CN109684967A - A kind of soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods based on SSD convolutional network - Google Patents

A kind of soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods based on SSD convolutional network Download PDF

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CN109684967A
CN109684967A CN201811540821.9A CN201811540821A CN109684967A CN 109684967 A CN109684967 A CN 109684967A CN 201811540821 A CN201811540821 A CN 201811540821A CN 109684967 A CN109684967 A CN 109684967A
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ssd
soybean plant
plant strain
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宁姗
陈海涛
王业成
史乃煜
王星
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Northeast Agricultural University
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Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods based on SSD convolutional network, comprising the following steps: acquisition single plant soybean sample image obtains soybean plant strain image library;Manual mark is carried out to stem pod, beanpod marks the beanpod tip not being blocked, and stalk marks stalk exposed part, and image library is divided into training set, verifying collection, test set without duplicate;Random image enhancing and data amplification are carried out to the training set image marked, and automatic mark again increases image newly;SSD convolutional network is constructed, with the characteristic pattern of different levels, carries out multiple scale detecting;The training set is randomly selected to the training for being used for SSD convolutional neural networks, and determines the learning parameter in the SSD convolutional neural networks;Test set is transported in trained SSD convolutional neural networks and carries out identification test, and by recognition result label in the original image in the test sample.A kind of soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods based on SSD convolutional network is provided, intelligentized identification is carried out to soybean plant strain stem pod by network training, high degree of automation effectively improves the efficiency to the detection of soybean plant strain stem pod.

Description

A kind of soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods based on SSD convolutional network
Technical field
The present invention relates to the technical fields of Computer Image Processing recognition methods, more particularly, to a kind of based on SSD's The soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of convolutional network.
Background technique
Soybean is the main source of the important grain and oil dual-purpose crop in the world and mankind's high-quality protein.It is both that China is main One of crop, and the crop of most economic benefit.The data of whole strain soybean trait are collected, arrange by soybean species test work And statistics, it is an important link during the genetic breeding for analyzing soybean crops.It is used currently, soybean species test work is main Manual operation, however manual operation not only consumes a large amount of manpower and material resources, exists simultaneously human error, brings later data point The inaccuracy of analysis.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome the deficiencies of the prior art and provide a kind of plants of the soybean of convolutional network based on SSD Machine vision is applied to soybean species test work, can not only improve soybean plant strain trait data precision by strain stem pod recognition methods, Human error is reduced, shortens the species test period, moreover it is possible to reduce labor intensity, develop to intelligent, rapid, accuracy direction.
In order to solve the above technical problems, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is that:
A kind of soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of convolutional network based on SSD is provided, comprising the following steps:
S1. single plant is acquired by the position that Canon's 5D Mark II camera is fixed on apart from blue background cloth 120cm Soybean sample image obtains soybean plant strain image library;
S2. sample image all in image library described in traversal step S1 carries out beanpod, stalk to every sample image Manual mark, the beanpod tip not being blocked is labeled as beanpod class, stalk exposed part marks stalk class, obtains original graph Image set;
S3. random image enhancing and data amplification are carried out for the training set image marked described in step S2.It adopts Image enhancement is carried out with adaptive histogram equalization;Using the random adjustment in RGB color channel in certain threshold value and it is horizontal, Vertical mirror overturning and Random-Rotation, translation carry out data amplification, and are cut between two parties to the image after rotation, translation It takes, image after processing abandons mark if target is beyond boundary, obtains enhancing amplification training set;
S4. SSD convolutional network is constructed, with the characteristic pattern of different levels, carries out multiple scale detecting;
S5. training sample in step S2, S3 is transported to SSD convolutional neural networks progress pre-training and iteration pre-training obtains Model after to pre-training, while determining the learning parameter in the SSD convolutional neural networks;
S6. the test set is transported in the trained SSD convolutional neural networks and carries out identification test, and will known Output recognition result of classification results of the confidence level greater than 40% as test sample in other result.
Soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods based on SSD convolutional network of the invention, joined fused layer for the thin of low layer Section is directly delivered to a kind of high-rise residual error structure, takes full advantage of the more rulers of characteristic pattern progress that SSD network chooses different levels The characteristics of degree detection, existing method is compensated for deforming, block, the defect that continuous overlapped objects detection accuracy is poor.The present invention Have the advantages that convolutional neural networks, while reducing the interference of image background, ambient brightness have relatively by force to blocking and being overlapped Anti-interference ability, improve soybean plant strain stem pod detection accuracy rate.
Preferably, the manual mark for carrying out beanpod, stalk described in step S2 to every sample image, will not be blocked Beanpod tip be labeled as beanpod class, stalk exposed part marks stalk class.The only Partial Feature of label target can be improved and hide Recognition accuracy under gear, overlapping cases.
Preferably, random image enhancing is carried out for the training set image marked described in step S2 and data expand Increase.Image enhancement is carried out using adaptive histogram equalization;Using in certain threshold value RGB color channel it is random adjustment and Horizontal, vertical mirror overturning and Random-Rotation, translation carry out data amplification, and occupy to the image after rotation, translation Middle interception, the method that image after processing abandons mark if target is beyond boundary.
Preferably, SSD model described in step S4 increases by one layer of fused layer and four convolutional layers in VGG-16 network It constructs, the establishment step of training pattern is as follows in step S4:
It S41. is input, the characteristic pattern obtained in convolutional layer to image convolution operation with soybean plant strain sample image;
S42. to increasing Add4_3 layers in VGG-16 network, Add4_3 is by two characteristic patterns of Maxpool3 and Conv4_2 It after merging (Add), is activated through ReLU, and by being constituted after Batch Normalization (BN) normalization, Add4_3 conduct Conv4_3 layers of input, Conv4_3 layer in network, Fc7 layers, Conv8_2~Conv11_2 layers of characteristic pattern is with volume 3 × 3 Product core carries out convolution, realizes the confidence level of output category and the location information of output regression respectively;
S43. all export structures are merged, handles to obtain testing result by non-maxima suppression.
Characteristic pattern by choosing six different levels carries out multiple scale detecting, is retaining the detection to high-level characteristic figure On the basis of, increase the fusion to low-level feature figure, not only takes full advantage of the rich image detailed information of low-level feature figure, but also reach The target detection robustness effect of anti-interference ability, detection and positioning when solving deform, block, being continuously overlapped are asked Topic.
Preferably, when the confidence level of output category, each frame generates the confidence level of two classifications;Output regression When location information, four coordinate values (x, y, w, h) of generation of each frame.
Preferably, characteristic pattern carries out operation as follows in step S41:
Step 1: the characteristic pattern that Conv4_3 layers export being divided into 76 × 38 units, uses four kinds of defaults on each unit Bounding box carries out convolution algorithm using the convolution kernel that size is 3 × 3 on each default boundary frame, exports four elements of frame, It is that transverse and longitudinal coordinate x, the y for exporting the upper left corner of frame and frame return in wide w, the high h and frame of the exported frame of layer respectively Object be belonging respectively to the confidence level of beanpod and stalk;
Step 2: according to identical method in step S411 successively in Fc7 layers, the Conv8_2~Conv11_2 layers of spy exported It is calculated on sign figure;Wherein, each layer characteristic pattern is respectively divided into 38 × 19,20 × 10,1 × 5,6 × 3,1 × 1 units, Default boundary frame number used in each unit is respectively 6,6,6,4,4.
Preferably, less than 15%, the average value of test error is less than the training error of model after pre-training in step S4 20%.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
(1) present invention can be realized the detection of soybean plant strain stem pod and positioning, accuracy rate with higher, and has and stablize Property good, strong antijamming capability, the advantages that versatility is high, to deform, block, the detection accuracy of continuous overlay target it is high, just enough answer With soybean plant strain character detection system.
