CN109650446B - Chromium oxide and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Chromium oxide and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN109650446B CN109650446B CN201811555378.2A CN201811555378A CN109650446B CN 109650446 B CN109650446 B CN 109650446B CN 201811555378 A CN201811555378 A CN 201811555378A CN 109650446 B CN109650446 B CN 109650446B
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- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/60—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values
- C01P2006/64—Optical properties, e.g. expressed in CIELAB-values b* (yellow-blue axis)
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Abstract
The invention provides chromium oxide and a preparation method thereof, wherein the method comprises the following steps: adding a hexavalent chromium salt solution containing a catalyst into a reaction device, introducing protective gas, then raising the temperature in a closed manner, and continuously introducing reducing gas to react after the target temperature is reached to obtain mixed slurry; and carrying out solid-liquid separation on the obtained mixed slurry, and calcining the obtained chromium oxyhydroxide powder to obtain chromium oxide. According to the invention, the chromium oxide is prepared from hexavalent chromium salt by adopting a hydrothermal reduction method, controllability of the reaction process is enhanced by regulating and controlling reducing gas and reaction conditions, the reduction rate can reach more than 99.5%, the reaction rate is effectively increased by adding a catalyst, the phase of the reduction product is uniform, the particle size distribution is narrow, the obtained chromium oxide product has high quality and can reach the standard of pigment-grade chromium oxide; the method has the advantages of short flow, low energy consumption and cost and no pollutant discharge, is a clean production process, and has remarkable economic benefit.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of material preparation, relates to chromium oxide and a preparation method thereof, and particularly relates to a method for preparing pigment-grade chromium oxide by hydrothermal reduction.
Background
Chromium oxide (Cr)2O3) Is an important industrial raw material and is widely applied to the fields of metallurgy, pigment, ceramics, coating, green polishing, organic catalytic synthesis and the like. At present, Cr is industrially produced2O3The method mainly comprises a chromic anhydride thermal decomposition method and a hexavalent chromium salt reduction method. The thermal decomposition method of chromic anhydride is characterized by that chromic anhydride is used as raw material, and calcined at high temp. to prepare Cr2O3The method is costly and highly polluting. The hexavalent chromium salt reduction method is to prepare Cr by reducing hexavalent chromium salt by a wet method or a dry method by taking sulfur or sulfide as a reducing agent2O3The method mainly comprises a sodium chromate alkaline liquid sulfur or sodium sulfide reduction method, a potassium dichromate sulfur roasting reduction method, a sodium dichromate ammonium sulfate reduction method and the like, and has the problems of long flow, introduction of impurity sulfur, difficulty in obtaining high-quality products and the like, and byproducts with low added values are generated in the production process.
Based on the disadvantages and problems of the above methods, researchers have developed various methods for preparing Cr2O3Among them, the hydrothermal method has been widely studied and paid attention as a clean production process. CN 100999335A discloses a method for preparing chromium oxide powder by hydrothermal reduction of chromate, which takes aqueous solution of chromate as raw material and CO2Gas is an acidifier, and hydrated Cr is obtained by direct reduction under hydrothermal conditions through surfactant treatment2O3The slurry is further calcined to obtain Cr2O3Superfine powder, but oxalic acid, cane sugar, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid or ethanol are used as reducing agents in the process, residual reducing agents and surfactants can enter filtrate after reaction, so that the components of the filtrate are complex and are not easy to recycle, and the filtrate is obtained in the processCr2O3The powder phase composition is not uniform. CN 101456588A discloses a process for preparing chromium oxide by hydrothermal reduction of sodium chromate or sodium dichromate, which comprises subjecting sodium chromate or sodium dichromate aqueous solution and starch or its derivatives to hydrothermal reduction in a high-pressure reaction kettle, and roasting the obtained chromium hydroxide to obtain chromium oxide product.
In order to reduce the introduction of by-products and impurities in the hydrothermal reduction process, CN 102010005 a discloses a production method of chromium oxide, which comprises taking an alkali metal salt of chromic acid or dichromic acid as a raw material, introducing a reducing gas containing hydrogen into a high-temperature high-pressure reaction kettle for reduction reaction, cooling and depressurizing the reaction finished solution, and carrying out solid-liquid separation to obtain hydrated chromium oxide and a corresponding caustic alkali solution. In the method, reducing gas is introduced in advance, and then heating reaction is carried out, so that the reaction process is difficult to control, the composition of a product is not uniform, the performance is poor, and the problems of high reaction temperature and high pressure exist.
In summary, the controllability of the preparation process of the chromium oxide is enhanced, so that the composition and the morphology of the product can be regulated and controlled by changing the reaction conditions, and the problem of improving the quality of the product is the problem which needs to be solved at present, and meanwhile, the preparation process is ensured to be simple and convenient to operate, clean and environment-friendly.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to provide chromium oxide and a preparation method thereof.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
in one aspect, the present invention provides a method for preparing chromium oxide, comprising the steps of:
(1) adding a hexavalent chromium salt solution containing a catalyst into a reaction device, introducing protective gas, then raising the temperature in a closed manner, and continuously introducing reducing gas to react after the target temperature is reached to obtain mixed slurry;
(2) carrying out solid-liquid separation on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain hydroxyl chromium oxide powder and a solution;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) to obtain chromium oxide.
