge cavity. The device still contains a ring anchor clamps 8 that upper portion has the cutting edge, ring anchor clamps 8 be fixed in on ground electrode 9, high temperature heap spherical fuel element 6 places on ring anchor clamps, high temperature heap spherical fuel element 6 with high-voltage electrode's distance be 1 ~ 8 mm.
Referring to fig. 3, the discharge portion of the high voltage electrode 3 is a flat plate structure, and the discharge portion of the ground electrode 7 is also a flat plate structure with a screen. The reason for selecting the flat plate counter electrode is that the flat plate counter electrode can self-adaptively discharge at the convex part of the spherical fuel element or the fragment of the fuel element, and the part needing to be processed most of the fragment of the fuel element or the fuel element is processed nearby; the shock wave can be reflected back and forth between the flat plates, and the crushing efficiency is increased. The device of the invention adopts the flat counter electrode, and a section of water gap below the screen of the fuel element is eliminated, so the energy efficiency is improved. In the case where the energy per pulse of the device of the present invention coincides with the energy per pulse of the embodiment of the prior document, the energy efficiency is calculated as the mass number of the component disintegrated per pulse, and the efficiency of the device is about 2.6 times the efficiency of the preferred embodiment of the document.
Meanwhile, the flat counter electrode is adopted, so that the fuel element or fuel element fragments can be discharged nearby in a self-adaptive manner, the discharge gap is obviously reduced, generally is 1-8mm, and is obviously smaller than the 50mm discharge gap required for crushing the massive graphite material in the existing document, and the discharge working voltage is obviously reduced. Therefore, the required maximum operating voltage is also below 60 kV. In the prior art, a high-voltage direct-current power supply can directly provide 60kV direct-current high voltage, and the voltage is further high, and a Marx device (parallel charging-series discharging) is required to be used for multiplication.
Referring to fig. 4 and 5, the circular ring fixture 8 is provided with a knife edge at the top, and can fix the spherical fuel element when the spherical fuel element is not broken. If the spherical fuel element is not fixed during initial high-voltage pulse discharge, the fuel element can roll continuously, so that crushing gaps cannot be formed in the fuel element in a centralized manner, and the crushing efficiency can be greatly reduced; once the fuel elements are broken from a spherical shape into large pieces, the geometric robustness of the spherical shape is lost and it is no longer necessary to clamp them. Under radioactive, high pulse voltage, high pulse flush pressure conditions, clamping requiring external energy to actuate the operation is difficult. Therefore, an adaptive clamping method is required. In order to meet the requirements, the designed circular cutting edge can fix the sphere in a self-adaptive manner when the spherical fuel element rolls into the side wall discharge-preventing insulating material cylinder 7 in the discharge cavity 5, and the cutting edge can be embedded into the sphere under the action of shock waves during discharge to further prevent the sphere from rolling. The shock wave can be concentrated on the ball and act on the ball to form a crushing gap, so that the whole ball can be quickly crushed into large fragments. After the fragments are formed, the circular cutting edge loses the clamping effect, but at the moment, the fragments are easily broken and do not need to be clamped any more.
The flat plate part of the ground electrode 9 is provided with sieve holes, and the ground electrode is also used as a screen mesh for filtering out particles after the fuel elements are broken and disintegrated. The ground electrode also serves as a screen, so that the structure can be simplified, and debris can be discharged more conveniently.
The insulating material used when the high-voltage electrode 3 is installed on the bracket 1 is polycarbonate, and a UV coating is coated on the polycarbonate material. This is because the high voltage electrode is subjected to a strong mechanical impact during the discharge of the high voltage electrical pulse, and the insulating material fixing the high voltage electrode must have a good mechanical impact resistance. Among the insulating materials, polycarbonate has the best resistance to mechanical impact. The UV coating is used for overcoming the defect that polycarbonate is not resistant to ultraviolet rays and prolonging the service life of the polycarbonate.