(2) present invention has the advantages that convolutional neural networks, reduces the interference of image background, ambient brightness, to block with It is overlapped to have strong anti-interference ability, improve the accuracy rate of soybean plant strain stem pod detection.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the flow chart of the soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of the convolutional network based on SSD;
Fig. 2 is the specific flow chart of step S4;
Fig. 3 is the sample image of the soybean plant strain after identifying in the present invention.
Specific embodiment
The attached figures are only used for illustrative purposes and cannot be understood as limitating the patent;In order to better illustrate this embodiment, attached Figure has omission, zooms in or out, and does not represent actual size;To those skilled in the art, certain public affairs in attached drawing Know that structure and its explanation may be omitted and be will be understood by.
The present invention is further illustrated with reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description.
Referring to Fig. 1, the present embodiment is the soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of the convolutional network of the invention based on SSD First embodiment, comprising the following steps:
S1. the position apart from blue background cloth 120cm is fixed on by Canon's 5D Mark II camera and carries out single plant soybean Sample image acquisition, obtains soybean plant strain image library;
S2. sample image all in image set described in traversal step S1 carries out beanpod, stalk to every sample image Manual mark, the beanpod tip not being blocked is labeled as beanpod class, stalk exposed part marks stalk class, obtains original instruction Practice collection;
S3. random image enhancing and data amplification are carried out for the training set image marked described in step S2.It adopts Image enhancement is carried out with adaptive histogram equalization;Using the random adjustment in RGB color channel in certain threshold value and it is horizontal, Vertical mirror overturning and Random-Rotation, translation carry out data amplification, and are cut between two parties to the image after rotation, translation It takes, image after processing abandons mark if target is beyond boundary, obtains enhancing amplification training set;
Referring to Fig. 2, the step S4. of the present embodiment constructs SSD convolutional network, with the characteristic pattern of different levels, carry out more Size measurement;
S5. training sample in step S2, S3 is transported to SSD convolutional neural networks progress pre-training and iteration pre-training obtains Model after to pre-training, while determining the learning parameter in the SSD convolutional neural networks;
S6. the test set is transported in the trained SSD convolutional neural networks and carries out identification test, and will known Output recognition result of classification results of the confidence level greater than 40% as test sample in other result.
In step S1, the position apart from blue background cloth 120cm is fixed on by Canon's 5D Mark II camera and carries out list Strain soybean sample image acquisition, obtains soybean plant strain image library.Specifically, plant sample image collection stores sample using following form Notebook data:
{ image_name, x, y }
Wherein, image_name indicates that soybean plant strain Image Name, x indicate image horizontal pixel value, and y indicates image longitudinal direction picture Element value.
In step S2, all sample images in image library described in traversal step S1 carry out beans to every sample image Pod, the manual of stalk mark, and the beanpod tip not being blocked are labeled as beanpod class, stalk exposed part marks stalk class, obtains Obtain original image set.Specifically, plant sample image is labeled to form image labeling collection to wherein each true frame, image mark Note collection stores flag data using following form:
{ label, xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax }
Wherein, label indicates the classification of mark, and xmin indicates that the abscissa of the minimum image vegetarian refreshments of mark, ymin indicate mark The ordinate of the minimum image vegetarian refreshments of note, xmax indicate that the abscissa of the maximum pixel point of mark, ymax indicate the maximum picture of mark The ordinate of vegetarian refreshments.
In step S4, the establishment step of model is as follows after pre-training:
S41. it is input with soybean plant strain sample image, the feature that convolution algorithm obtains is carried out to image in convolutional layer Figure;
S42. to increasing Add4_3 layers in VGG-16 network, Add4_3 is by two characteristic patterns of Maxpool3 and Conv4_2 It after merging (Add), is activated through ReLU, and by being constituted after Batch Normalization (BN) normalization, Add4_3 conduct Conv4_3 layers of input, Conv4_3 layer in network, Fc7 layers, Conv8_2~Conv11_2 layers of characteristic pattern is with volume 3 × 3 Product core carries out convolution, realizes the confidence level of output category and the location information of output regression respectively;
S43. all export structures are merged, handles to obtain testing result by non-maxima suppression;Wherein, output point The confidence level of class is the confidence level of classification in each prediction block;The location information of output regression is four of each prediction block Coordinate value (x, y, w, h).