In the invention, hexavalent chromium salt is used as a raw material, under the action of a catalyst, a hexavalent chromium salt solution is reduced by controlling the introduction time of reducing gas to obtain hydroxyl chromium oxide powder with uniform phase composition, and the hydroxyl chromium oxide powder is calcined to prepare pigment-grade chromium oxide.
In the invention, the reaction for reducing hexavalent chromium salt by using reducing gas has larger inertia and higher required activation energy, and the activation of the reducing gas can be effectively promoted by adding a proper catalyst, so that the activation energy of the reaction is reduced, the reaction rate is improved, and the aims of shortening the reaction time, reducing the reaction temperature, reducing the hydrogen partial pressure and reducing the reaction cost are fulfilled; the invention firstly uses protective gas to exhaust air in a reaction device and a pipeline, and then introduces reducing gas at a set temperature, which can effectively avoid other side reactions in the temperature rise process, but the prior hydrothermal reduction technology generally adds a reducing agent before the set reaction temperature is reached, and a reduction product is generated when the set reaction temperature is not reached, and the reduction product changes along with the temperature rise, so that the phase composition of the finally obtained reduction product is not uniform. The invention can obtain a single phase by adding the reducing agent at the set temperature, and is beneficial to obtaining a chromium oxide product with better color performance by subsequent calcination.
The following technical solutions are preferred technical solutions of the present invention, but not limited to the technical solutions provided by the present invention, and technical objects and advantageous effects of the present invention can be better achieved and achieved by the following technical solutions.
As a preferred technical solution of the present invention, the hexavalent chromium salt of the step (1) includes chromate and/or dichromate.
Preferably, the chromate comprises an alkali metal salt of chromic acid, preferably sodium chromate and/or potassium chromate.
Preferably, the dichromate comprises an alkali metal salt of dichromate, preferably sodium dichromate and/or potassium dichromate.
Preferably, the concentration of chromium ions in the hexavalent chromium salt solution of step (1) is 0.18 to 4.5mol/L, such as 0.18mol/L, 0.5mol/L, 1.0mol/L, 1.5mol/L, 2.0mol/L, 2.5mol/L, 3.0mol/L, 3.5mol/L, 4.0mol/L, or 4.5mol/L, but not limited to the recited values, and other values within the range of values are also applicable, preferably 0.61 to 3.7 mol/L.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the catalyst in step (1) comprises any one of a transition metal, a transition metal salt, and an organic substance, preferably a transition metal.
Preferably, the transition metal comprises nickel powder and/or iron powder, preferably nickel powder.
Preferably, the concentration of the transition metal is 0.1 to 100g/L, such as 0.1g/L, 0.5g/L, 1g/L, 5g/L, 10g/L, 20g/L, 40g/L, 60g/L, 80g/L, or 100g/L, but not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited within this range are equally applicable, preferably 2 to 50 g/L.
Preferably, the transition metal salt comprises palladium chloride and/or ruthenium chloride.
Preferably, the concentration of the transition metal salt is 0.05 to 50mg/L, for example, 0.05mg/L, 0.1mg/L, 0.5mg/L, 1mg/L, 5mg/L, 10mg/L, 20mg/L, 30mg/L, 40mg/L or 50mg/L, but is not limited to the values listed, and other values not listed in the range of the values are also applicable, preferably 0.1 to 20 mg/L.
Preferably, the organic substance comprises anthraquinone.
Preferably, the organic substance has a concentration of 0.1 to 50g/L, for example, 0.1g/L, 0.5g/L, 1g/L, 5g/L, 10g/L, 20g/L, 30g/L, 40g/L, or 50g/L, but not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited within the range of values are also applicable, preferably 1 to 20 g/L.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reaction apparatus in step (1) comprises any one of a vertical reaction vessel, a horizontal reaction vessel, and a bubble column, and is preferably a bubble column.
Preferably, the protective gas of step (1) comprises any one of nitrogen, helium, neon or argon, or a combination of at least two thereof, as typical but non-limiting examples: combinations of nitrogen and helium, helium and neon, helium, neon and argon, nitrogen, helium and argon, and the like.
Preferably, the reducing gas of step (1) comprises hydrogen.
In the invention, hydrogen is used as reducing gas, the chemical stability is high, the energy required by dissociating hydrogen molecules into hydrogen atoms per mole is as high as 430kJ, namely the activation energy required by the reaction is high, and the addition of the catalyst is one of effective ways for reducing the activation energy.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the temperature of the reaction in the step (1) is 160 to 320 ℃, for example, 160 ℃, 180 ℃, 200 ℃, 225 ℃, 250 ℃, 280 ℃, 300 ℃ or 320 ℃, but is not limited to the above-mentioned values, and other values not shown in the above-mentioned range are also applicable, and preferably 180 to 240 ℃.
