CN109662808B - 一种髋关节假体 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种髋关节假体，包括球头和球冠形的衬背，所述衬背的内侧设有用于减小衬背与球头磨损的陶瓷片，所述陶瓷片的底端与衬背的内侧焊接连接，所述陶瓷片为分散布置的一组陶瓷片，陶瓷片的外凹曲面与球头的外表面接触构成摩擦副。或者，还包括陶瓷片和支承体，所述陶瓷片为一组陶瓷片，一组陶瓷片分散布置在支承体上，所述衬背的内侧设有凹槽，凹槽用于容纳支承体，所述陶瓷片的外凹曲面与球头的外表面接触构成摩擦副。减小衬背和球头之间的磨损，降低陶瓷碎裂风险，减少金属离子释放，增加人工髋关节运动范围，延长髋关节假体使用寿命。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及生物医学工程骨科内植入物假体技术领域，尤其是涉及一种髋关节假体。
背景技术
人工髋关节置换术是治疗因创伤或疾病导致的髋关节损伤的一种有效的临床治疗方法。人工髋关节***由髋臼和关节柄、球头组成。常见的髋臼由金属衬背和内衬组成，衬背材料为金属，内衬材料为金属、陶瓷和高分子材料，球头材料为金属和陶瓷。球头与内衬接触构成一对摩擦副。
目前临床上使用的人工髋关节有以下几种类型：1、金属球头与金属内衬配副，此配副形成的摩擦副在长期的摩擦磨损过程中，存在有毒的金属离子析出，在人体内累积到一定浓度会导致慢性病变，同时磨损碎屑会诱导假体周围的骨组织产生骨溶解；2、金属或陶瓷球头与高分子内衬配副，此配副形成的摩擦副使高分子内衬的磨损率很高，最常用的高分子材料为超高分子量聚乙烯，其年磨损量约为0.2mm，在长期的摩擦过程中，会导致高分子内衬的厚度不断减少，进而影响内衬的强度，此人工关节***产生了关节大运动范围与力学强度的矛盾，为了解决此矛盾，内衬厚度必须加厚，由此必然产生了与内衬配合的球头的直径减少，故此关节***的运动范围会减少，进而导致关节脱位，引起失效；3、陶瓷球头与陶瓷内衬配副，此配副组成的摩擦副，实验证明磨损最小，同时陶瓷具有惰性和很好的生物相容性，因而陶瓷对陶瓷的人工髋关节***成为目前临床使用的首选。但由于陶瓷材料本身固有的脆性，如果厚度薄，则容易导致碎裂，为了克服此缺点，陶瓷内衬厚度必须加厚，通常约为8～10mm，但由此产生了与之配合的陶瓷球头尺寸不得不变小的问题，从而限制了人工髋关节的运动范围，进而发生关节脱位，导致人工关节失效。
研究表明亚洲人有些日常行为动作的运动范围要明显大于西方人种，尤其蹲和跪，故亚洲人尤需要更大的球头直径，也即更薄的髋臼内衬。
因此，构建具有大尺寸球头和超薄髋臼杯壁的陶瓷对陶瓷新型人工髋关节***，增加人工髋关节的运动范围，减少内衬陶瓷碎裂和磨损量，提高其使用寿命，是提高患者生命质量的必然需求，也是目前亟需解决的难题之一。
发明内容
针对现有技术不足，本发明所要解决的技术问题是提供一种髋关节假体，以达到减小衬背和球头之间的磨损，降低陶瓷碎裂风险，减少金属离子释放，增加人工髋关节运动范围，延长髋关节假体使用寿命的目的。
为了解决上述技术问题，本发明所采用的技术方案为：
该髋关节假体，包括球头和球冠形的衬背，所述衬背的内侧设有用于减小衬背与球头磨损的陶瓷片，所述陶瓷片的底端与衬背的内侧采用焊接方式连接，所述陶瓷片为分散布置的一组陶瓷片，陶瓷片的外凹曲面与球头的外表面接触构成摩擦副；
或者，还包括陶瓷片和支承体，所述陶瓷片为一组陶瓷片，一组陶瓷片分散布置在支承体上，所述衬背的内侧设有凹槽，凹槽用于容纳支承体，所述陶瓷片的外凹曲面与球头的外表面接触构成摩擦副。
作为优选的，所述一组陶瓷片的外凹曲面处于同一曲面。
作为优选的，所述支承体为高分子聚合物，高分子聚合物的外表面低于陶瓷片的外凹曲面。