Wherein, the characteristic pattern in step S41 carries out operation as follows:
Step 1: the characteristic pattern that Conv4_3 layers export being divided into 76 × 38 units, uses four kinds of defaults on each unit Bounding box carries out convolution algorithm using the convolution kernel that size is 3 × 3 on each default boundary frame, exports four elements of frame, It is that transverse and longitudinal coordinate x, the y for exporting the upper left corner of frame and frame return in wide w, the high h and frame of the exported frame of layer respectively Object be belonging respectively to the confidence level of beanpod and stalk;
Step 2: according to identical method in step S411 successively in Fc7 layers, the Conv8_2~Conv11_2 layers of spy exported It is calculated on sign figure;Wherein, each layer characteristic pattern is respectively divided into 38 × 19,20 × 10,10 × 5,6 × 3,1 × 1 units, Default boundary frame number used in each unit is respectively 6,6,6,4,4.
Characteristic pattern by choosing six different levels carries out multiple scale detecting, is retaining the detection to high-level characteristic figure On the basis of, increase the fusion to low-level feature figure, not only takes full advantage of the rich image detailed information of low-level feature figure, but also reach The target detection robustness effect of anti-interference ability, detection and positioning when solving deform, block, being continuously overlapped are asked Topic.
Increase the VGG-16 subnetwork structure of residual error structure in the present embodiment are as follows:
First layer, continuous use 64 convolution filters that size is 3 × 3 twice, stride 1 are filled (padding) It is 1, obtains two 600 × 300 × 64 convolutional layers (Conv1_1, Conv1_2), after the output for obtaining convolutional layer, use BN layers (batch normalization) is normalized, and then uses ReLU function (Rectified Linear Units) It is activated as nonlinear activation function, the maximum pond layer (Maxpooling) for being again finally 2 × 2 with a window size Pond is carried out, the sampling stride of maximum pond layer (Maxpooling) is 2.
The second layer, continuous use 128 convolution filters that size is 3 × 3 twice, stride 1 are filled (padding) It is 1, obtains two 300 × 150 × 128 convolutional layers (Conv2_1, Conv2_2) and use BN after the output for obtaining convolutional layer Layer (batch normalization) is normalized, and then uses ReLU function (Rectified Linear Units it) is activated as nonlinear activation function, the maximum pond layer for being again finally 2 × 2 with a window size (Maxpooling) pond is carried out, the sampling stride of maximum pond layer (Maxpooling) is 2.
Third layer, continuous use 256 convolution filters that size is 3 × 3 three times, stride 1 are filled (padding) It is 1, obtains three 150 × 75 × 256 convolutional layers (Conv3_1, Conv3_2, Conv3_3), after the output for obtaining convolutional layer, It is normalized using BN layers (batch normalization), then uses ReLU function (Rectified Linear Units it) is activated as nonlinear activation function, the maximum pond layer for being again finally 2 × 2 with a window size (Maxpooling) pond is carried out, the sampling stride of maximum pond layer (Maxpooling) is 2.
4th layer, 512 convolution filters for the use of secondary size being respectively 3 × 3 a, size is 512 of 1 × 1 Convolution filter, 512 convolution filters that a size is 3 × 3, stride 1, filling (padding) are 1, obtain three 76 × 38 × 512 convolutional layer (Conv4_1, Conv4_2, Add4_3, Conv4_3) uses BN after the output for obtaining convolutional layer Layer (batch normalization) is normalized, and then uses ReLU function (Rectified Linear Units it) is activated as nonlinear activation function, the maximum pond layer for being again finally 2 × 2 with a window size (Maxpooling) pond is carried out, the sampling stride of maximum pond layer (Maxpooling) is 2.