In the invention, the phase of the product chromic oxyhydroxide is influenced by the temperature of the hydrothermal reduction reaction, and when the reaction temperature is higher than 250 ℃, the product obtained by the hydrothermal reduction is chromic oxyhydroxide with better crystallinity; when the reaction temperature is 230-250 ℃, the product obtained by hydrothermal reduction simultaneously has crystalline chromium oxyhydroxide and amorphous chromium oxyhydroxide; when the reaction temperature is lower than 230 ℃, amorphous chromium oxyhydroxide is obtained by hydrothermal reduction. The excessive reaction temperature can cause the granularity of the reaction product to be larger, so that the a value of the corresponding color performance of the reaction product is larger, the apparent color is redder, the b value corresponding to the reaction product is smaller, and the apparent color is bluish; too low a temperature will result in a smaller particle size of the reaction product, which will also result in a larger a value corresponding to the color property and a reddish apparent color, and a smaller b value corresponding to the color property and a bluish apparent color.
Preferably, the target temperature in step (1) is the reaction temperature.
Preferably, the reaction time in step (1) is 0.3 to 8 hours, such as 0.3 hour, 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours or 8 hours, but not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited in the range of the values are also applicable, preferably 1 to 3 hours.
Preferably, the pressure of the reaction in step (1) is 3 to 15MPa, for example, 3MPa, 4MPa, 6MPa, 7MPa, 8MPa, 9MPa, 10MPa, 12MPa or 15MPa, but not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited within the range of the values are also applicable, preferably 4 to 10 MPa.
Preferably, in the reaction process in step (1), the pressure of the reducing gas is maintained at 1 to 13MPa, for example, 1MPa, 2MPa, 3MPa, 4MPa, 5MPa, 6MPa, 8MPa, 10MPa, 12MPa or 13MPa, but is not limited to the above-mentioned values, and other values not mentioned in the above-mentioned range are also applicable, and preferably 1 to 4 MPa.
In the present invention, the operating pressure of the reaction is slightly higher than the hydrogen partial pressure, mainly because of the presence of water vapor partial pressure during the reaction. In the hydrothermal reduction reaction process, hydrogen consumed by the reaction needs to be continuously supplemented to maintain the partial pressure of the hydrogen basically unchanged, so that the solubility of the hydrogen in the solution is favorably increased, the activity of active hydrogen molecules is improved, the temperature required by the reaction can be further reduced, and the reaction time is shortened.
According to the invention, the reduction of hexavalent chromium and the nucleation of chromium oxyhydroxide are regulated and controlled by adjusting the reaction temperature and the hydrogen partial pressure, and under a normal condition, the improvement of the reaction temperature and the hydrogen partial pressure is beneficial to improving the activity of reactants and promoting the nucleation and growth of products, so that the particle size of the chromium oxyhydroxide can be regulated and controlled by controlling the hydrothermal reduction condition, and the control of the reaction process is further realized.
As a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the reaction in step (1) is carried out under stirring.
Preferably, the stirring rate is 80 to 500r/min, such as 80r/min, 100r/min, 150r/min, 200r/min, 250r/min, 300r/min, 350r/min, 400r/min or 500r/min, but not limited to the values listed, and other values not listed in the range of values are also applicable, preferably 100 to 400r/min, and more preferably 200 to 350 r/min.
Preferably, the temperature is rapidly reduced after the reaction in the step (1) is finished.
Preferably, the cooling manner is water cooling.
Preferably, the cooling rate is 1-20 ℃/min, such as 1 ℃/min, 3 ℃/min, 5 ℃/min, 8 ℃/min, 10 ℃/min, 12 ℃/min, 15 ℃/min, 18 ℃/min or 20 ℃/min, but not limited to the values listed, and other values within the range are also applicable, preferably 5-10 ℃/min.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the solid-liquid separation in the step (2) comprises filtration.
Preferably, after the filtration, washing and drying are further carried out, so as to obtain a solid material and a filtrate.
Preferably, the drying means includes any one of vacuum drying, forced air drying or freeze drying, preferably freeze drying.
Preferably, the solid material comprises chromium oxyhydroxide powder.
Preferably, the particle size of the chromium oxyhydroxide powder is 50 to 130nm, for example, 50nm, 60nm, 70nm, 80nm, 90nm, 100nm, 110nm, 120nm, or 130nm, but is not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited within the range of the recited values are also applicable.
Preferably, the filtrate comprises sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.
Preferably, the filtrate is used for the preparation of the hexavalent chromium salt solution of step (1).
Preferably, the catalyst is present in the solid feed or filtrate.
Preferably, when the catalyst is nickel powder and/or iron powder, the catalyst exists in a solid material after solid-liquid separation, the catalyst is separated by adopting a magnetic separation mode, and the catalyst obtained by separation can be recycled.