The lifting mechanism 2 comprises a lifting platform, an electric push rod 11 and a measuring element 10, and the measuring element can be a resistance ruler. The power part adopts the electric push rod as the power part, and has the advantages of reduced size, high repeatability precision, and easy use and maintenance compared with a hydraulic part; the resistance ruler is used as a stroke measuring element, and has the advantages that the resistance ruler does not contain an electronic chip and can endure strong electromagnetic pulse impact during high-voltage electric pulse discharge.
And a labyrinth seal structure 4 is adopted between the discharge cavity 5 and the high-voltage electrode 3. Due to shock waves generated during high-voltage electric pulse discharge, instantaneous high water pressure exists in the discharge cavity 5, reliable sealing is needed to ensure that the water medium does not splash, and reliable sealing materials are lacked under the radioactive condition. The labyrinth seal does not need additional sealing materials, and is a suitable sealing method. An insulating cylinder 7 is arranged between the discharge cavity 5 and the high-voltage electrode 3 and is used for preventing the side wall from discharging; the insulating cylinder is made of polyurethane, polyether-ether-ketone or zirconia toughened ceramic. The materials are selected because they can meet the requirements of insulating property, mechanical strength and radiation resistance under the conditions of radioactivity and shock wave.
Fig. 6 shows the circuit of the whole high-voltage electric pulse circuit in which the device of the present invention is located. The high-voltage direct current power supply 12 charges a 7-stage parallel high-voltage energy storage capacitor 14 through a high-voltage charging current-limiting resistor 13, when the charging voltage exceeds the threshold value of a high-voltage discharging air switch 16, the high-voltage discharging air switch 16 is switched on, positive charges rush into the high-voltage electrode 3, the potential is continuously increased until a water gap between the high-voltage electrode 3 and the high-temperature reactor spherical fuel element 6 is broken down, high-voltage electric pulse discharging occurs, and the positive charges return to the negative electrode of the high-voltage energy storage capacitor. The direct grounding of the high-voltage direct current power supply 12 and the ground electrode 9 is virtual connection because in actual wiring, two separate grounds are adopted, but the two grounds are both connected with the ground, and after a long time, the charges can be balanced. The rogowski coil 17 for measuring the pulse current can isolate the large pulse current.
Because the device only needs to adopt the voltage below 60kV, the device can work the high-voltage energy storage capacitor in a parallel charging-parallel discharging mode without using a Marx device, and has the advantage of improving the tolerance capability to short-circuit current. The invention provides a pulse high-voltage 80kV high-voltage energy storage capacitor for the device, and the technical data provided by manufacturers is the maximum instantaneous discharge current of 25 kA. Generally, the working voltage of the device is 60kV at most, the discharge loop has certain impedance due to the influence of the wire resistance, parasitic inductance and parasitic capacitance of the discharge loop, and the corresponding maximum short-circuit instantaneous current is 15kA through experimental determination. In order to improve the tolerance capability of the energy storage capacitor group to the short-circuit current, 7-level parallel connection is carried out on the high-voltage energy storage capacitor, and a current sharing design is made. The current equalizing method is that flat stainless steel wire row with the same mechanical size is used to connect the high voltage energy-storing capacitor to the copper row in parallel. Because the resistivity of the stainless steel is far higher than that of copper, the flat stainless steel wire bar is a good current sharing resistor, the absolute resistance value of the flat stainless steel wire bar is very small, but the flat stainless steel wire bar is higher than that of a copper bar, the influence of different distances from the high-voltage energy storage capacitors to the main copper bar can be ignored during discharging, and the discharging current on the high-voltage energy storage capacitors is relatively uniform. The high-voltage discharge current equalizing resistor 15 in fig. 6 uses a flat stainless steel wire row. Experiments have determined that, even if short-circuit occurs during high-voltage pulse discharge, the instantaneous discharge current of each high-voltage energy-storage capacitor is about 2.2kA, which is far lower than the maximum instantaneous discharge current of 25kA provided by manufacturers. Therefore, the device provided by the invention can resist the short circuit of the high-voltage electrode to the ground, has higher safety, and provides convenience for online measurement of the discharge gap of the high-voltage electrode.
Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a circuit for online measurement of a high voltage electrode to ground short circuit employed in the present invention. An independent lead-acid battery 19 is used as a detection signal power supply, a current-limiting resistor and a protection circuit are included in a loop, and the high-voltage electrode 3, the high-temperature stack spherical fuel element 6 and the ground electrode 9 are connected in series into the loop. Even pure water has certain conductivity, and the conductivity of water is gradually increased in the process of fuel element degradation, so that the mark for judging the short circuit of the high-voltage electrode 3 to the ground is not that the current of a pointer ammeter reaches a certain value, but that the current changes suddenly along with the stroke curve of the high-voltage electrode 3, and the sudden change point is a short circuit point. In order to enable the measuring device to resist strong electromagnetic impact during high-voltage pulse discharge, the invention adopts a non-electromagnetic sensitive element, and protects the detection element by RC resistance-capacitance buffer filtering, transient suppression diodes and other protection means. Particularly, the resistor of the RC resistance-capacitance buffer filter is suitable for a copper sulfate water resistor, and the water resistor is easy to manufacture and has high power density.
The device of the invention can endure the short circuit of the high-voltage electrode to the ground, can determine that the stroke of the high-voltage electrode to the ground is 0 by the on-line short circuit of the high-voltage electrode to the ground, and then moves one end distance with the zero point, namely the distance of the high-voltage electrode to the ground, so that the size of the discharge gap of the high-voltage electric pulse can be determined. The reason for adopting the method for determining the discharge gap is that one end forming the discharge gap is fuel element fragments and has irregular shapes; meanwhile, pulse high voltage and high water voltage exist in the discharge cavity, so that the size of a discharge gap is difficult to directly measure in the discharge cavity. However, it is relatively easy to change the discharge gap to 0 by short-circuiting the high-voltage electrode to ground; it is relatively easy to measure the stroke of the high voltage electrode from the outside. The purpose of changing the gap of the high-voltage electrode 3 into a specified size is achieved by moving the discharge gap of the high-voltage electrode 3 to 0 and then moving the high-voltage electrode 3 by a measurable stroke.
Example (b):
the method is used for the process of disintegrating the spherical fuel element of the high-temperature reactor by the shock wave generated by the high-voltage electric pulse under the radioactive condition; the specific operation steps are as follows: for the device, a 60kV high-voltage direct-current power supply 12 supplies power to the device through a 7-stage parallel high-voltage energy storage capacitor 14, a high-voltage discharge air switch 16 controls discharge voltage and frequency, the gap of the high-voltage discharge air switch 16 is determined to be 18mm, the discharge mode is self-breakdown discharge, the discharge frequency is about 1Hz, and a fuel element integral disintegration experiment is carried out. Before the cracking element starts, the lifting mechanism 2 is lowered, and the high-voltage electrode 3 is pulled out of the discharge cavity 5; removing the labyrinth seal structure 4 of the discharge cavity 5, adding deionized water medium into the discharge cavity 5, rolling the high-temperature reactor spherical fuel element 6 into the discharge cavity 5, and automatically clamping and positioning the high-temperature reactor spherical fuel element 6 by the circular ring clamp 8; installing a labyrinth seal structure 4 of a discharge cavity 5, lifting the lifting mechanism 2, pressing the high-voltage electrode 3 into the discharge cavity 5, and short-circuiting the high-voltage electrode to the ground; lowering the lifting mechanism 2 again, and determining that the gap between the high-voltage electrode 3 and the high-temperature reactor spherical fuel element 3 is 3 mm; starting the high-voltage direct-current power supply 12, and performing high-voltage electric pulse discharge for about 500 times; during the process, the gap of the high-voltage electrode 3 to the spherical fuel element 6 or spherical fuel element fragments of the high-temperature reactor is determined to be 3mm every 50 times; after about 500 times, the stroke of the high-voltage electrode 3 cannot be increased, which indicates that the spherical fuel element 6 of the high-temperature reactor is completely crushed; stopping high-voltage discharge, and completely discharging the high-voltage residual charge by using a discharge rod after a period of time; and opening an outlet valve of the discharge cavity 5 to discharge and collect the debris. The spherical fuel element is completely crushed by inspection, the crushing efficiency is 0.4 g/high-voltage electric pulse, no dust is generated in the crushing process, the graphite fragments still keep the original chemical composition and crystal form, and no secondary pollution is caused.