Layer 5, continuous use 512 convolution filters that size is 3 × 3 three times, stride 1 are filled (padding) It is 1, obtains three 38 × 19 × 512 convolutional layers (Conv5_1, Conv5_2, Conv5_3), after the output for obtaining convolutional layer, It is normalized using BN layers (batch normalization), then uses ReLU function (Rectified Linear Units it) is activated as nonlinear activation function.
Then, 1024 convolution filters for the use of size being 3 × 3 to the output of Conv5_3, stride 1, filling (padding) it is 1, obtains the Fc6 layer that size is 38 × 19 × 1024, then use 1024 volumes that size is 1 × 1 to Fc6 layers Product filter, stride 1, filling (padding) obtain the Fc7 layer that size is 38 × 19 × 1024 for 1.
Finally, Fc7 layers below increase by four convolutional layers, be respectively size be 20 × 10 × 512 Conv8 layer, 10 × 5 × 256 Conv9 layer, 6 × 3 × 256 Conv10 layer, 1 × 1 × 256 Conv11 layer.
The training error of model is less than 15% after pre-training in step S4, and the average value of test error is less than 20%.Model The calculation method of training error is as follows:
Step 1: each true frame being matched with the default boundary frame that corresponding maximum jaccard coefficient is overlapped, and will be write from memory Recognize bounding box any true frame matching greater than 0.5 Chong Die with jaccard coefficient;
Step 2:i indicates default frame serial number, and j indicates true frame serial number, and p indicates classification sequence number, and 0 is background, and 1 is beanpod, 2 be stalk,Whether to match, the threshold value that is greater than Chong Die with true frame maximum jaccard coefficient be matching value is 1, It otherwise is 0.
Step 3: total target loss function L (x, c, l, g) loses L by positioninglocL is lost with confidence levelconfWeighted sum It obtains:
In formula, N is the number of the default boundary frame to match with true frame, LlocFor positioning loss, LconfFor confidence level damage It losing, x indicates that training sample, c indicate the confidence level of each type objects, and l represents prediction block, and g represents true frame, and α indicates weight, this α in embodiment is set as 0.8;
Positioning loss LlocIn, f (x) is the sectionally smooth function controlled with σ, and d represents default frame, w indicate true frame or The width of default boundary frame, h indicate the height of true frame or default boundary frame, and i indicates i-th of default frame, and j-th of j expression true Real frame, m indicate that (wherein, cx represents central point x-axis coordinate for the location information of true frame or default boundary frame;Cy represents central point y Axial coordinate;W represents the width of frame;H represents the height of frame), p indicates p-th of classification:
In formula,
Confidence level loses LconfFor multi-class softmax loss function, such as formula 8.Wherein,Indicate i-th of default frame, the J true frames correspond to the prediction probability of classification p, and calculation formula is as follows:
The method of the present invention can in soybean plant strain image beanpod and stalk accurately detect with positioning, to blocking and again It is folded that interference is waited to have strong anti-interference ability, improve the accuracy rate of soybean plant strain stem pod detection.Wherein, the sample image It is as shown in Figure 3 to identify result.
Obviously, the above embodiment of the present invention be only to clearly illustrate example of the present invention, and not be pair The restriction of embodiments of the present invention.For those of ordinary skill in the art, may be used also on the basis of the above description To make other variations or changes in different ways.There is no necessity and possibility to exhaust all the enbodiments.It is all this Made any modifications, equivalent replacements, and improvements etc., should be included in the claims in the present invention within the spirit and principle of invention Protection scope within.