Preferably, when the catalyst is anthraquinone, the catalyst exists in a solid material after solid-liquid separation, and anthraquinone can be decomposed in the subsequent calcining process without influencing the purity of a chromium oxide product.
Preferably, when the catalyst is palladium chloride and/or ruthenium chloride, the catalyst exists in the filtrate after solid-liquid separation, and the catalyst is recycled with the filtrate without separation.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the temperature of the calcination treatment in the step (3) is 550 to 1250 ℃, for example, 550 ℃, 600 ℃, 700 ℃, 800 ℃, 900 ℃, 1000 ℃, 1100 ℃, 1200 ℃ or 1250 ℃, but is not limited to the above-mentioned values, and other values not shown in the above-mentioned range are also applicable, preferably 800 to 1000 ℃.
Preferably, the time of the calcination treatment in step (3) is 0.3 to 6 hours, such as 0.3 hour, 0.5 hour, 1 hour, 1.5, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, or 6 hours, but is not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited in the above range are also applicable, preferably 0.5 to 2 hours.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the method comprises the following steps:
(1) adding chromate and/or dichromate solution containing a catalyst and having a chromium ion concentration of 0.18-4.5 mol/L into a reaction device, wherein the catalyst comprises transition metal, transition metal salt or organic matter, introducing protective gas into the reaction device, then raising the temperature in a sealed manner, continuously introducing hydrogen to the reaction device after the target temperature is reached, and reacting at 160-320 ℃ for 0.3-8 h under the reaction pressure of 3-15 MPa, wherein the hydrogen partial pressure is 1-13 MPa, rapidly cooling by water cooling after the reaction is finished, and the cooling rate is 1-20 ℃/min to obtain mixed slurry;
(2) filtering the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain a solid material and a filtrate, wherein the catalyst exists in the solid material or the filtrate, the solid material is washed and dried to obtain chromium oxyhydroxide powder, and the particle size of the obtained chromium oxyhydroxide powder is 50-130 nm;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2), wherein the calcining temperature is 550-1250 ℃, and the calcining time is 0.3-6 h, so as to obtain the chromium oxide.
In another aspect, the invention provides chromium oxide prepared by the preparation method, wherein the chromium oxide is pigment-grade chromium oxide.
Preferably, the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide are: l is 40 to 60, for example 40, 42, 45, 48, 50, 53, 55, 57 or 60, but is not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited within the range of values are also applicable; a ═ 14 to-21, for example-14, -15, -16, -17, -18, -19, -20, or-21, but not limited to the values listed, and other values not listed within the range of values are also applicable; b is 10 to 19, for example, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 or 19, but is not limited to the recited values, and other values not recited within the range of values are also applicable.
In the present invention, the colorimetric parameters of chromium oxide are obtained with reference to the CIE 1976L a b system, wherein L denotes the brightness value; a represents red and green colorimetric values, a represents red when being positive, and a represents green when being negative; b denotes the yellow-blue chromaticity value, b denotes positive yellow, and b denotes negative blue.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) according to the invention, hexavalent chromium salt is subjected to hydrothermal reduction, the reduction rate can reach more than 99.5%, the quality of the chromium oxide product is high, the purity can reach more than 99.7%, and the standard of pigment-grade chromium oxide is reached;
(2) the addition of the catalyst can reduce the activation energy of the reaction, improve the reaction rate of hydrothermal reduction, contribute to reducing the reaction temperature and shorten the reaction time;
(3) the method has the advantages that reducing gas is introduced at the target reaction temperature, the partial pressure of the reducing gas is kept unchanged in the reaction process, the controllability of the reaction process is high, the reaction temperature is reduced, the operation pressure is reduced, the reaction time is shortened, the obtained hydroxyl chromic oxide has a uniform phase and narrow particle size distribution;
(4) the method has the advantages of short flow, low energy consumption and cost, no pollutant discharge, realization of cyclic utilization of byproduct alkali, environmental protection, high efficiency, clean production process and obvious economic benefit.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is an XRD pattern of the chromium oxide product provided in example 1 of the present invention and an XRD standard card pattern of chromium oxide.
Detailed Description
In order to better illustrate the present invention and facilitate the understanding of the technical solutions of the present invention, the present invention is further described in detail below. The following examples are merely illustrative of the present invention and do not represent or limit the scope of the claims, which are defined by the claims.
The invention provides a method for preparing chromium oxide, which comprises the following steps:
(1) adding a hexavalent chromium salt solution containing a catalyst into a reaction device, introducing protective gas, then raising the temperature in a closed manner, and continuously introducing reducing gas to react after the target temperature is reached to obtain mixed slurry;
(2) carrying out solid-liquid separation on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain hydroxyl chromium oxide powder and a solution;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) to obtain chromium oxide.