Claims (5)
1. A device for disassembling spherical fuel elements by high-voltage electric pulses comprises a bracket (1), a lifting mechanism (2), a high-voltage electrode (3), a discharge cavity (5) and a ground electrode (9); the lifting mechanism (2) is arranged on the bracket (1); the discharge cavity (5) is fixed on the lifting flat mechanism; the high-voltage electrode (3) is arranged at the top of the bracket and is insulated from the bracket; the ground electrode (9) is fixed at the bottom of the discharge cavity; the method is characterized in that: the device also comprises a circular ring clamp (6) with a blade on the upper part; the circular ring clamp (6) is fixed on the ground electrode (9); the high-temperature reactor spherical fuel element (6) is placed on the cutting edge of the circular ring clamp (8), and the distance between the high-temperature reactor spherical fuel element (6) and the high-voltage electrode (3) is 1-8 mm; the discharge part of the high-voltage electrode (3) is in a flat plate structure; the main body of the discharge part of the ground electrode (9) is in a flat plate structure with a screen mesh.
2. The apparatus for disassembling spherical fuel elements by high-voltage electric pulses comprising a ring fixture according to claim 1, wherein: and a labyrinth seal structure is adopted between the discharge cavity (5) and the high-voltage electrode (3).
3. The apparatus for disassembling spherical fuel elements by high-voltage electric pulses comprising a ring fixture according to claim 1, wherein: the lifting mechanism comprises a lifting platform, an electric push rod (11) and a stroke measuring element (10), wherein the stroke measuring element adopts a resistance ruler; the lifting platform is connected with the bracket (1) through an electric push rod (11); one end of the electric push rod is fixed on the lifting platform, and the other end of the electric push rod is fixed on the bracket (1).
4. The apparatus for disassembling spherical fuel elements by high-voltage electric pulses comprising a ring fixture according to claim 1, wherein: an insulating cylinder (7) for preventing the side wall from discharging is arranged between the discharge cavity (5) and the high-voltage electrode (3), and the insulating cylinder is made of polyurethane, polyether-ether-ketone or zirconia toughened ceramic.
5. The apparatus for disassembling spherical fuel elements by high-voltage electric pulses comprising a ring fixture according to claim 1, wherein: the insulation between the high-voltage electrode (3) and the bracket (1) is made of polycarbonate material, and the polycarbonate material is coated with a UV coating.
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| CN201811637823.XA CN109712730B (en) | 2018-12-29 | 2018-12-29 | High-voltage electric pulse disintegration spherical fuel element device containing ring clamp |
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| CN201811637823.XA CN109712730B (en) | 2018-12-29 | 2018-12-29 | High-voltage electric pulse disintegration spherical fuel element device containing ring clamp |
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| CN109712730B true CN109712730B (en) | 2020-11-20 |
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| JP2000284090A (en) * | 1999-03-31 | 2000-10-13 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co Ltd | Method for reprocessing spent nuclear fuel |
| KR100767053B1 (en) * | 2006-01-11 | 2007-10-17 | 한국원자력연구원 | Preparation method of metal uranium and apparatus thereused |
| CN100440385C (en) * | 2006-05-26 | 2008-12-03 | 清华大学 | Stripping method for matrix graphite of simulated HTGR spent fuel element sphere |
| CN105161146B (en) * | 2015-08-11 | 2017-05-24 | 清华大学 | Bottom entering gas testing device for planar SOEC (solid oxide electrolyzer cell) stack |
| CN105185418B (en) * | 2015-09-08 | 2017-11-21 | 清华大学 | A kind of full ceramic mould coated fuel particles and preparation method thereof, fuel element |
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