Claims (7)

1. a kind of soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of convolutional network based on SSD, which comprises the following steps:
S1. the position apart from blue background cloth 120cm is fixed on by Canon's 5D Mark II camera and carries out single plant soybean sample Image Acquisition obtains soybean plant strain image library;
S2. sample image all in image library described in traversal step S1 carries out the hand of beanpod, stalk to every sample image The beanpod tip not being blocked is labeled as beanpod class by work mark, and stalk exposed part marks stalk class, obtains original image Library, and image library is divided into training set, verifying collection, test set without duplicate;
S3. random image enhancing and data amplification are carried out for the training set image marked described in step S2.Using certainly Adaptive histogram equalizationization carries out image enhancement;Using the random adjustment in RGB color channel in certain threshold value and horizontal, vertical Mirror image switch and Random-Rotation, translation carry out data amplification, and are intercepted between two parties to the image after rotation, translation, pass through Treated, and image abandons mark if target is beyond boundary, obtains enhancing amplification training set;
S4. SSD convolutional network is constructed, with the characteristic pattern of different levels, carries out multiple scale detecting;
S5. by training sample in step S2, S3 be transported to SSD convolutional neural networks carry out pre-training and iteration pre-training obtain it is pre- Model after training, while determining the learning parameter in the SSD convolutional neural networks;
S6. the test set is transported in the trained SSD convolutional neural networks and carries out identification test, and identification is tied Output recognition result of classification results of the confidence level greater than 40% as test sample in fruit.
2. the soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of the convolutional network according to claim 1 based on SSD, which is characterized in that In step S2, the manual mark of beanpod, stalk is carried out to every sample image, the beanpod tip not being blocked is labeled as beanpod Class, stalk exposed part mark stalk class.
3. the soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of the convolutional network according to claim 1 based on SSD, which is characterized in that The training set image marked described in step S3 carries out random image enhancing and data amplification.It is equal using self-adapting histogram Weighing apparatusization carries out image enhancement;Using the random adjustment in RGB color channel in certain threshold value and horizontal, vertical mirror overturning and with Machine rotation, translation carry out data amplification, and are intercepted between two parties to the image after rotation, translation, image after processing The method of mark is abandoned if target is beyond boundary.
4. the soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of the convolutional network according to claim 1 based on SSD, which is characterized in that SSD model described in step S4 increases by one layer of fused layer and four convolution layer buildings in VGG-16 network, instructs in step S4 The establishment step for practicing model is as follows:
It S41. is input, the characteristic pattern obtained in convolutional layer to image convolution operation with soybean plant strain sample image;
S42. to increasing Add4_3 layers in VGG-16 network, Add4_3 is by two characteristic pattern fusions of Maxpool3 and Conv4_2 (Add) it after, is activated through ReLU, and by constituting after Batch Normalization (BN) normalization, Add4_3 is as Conv4_3 The input of layer, Conv4_3 layer in network, Fc7 layers, Conv8_2~Conv11_2 layers of characteristic pattern carries out with 3 × 3 convolution kernels Convolution realizes the confidence level of output category and the location information of output regression respectively;
S43. all export structures are merged, handles to obtain testing result by non-maxima suppression.
5. the soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of the convolutional network according to claim 4 based on SSD, which is characterized in that When the confidence level of output category, each frame generates the confidence level of two classifications;When the location information of output regression, each Four coordinate values (x, y, w, h) of generation of frame.
6. the soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of the convolutional network according to claim 4 based on SSD, which is characterized in that Characteristic pattern carries out operation as follows in step S41:
Step 1: the characteristic pattern that Conv4_3 layers export being divided into 76 × 38 units, uses four kinds of default boundaries on each unit Frame carries out convolution algorithm using the convolution kernel that size is 3 × 3 on each default boundary frame, exports four elements of frame, respectively It is to export transverse and longitudinal coordinate x, the y in the upper left corner of frame and wide w, the high h of frame recurrence the exported frame of layer and the object in frame Body is belonging respectively to the confidence level of beanpod and stalk;
Step 2: according to identical method in step S411 successively in Fc7 layers, the Conv8_2~Conv11_2 layers of characteristic pattern exported On calculated;Wherein, each layer characteristic pattern is respectively divided into 38 × 19,20 × 10,10 × 5,6 × 3,1 × 1 units, each Default boundary frame number used in unit is respectively 6,6,6,4,4.
7. the soybean plant strain stem pod recognition methods of the convolutional network according to claim 1 based on SSD, which is characterized in that The training error of model is less than 15% after pre-training in step S4, and the average value of test error is less than 20%.
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