The following are typical but non-limiting examples of the invention:
example 1:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of chromium oxide, which comprises the following steps:
(1) putting 200mL of 0.2mol/L sodium chromate solution into a vertical reaction kettle with the volume of 500mL, adding 0.2g of nickel powder, introducing nitrogen to discharge air in the reaction kettle and a pipeline, sealing, raising the temperature by a program, stirring at a speed of 100r/min, introducing hydrogen to react after the target reaction temperature is reached to 220 ℃, maintaining the partial pressure of the hydrogen to be 4MPa, quickly cooling by water after reacting for 1h, and obtaining mixed slurry at a cooling rate of 10 ℃/min;
(2) carrying out suction filtration on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain a solid material and a filtrate, wherein the obtained solid material comprises chromium oxyhydroxide and nickel powder, washing, drying and carrying out magnetic separation to obtain chromium oxyhydroxide powder and nickel powder, and the nickel powder is returned to the step (1) for recycling;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) at 800 ℃ for 3h to obtain pigment-grade chromium oxide.
Measuring the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2) by adopting an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP), and measuring the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the filtrate by utilizing acid-base neutralization titration reaction; determining the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) by using the detection standard of GB/T2078-2006, and performing X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis on the chromium oxide product, wherein the result is shown in figure 1 when compared with an XRD standard card (PDF: 01-082-1484) of the chromium oxide; the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide product are measured by a Datacolor 110 type color difference meter, a D65 light source and a 10-degree observation angle.
In the embodiment, the reduction rate of chromium is up to 99.54% according to the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2), the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the filtrate is 0.398mol/L, and the chromic oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) is amorphous chromic oxyhydroxide with the particle size distribution of 69-107 nm; the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) is 99.92%, and as can be seen from fig. 1, the diffraction peak of the chromium oxide product is almost completely the same as the standard peak of the chromium oxide, which further proves that the chromium oxide product has higher purity; the color parameters of the chromium oxide product are tested to be L-42, a-14 and b-15.
Example 2:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of chromium oxide, which comprises the following steps:
(1) putting 2000mL of potassium chromate solution with the concentration of 0.6mol/L into a horizontal reaction kettle with the volume of 5000mL, adding 25g of iron powder, introducing helium to discharge air in the reaction kettle and a pipeline, sealing, carrying out temperature programming, keeping the hydrogen partial pressure at 8MPa, carrying out quick water cooling after 3 hours of reaction, and obtaining mixed slurry, wherein the stirring speed is 350r/min, the hydrogen gas is introduced to carry out reaction after the target reaction temperature is reached to 180 ℃, and the cooling speed is 5 ℃/min;
(2) carrying out suction filtration on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain a solid material and a filtrate, wherein the obtained solid material comprises chromium oxyhydroxide and iron powder, washing, drying and carrying out magnetic separation to obtain chromium oxyhydroxide powder and iron powder, and the iron powder is returned to the step (1) for recycling;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) at the temperature of 1000 ℃ for 1h to obtain pigment-grade chromium oxide.
Measuring the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2) by adopting an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) spectrometer, and measuring the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the filtrate by utilizing acid-base neutralization titration reaction; determining the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) by adopting the detection standard of GB/T2078-2006; the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide product are measured by a Datacolor 110 type color difference meter, a D65 light source and a 10-degree observation angle.
In the embodiment, the reduction rate of chromium is up to 99.96% according to the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2), the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the filtrate is 1.197mol/L, and the hydroxyl chromium oxide powder obtained in the step (2) is amorphous hydroxyl chromium oxide with the particle size distribution of 81-116 nm; the purity of the chromic oxide product in the step (3) is 99.89%; the color parameters of the chromium oxide product tested were L ═ 45, a ═ 15, and b ═ 16.
Example 3:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of chromium oxide, which comprises the following steps:
(1) placing 1200mL of 2.0mol/L sodium dichromate solution into a bubble column with the volume of 2000mL, adding 6g of anthraquinone, then introducing neon to discharge air in the bubble column and a pipeline, sealing, carrying out temperature programming, stirring at the speed of 200r/min, starting introducing hydrogen to react after the target reaction temperature reaches 280 ℃, maintaining the hydrogen partial pressure at 3MPa, carrying out rapid water cooling after reacting for 2h, and carrying out cooling at the speed of 15 ℃/min to obtain mixed slurry;
(2) carrying out suction filtration on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain a solid material and a filtrate, and washing and drying the obtained solid material to obtain anthraquinone-containing chromium oxyhydroxide powder;
(3) and (3) calcining the anthraquinone-containing chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) at 550 ℃ for 6 hours, and completely decomposing anthraquinone to obtain pigment-grade chromium oxide.
Measuring the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2) by adopting an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) spectrometer, and measuring the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the filtrate by utilizing acid-base neutralization titration reaction; determining the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) by adopting the detection standard of GB/T2078-2006; the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide product are measured by a Datacolor 110 type color difference meter, a D65 light source and a 10-degree observation angle.
In the embodiment, the reduction rate of chromium is up to 99.84% according to the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2), the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the filtrate is 3.99mol/L, and the particle size distribution of the hydroxyl chromium oxide powder obtained in the step (2) is 54-88 nm; the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) is 99.91%; the color parameters of the chromium oxide product tested were L ═ 50, a ═ 16, and b ═ 19.