作为优选的，所述一组陶瓷片的形状可为圆柱和/或多棱柱。
作为优选的，所述球头的外表面设有用于存贮人体体液的一组坑。
作为优选的，所述衬背的外侧表面设有适合于人体组织生长、便于生物连接、增强临床长期连接效果的一组孔。
作为优选的，所述球头和衬背可为钛及其合金或钽及其合金或医用不锈钢或钴铬合金，陶瓷片为生物陶瓷。
作为优选的，所述陶瓷片与高分子聚合物相连部分的外周面上设有沟槽或凸起。
作为优选的，所述一组陶瓷片非均匀间隔布置。
作为优选的，所述陶瓷片上的沟槽为螺旋槽。
本发明与现有技术相比，具有以下优点：
本发明中球冠形的衬背内侧上分散布置有若干陶瓷片代替厚度大的整体式陶瓷内衬，降低人工髋臼的整体壁厚，提高了球头的直径，从而增大人工髋关节的运动范围；激光焊接使得陶瓷片间的距离缩小，增大陶瓷片与球头的接触面积，从而减小单个陶瓷柱体承受的压力，解决了内衬为整体式陶瓷的碎裂问题；减轻髋关节的质量，使患者运动更加轻巧；球头表面有用于存贮润滑体液的微型凹坑，同时陶瓷片之间具有间隙，间隙可容纳润滑体液，减小了球头和陶瓷片的磨损量；在陶瓷片之间设有高分子聚合物，具有一定的抗冲击性和降噪作用。
附图说明
下面对本说明书各幅附图所表达的内容及图中的标记作简要说明：
图1为本发明髋关节假体一种结构示意图。
图2为本发明髋关节假体另一种结构示意图。
图3为本发明陶瓷片一种结构示意图。
图4为本发明陶瓷片另一种结构示意图。
图中：1.衬背、2.陶瓷片、3.球头、4.高分子聚合物。
具体实施方式
下面对照附图，通过对实施例的描述，对本发明的具体实施方式作进一步详细的说明。
该髋关节假体，包括球头和髋臼衬背，球头的外表面与髋臼衬背的内侧相对应，髋臼衬背为金属球冠形的衬背，球头可以为金属或陶瓷球头，衬背的内侧或球头的外表面设有用于减小两者之间摩擦的陶瓷片，陶瓷片为一组，一组陶瓷片分散布置；具体为，一组陶瓷片非均匀间隔布置，非均匀间隔布置能增大接触面积，从而减小接触应力。
其中，衬背的外侧表面上设有适合于人体组织生长、便于生物连接、增强临床长期连接效果的一组孔，一组孔为一组微孔；微孔可以使骨组织长到里面，加强关节和人体宿主骨的连接，可提高假体在人体中固定的可靠性，保证使用效果。
如图1至图4所示，下面通过具体实施例对本发明详细说明，具体如下：
实施例1：衬背1的内侧设有用于减小衬背1与球头3磨损的陶瓷片2，陶瓷片2的底端与衬背的内侧焊接连接，陶瓷片2为分散布置的一组陶瓷片，陶瓷片2的外凹曲面与球头3的外表面接触构成摩擦副。其中，衬背和球头可为钛及其合金或钽及其合金或医用不锈钢或钴铬合金，陶瓷片为生物陶瓷。
一组陶瓷片2的形状可以都为圆柱或多棱柱，或者一组陶瓷片的形状为圆柱和多棱柱组合，一组陶瓷片非均匀间隔布置，增大与球头表面的接触面积。并且，一组陶瓷片的外凹曲面处于同一曲面，受力均匀，稳定可靠。
陶瓷片2的底端通过激光焊接在衬背1内侧，一组陶瓷片的外凹曲面处于同一球面。即球冠形的衬背内侧上分散布置有若干陶瓷片代替厚度大的整体式陶瓷内衬，降低人工髋臼的整体壁厚，提高了球头的直径，从而增大人工髋关节的运动范围。
陶瓷片之间设有中间体，中间体为高分子聚合物，优选的，为超高分子量聚乙烯。高分子聚合物的外表面低于陶瓷片的外凹曲面，具有一定的抗冲击性和降噪作用。
陶瓷片与高分子聚合物相连部分的外周面上设有沟槽或凸起，优选的，陶瓷片上的沟槽为螺旋槽。高分子聚合物嵌在沟槽内，增加了陶瓷片的拔出力和结合力，陶瓷片固定可靠。或者，陶瓷片与高分子聚合物相连部分的外周面上设有凸出的螺旋筋，也能达到同样的固定效果。
球头的表面设有用于存贮人体体液的一组坑，一组坑为一组微型凹坑，用于存贮人体体液，润滑股骨髁假体与陶瓷片的接触面，减小两者摩擦。并且，相邻陶瓷片之间具有一定的间隙，间隙中可用于存贮人体体液，润滑陶瓷片与球头的接触面，减小两者摩擦。