Example 4:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of chromium oxide, which comprises the following steps:
(1) putting 2000mL of potassium chromate solution with the concentration of 4.5mol/L into a bubbling tower with the volume of 5000mL, adding 50mg of palladium chloride, then introducing nitrogen to discharge air in the bubbling tower and a pipeline, sealing, carrying out temperature programming, stirring at the speed of 500r/min, introducing hydrogen to react after the target reaction temperature is 320 ℃, maintaining the hydrogen partial pressure at 1MPa, carrying out quick water cooling after reacting for 4 hours, and carrying out cooling at the speed of 20 ℃/min to obtain mixed slurry;
(2) carrying out suction filtration on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain a solid material and a filtrate containing palladium chloride, washing and drying the obtained solid material to obtain chromium oxyhydroxide powder, and returning the filtrate to the step (1) for recycling;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) at 1250 ℃ for 0.3h to obtain the pigment-grade chromium oxide.
Measuring the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2) by adopting an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) spectrometer, and measuring the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the filtrate by utilizing acid-base neutralization titration reaction; determining the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) by adopting the detection standard of GB/T2078-2006; the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide product are measured by a Datacolor 110 type color difference meter, a D65 light source and a 10-degree observation angle.
In the embodiment, the reduction rate of chromium is up to 99.54% according to the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2), the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the filtrate is 8.933mol/L, and the particle size distribution of the hydroxyl chromium oxide powder obtained in the step (2) is 71-103 nm; the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) is 99.75 percent; the color parameters of the chromium oxide product tested were L ═ 55, a ═ 18, and b ═ 12.
Example 5:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of chromium oxide, which comprises the following steps:
(1) placing 2300mL of potassium dichromate solution with the concentration of 3.7mol/L into a horizontal reaction kettle with the volume of 5000mL, adding 80g of nickel powder, introducing nitrogen to discharge air in the reaction kettle and a pipeline, sealing, carrying out temperature programming, stirring at the speed of 400r/min, introducing hydrogen to react after the target reaction temperature is 160 ℃, maintaining the hydrogen partial pressure at 12MPa, carrying out water cooling after reacting for 8 hours, and carrying out temperature reduction at the speed of 1 ℃/min to obtain mixed slurry;
(2) carrying out suction filtration on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain a solid material and a filtrate, wherein the obtained solid material comprises chromium oxyhydroxide and nickel powder, washing, drying and carrying out magnetic separation to obtain chromium oxyhydroxide powder and nickel powder, and the nickel powder is returned to the step (1) for recycling;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) at 900 ℃ for 2h to obtain pigment-grade chromium oxide.
Measuring the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2) by adopting an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) spectrometer, and measuring the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the filtrate by utilizing acid-base neutralization titration reaction; determining the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) by adopting the detection standard of GB/T2078-2006; the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide product are measured by a Datacolor 110 type color difference meter, a D65 light source and a 10-degree observation angle.
In the embodiment, the reduction rate of chromium is up to 99.97% according to the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2), the concentration of potassium hydroxide in the filtrate is 7.39mol/L, and the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) is amorphous chromium oxyhydroxide with the particle size distribution of 87-132 nm; the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) is 99.95 percent; the color parameters of the chromium oxide product tested were L ═ 40, a ═ 17, and b ═ 10.
Example 6:
the embodiment provides a preparation method of chromium oxide, which comprises the following steps:
(1) putting 200mL of 0.18mol/L sodium dichromate solution into a vertical reaction kettle with the volume of 500mL, adding 2.3mg of ruthenium chloride, introducing argon to discharge air in the reaction kettle and a pipeline, sealing, raising the temperature by a program, stirring at a speed of 80r/min, introducing hydrogen to react after the target reaction temperature is 240 ℃, maintaining the partial pressure of the hydrogen at 6MPa, cooling by water after reacting for 0.3h, and obtaining mixed slurry, wherein the cooling rate is 8 ℃/min;
(2) carrying out suction filtration on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain a solid material and a filtrate containing ruthenium chloride, washing and drying the obtained solid material to obtain chromium oxyhydroxide powder, and returning the filtrate to the step (1) for recycling;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) at 700 ℃ for 4 hours to obtain pigment-grade chromium oxide.
Measuring the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2) by adopting an ICP (inductively coupled plasma) spectrometer, and measuring the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the filtrate by utilizing acid-base neutralization titration reaction; determining the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) by adopting the detection standard of GB/T2078-2006; the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide product are measured by a Datacolor 110 type color difference meter, a D65 light source and a 10-degree observation angle.
In the embodiment, the reduction rate of chromium is up to 99.89% according to the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2), the concentration of sodium hydroxide in the filtrate is 0.359mol/L, crystalline chromium oxyhydroxide and amorphous chromium oxyhydroxide exist in the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2), and the particle size distribution of the chromium oxyhydroxide powder is 62-101 nm; the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) is 99.93%; the color parameters of the chromium oxide product tested were L ═ 60, a ═ 21, and b ═ 14.
Comparative example 1:
this comparative example provides a process for the preparation of chromium oxide, which is referred to example 1, with the only difference that: and (2) introducing nitrogen before heating in the step (1), and directly introducing hydrogen until the reaction is finished.
Measuring the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2) by adopting an ICP spectrometer; determining the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) by adopting a detection standard of GB/T2078-2006; the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide product are measured by a Datacolor 110 type color difference meter, a D65 light source and a 10-degree observation angle.
In the comparative example, since the reducing gas is introduced before the reaction temperature is reached, the reduction reaction occurs earlier, the phase composition of the reduced product is changed with the change of the temperature, the phase composition of the reduced product is not uniform, and the color property of the obtained chromium oxide product is not good, at this time, the reduction rate of chromium is only 95.84%, the purity of the chromium oxide product is 96.62%, the chromaticity parameter is L-51, a-11, and b-9.
Comparative example 2:
this comparative example provides a process for the preparation of chromium oxide, which is referred to example 1, with the only difference that: no catalyst is added in the step (1).
Measuring the content of hexavalent chromium in the filtrate obtained in the step (2) by adopting an ICP spectrometer; determining the purity of the chromium oxide product in the step (3) by adopting a detection standard of GB/T2078-2006; the colorimetric parameters of the chromium oxide product are measured by a Datacolor 110 type color difference meter, a D65 light source and a 10-degree observation angle.
In this comparative example, since no catalyst was added, the reduction reaction rate was slow, and the reaction degree was low at the same reaction temperature, time and hydrogen partial pressure as in example 1, in which the reduction rate of chromium was only 95.92%, the purity of the chromium oxide product was 97.11%, and the color parameter was L ═ 52, a ═ 12, and b ═ 10.
It can be seen from the above examples and comparative examples that, the invention adopts hydrothermal reduction method to prepare chromium oxide, the addition of catalyst greatly improves the reaction rate, the reduction rate of hexavalent chromium salt is higher, can reach more than 99.5%, the quality of chromium oxide product is higher, the phase is uniform, the particle size distribution is narrower, the purity can reach more than 99.7%, reach the standard of pigment-grade chromium oxide; the method is simple to operate, low in cost, environment-friendly, energy-saving, clean in production and remarkable in economic benefit, and byproducts can be recycled, and pollutants are not discharged.
The applicant states that the process of the present invention is illustrated by the above examples, but the present invention is not limited to the above process, i.e. it is not meant that the present invention must rely on the above process to be carried out. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that any modifications to the invention, alternative materials selected for the practice of the invention, equivalents of the practice and additions of auxiliary materials, practices, and alternatives to the specific embodiment, are within the scope and disclosure of the invention.
Claims (56)
1. A method for preparing chromium oxide, comprising the steps of:
(1) adding a hexavalent chromium salt solution containing a catalyst into a reaction device, wherein the catalyst comprises any one of transition metal, transition metal salt or organic matter, introducing protective gas, then heating in a closed manner, and continuously introducing reducing gas to react after reaching a target temperature, wherein the target temperature is a reaction temperature, the reaction temperature is 160-320 ℃, and in the reaction process, the pressure of the reducing gas is maintained at 1-13 MPa to obtain mixed slurry;
(2) carrying out solid-liquid separation on the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain hydroxyl chromium oxide powder and a solution;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2) to obtain chromium oxide, wherein the chromium oxide is pigment-grade chromium oxide.
2. The process according to claim 1, characterized in that said hexavalent chromium salts of step (1) comprise chromates and/or dichromates.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the chromate salt comprises an alkali metal salt of chromic acid.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the chromate is sodium chromate and/or potassium chromate.
5. The method of claim 2, wherein the dichromate salt comprises an alkali metal salt of dichromic acid.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the dichromate is sodium dichromate and/or potassium dichromate.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of chromium ions in the hexavalent chromium salt solution of step (1) is 0.18 to 4.5 mol/L.
8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the concentration of chromium ions in the hexavalent chromium salt solution of step (1) is 0.61 to 3.7 mol/L.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst of step (1) comprises a transition metal.
10. The production method according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal of step (1) comprises nickel powder and/or iron powder.
11. The production method according to claim 10, wherein the transition metal in step (1) is nickel powder.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the transition metal in the step (1) is 0.1 to 100 g/L.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the concentration of the transition metal in the step (1) is 2 to 50 g/L.
14. The method according to claim 1, wherein the transition metal salt in the step (1) comprises palladium chloride and/or ruthenium chloride.
15. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the transition metal salt in the step (1) is 0.05 to 50 mg/L.
16. The method according to claim 15, wherein the concentration of the transition metal salt in the step (1) is 0.1 to 20 mg/L.
17. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic material of step (1) comprises anthraquinone.