实施例2：衬背1的内侧设有用于减小衬背1与球头3的表面磨损的一组陶瓷片2，具体为，衬背1的内侧设有凹槽，凹槽内设有支承体，支承体为高分子聚合物4，一组陶瓷片2均镶嵌在高分子聚合物4上，陶瓷片的外凹曲面与球头的外表面接触构成摩擦副。其中，衬背和球头可为钛及其合金或钽及其合金或医用不锈钢或钴铬合金，陶瓷片为生物陶瓷。
陶瓷片2通过高分子聚合物固定在衬背的内侧，陶瓷片固定可靠稳定，降低了陶瓷片和衬背内侧的加工精度，减少加工工艺，降低成本，并具有一定的抗冲击性和降噪作用。
一组陶瓷片2的形状可以都为圆柱或多棱柱，或者一组陶瓷片的形状为圆柱和多棱柱组合，一组陶瓷片非均匀间隔布置，一组陶瓷片的外端面处于同一球面，增大与球头表面的接触面积。并且，一组陶瓷片的外凹曲面处于同一曲面，受力均匀，稳定可靠。球冠形的衬背内侧分散布置的若干陶瓷片代替厚度大的整体式陶瓷内衬，降低人工髋臼的整体壁厚，提高了球头的直径，从而增大人工髋关节的运动范围。
支承体与陶瓷为整体制造，再把整体制造后连接为一体的支撑体与陶瓷装配在衬背的凹槽里面。
球头3的表面设有用于存贮人体体液的一组坑，一组坑为一组微型凹坑，用于存贮人体体液，润滑股骨髁假体与陶瓷片的接触面，减小两者摩擦。并且，高分子聚合物的表面低于陶瓷片的外凹曲面，相邻陶瓷片之间具有一定的间隙，间隙中可用于存贮人体体液，润滑陶瓷片与球头的接触面，减小两者摩擦，陶瓷片与球头磨损小，使用寿命长。
陶瓷片2与高分子聚合物4相连部分的外周面上设有沟槽或凸起，陶瓷片上的沟槽为螺旋槽；高分子聚合物嵌在沟槽内，增加了陶瓷片的拔出力和结合力，陶瓷片固定可靠。或者，陶瓷片与高分子聚合物相连部分的外周面上设有凸出的螺旋筋，也能达到同样的固定效果。
一组陶瓷片2通过高分子聚合物固定在衬背的内侧，陶瓷片的底部与衬背之间具有缓冲物，避免陶瓷片与衬背硬接触，可对球头对陶瓷片的作用力进行缓冲，陶瓷片不易碎裂。
该髋关节假体的结构还可以为，球头的表面设有凹槽，凹槽内设有支承体，支承体为高分子聚合物，高分子聚合物表面镶嵌一组陶瓷片，陶瓷片的外凸曲面与衬背的内侧面接触构成摩擦副。陶瓷片与高分子聚合物相连部分的外周面上设有螺旋槽，高分子聚合物嵌在螺旋槽内，增加了陶瓷片的拔出力和结合力；衬背的内侧面与一组陶瓷片的外端面相接触。
上面结合附图对本发明进行了示例性描述，显然本发明具体实现并不受上述方式的限制，只要采用了本发明的构思和技术方案进行的各种非实质性的改进，或未经改进将本发明的构思和技术方案直接应用于其它场合的，均在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (2)
1.一种髋关节假体，包括球头和球冠形的衬背，其特征在于：所述衬背的内侧设有用于减小衬背与球头磨损的陶瓷片，所述陶瓷片的底端与衬背的内侧采用焊接方式连接，所述陶瓷片为分散布置的一组陶瓷片，陶瓷片的外凹曲面与球头的外表面接触构成摩擦副；
陶瓷片之间设有中间体，中间体为高分子聚合物，高分子聚合物的外表面低于陶瓷片的外凹曲面，具有一定的抗冲击性和降噪作用；
所述球头的外表面设有用于存贮人体体液的一组坑；所述球头和衬背为钛或钛合金或钽或钽合金或医用不锈钢或钴铬合金，陶瓷片为生物陶瓷；
所述陶瓷片与高分子聚合物相连部分的外周面上设有沟槽或凸起；
所述衬背的外侧表面设有一组孔，一组孔为一组微孔，微孔能够使骨组织长到里面，加强髋关节假体和人体宿主骨的连接；
所述陶瓷片上的沟槽为螺旋槽，高分子聚合物嵌在沟槽内，增加了陶瓷片的拔出力和结合力；
所述一组陶瓷片非均匀间隔布置；一组陶瓷片的外凹曲面处于同一曲面，受力均匀。
2.如权利要求1所述髋关节假体，其特征在于：所述一组陶瓷片的形状为圆柱和/或多棱柱。
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