18. The method according to claim 1, wherein the concentration of the organic material in step (1) is 0.1 to 50 g/L.
19. The preparation method according to claim 18, wherein the concentration of the organic matter in the step (1) is 1-20 g/L.
20. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction apparatus in step (1) comprises any one of a vertical reaction vessel, a horizontal reaction vessel, and a bubble column.
21. The method according to claim 20, wherein the reaction apparatus of step (1) comprises a bubble column.
22. The method of claim 1, wherein the protective gas of step (1) comprises any one of nitrogen, helium, neon, or argon, or a combination of at least two thereof.
23. The production method according to claim 1, wherein the reducing gas of step (1) includes hydrogen.
24. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the reaction in the step (1) is 180 to 240 ℃.
25. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction time in the step (1) is 0.3-8 h.
26. The preparation method of claim 25, wherein the reaction time in step (1) is 1-3 h.
27. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the pressure of the reaction in the step (1) is 3 to 15 MPa.
28. The method according to claim 27, wherein the pressure of the reaction in the step (1) is 4 to 10 MPa.
29. The method according to claim 1, wherein the pressure of the reducing gas is maintained at 1 to 4MPa during the reaction in step (1).
30. The method according to claim 1, wherein the reaction in step (1) is carried out under stirring.
31. The method of claim 30, wherein the stirring rate is 80 to 500 r/min.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the stirring rate is 100 to 400 r/min.
33. The method of claim 32, wherein the stirring rate is 200 to 350 r/min.
34. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature is rapidly reduced after the reaction in step (1) is finished.
35. The method of claim 34, wherein the cooling means is water cooling.
36. The preparation method of claim 34, wherein the cooling rate is 1-20 ℃/min.
37. The preparation method of claim 36, wherein the cooling rate is 5-10 ℃/min.
38. The production method according to claim 1, wherein the solid-liquid separation of step (2) comprises filtration.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the filtering is followed by washing and drying to obtain a solid material and a filtrate.
40. The method according to claim 39, wherein the drying means includes any one of vacuum drying, forced air drying and freeze drying.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein the drying comprises freeze drying.
42. A method as claimed in claim 39, wherein said solid material comprises chromium oxyhydroxide powder.
43. The preparation method of claim 42, wherein the particle size of the chromium oxyhydroxide powder is 50-130 nm.
44. A method as claimed in claim 39, wherein the filtrate comprises sodium hydroxide and/or potassium hydroxide.
45. The method of claim 39 wherein the filtrate is used in the step (1) of preparing the hexavalent chromium salt solution.
46. The method of claim 39, wherein the catalyst is present in the solid material or filtrate.
47. The preparation method according to claim 46, wherein when the catalyst is nickel powder and/or iron powder, the catalyst exists in a solid material after solid-liquid separation, and is separated by magnetic separation.
48. The method according to claim 46, wherein when the catalyst is an anthraquinone, the catalyst is present in a solid material after solid-liquid separation.
49. The production method according to claim 46, wherein when the catalyst is palladium chloride and/or ruthenium chloride, the catalyst is present in the filtrate after solid-liquid separation.
50. The method according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the calcination treatment in the step (3) is 550 to 1250 ℃.
51. The method according to claim 50, wherein the calcination treatment in the step (3) is carried out at a temperature of 800 to 1000 ℃.
52. The preparation method according to claim 1, wherein the calcination treatment in step (3) is carried out for 0.3 to 6 hours.
53. The preparation method of claim 52, wherein the calcination treatment in step (3) is carried out for 0.5-2 h.
54. The method for preparing according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
(1) adding chromate and/or dichromate solution containing a catalyst and having a chromium ion concentration of 0.18-4.5 mol/L into a reaction device, wherein the catalyst comprises transition metal, transition metal salt or organic matter, introducing protective gas into the reaction device, then raising the temperature in a sealed manner, continuously introducing hydrogen to the reaction device to react after reaching a target temperature, the target temperature is the reaction temperature, the reaction temperature is 160-320 ℃, the reaction time is 0.3-8 h, the reaction pressure is 3-15 MPa, the hydrogen partial pressure is 1-13 MPa, and after the reaction is finished, rapidly cooling by water at a cooling rate of 1-20 ℃/min to obtain mixed slurry;
(2) filtering the mixed slurry obtained in the step (1) to obtain a solid material and a filtrate, wherein the catalyst exists in the solid material or the filtrate, the solid material is washed and dried to obtain chromium oxyhydroxide powder, and the particle size of the obtained chromium oxyhydroxide powder is 50-130 nm;
(3) and (3) calcining the chromium oxyhydroxide powder obtained in the step (2), wherein the calcining temperature is 550-1250 ℃, and the calcining time is 0.3-6 h, so as to obtain the chromium oxide.
55. A chromium oxide obtainable by the process of any one of claims 1 to 54, wherein the chromium oxide is a pigment grade chromium oxide.
56. The chromium oxide of claim 55, wherein the chromium oxide has the colorimetric parameters of: l is 40 to 60, a is-14 to-21, and b is 10 to 19.
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