CN1096343A - 用空分装置产生的氮作为燃气轮机空压机供给冷却剂 - Google Patents

用空分装置产生的氮作为燃气轮机空压机供给冷却剂 Download PDF

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CN1096343A
CN1096343A CN94104949A CN94104949A CN1096343A CN 1096343 A CN1096343 A CN 1096343A CN 94104949 A CN94104949 A CN 94104949A CN 94104949 A CN94104949 A CN 94104949A CN 1096343 A CN1096343 A CN 1096343A
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nitrogen product
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E·W·沙夫
F·C·弗莱明
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Air Products and Chemicals Inc
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Abstract

本发明将供给空气流压缩并与燃料气燃烧，产生 的燃烧产物在燃气轮机膨胀器中膨胀而产生高温废 气和用来发电或驱动机械装置的功，这样增加了由膨 胀器产生的功，其特征在于将低温空分装置产生的氮 产物冷却到低于环境温度并使其在压缩前与供给空 气流混合。本发明中至少部分低温空分装置产生的 氧产物在燃气发生装置中与煤、石油焦炭、焦油砂沥 青、乳化焦油砂、城市垃圾、渣渣、废油或其混合物等 反应产生富含CO和H2的气体。

Description

本发明涉及一种用燃气轮机产生功来发电或驱动机械装置的方法，更具体地说，本发明涉及一种应用由低温空气分离法产生的氮作为在燃气轮机工作过程中燃气轮机空压机的供给气体。
煤、石油焦炭、渣油、乳化油、焦油砂等等在气化组合循环（GCC）电力设备中进行吹氧气化时产生了与为气化反应产生供给氧相关联的大流量过剩的氮。该行业中遇到的一个困难是如何最有效地GCC设备中利用这部分未起作用的过剩氮。另外的相关联的困难在GCC技术中还包括为了在较大增加效率的条件下产生更大的发电容量而进行持续的运转和对排放到大气中的NOX施加严格限制的问题。最后，由于现有的GCC设备的容量、效率、NOX排放率已不足以满足未来不断更新的严格要求，有必要实施费用不高的改型，来满足这些新的更严格的要求。本发明可以在GCC电力设备中应用这些可获得的过剩氮，来增加发电容量，改善发电效率，而且所增加的投资金极少，既可以在全新的设备中应用，也可以在重新改装的电力设备中应用。
有一些方法用于在GCC电力设备中利用氮。最简单的方法是把过剩的氮排向大气。采用这种将氮气简单地排出的方法时，要求空气分离装置和燃气轮机之间的联合运行达到最小程度或者没有联合运行。
在UK专利2067668中描述了另一种方法。该方法包括将过剩的氮在未确定的温度下回送到燃气轮机的空压机的入口，其唯一目的在于减少NOX的产生。同一方法也在US专利4297842中公开。
还有一种方法是将氮通过一个辅助压缩机注射入燃气轮机的燃料流中，以便通过降低燃烧器中的火焰温度来减少NOX产物。这种办法在US专利5081845，欧州专利0137152和US专利4224045中公开。该方法要求有昂贵的辅助压缩***，因此其实施是昂贵的。而且氮注入燃料流中一般要求氮的压力比200-250psia（磅/英寸2绝对压力）的燃烧压力高出50-150psi（磅/英寸2），因此这种办法要求过量压缩，许多能量由于对燃烧器产生的压力降而被浪费掉了。
将氮直接注入燃气轮机的燃烧器中来减少NOX是另一种在GCC中常用的方法。US专利4729217，4707994，4697415，4651519，4631915和加拿大专利1238195描述了该方法和其中一些小变型。该方法的确减少了NOX的形成量，但是也要求有昂贵的辅助压缩来达到过高压力。
一些方法中，在将氮直接注入燃气轮机膨胀器中以产生附加动力流之前要对氮进行加热和压缩。US专利5081845，5076837，4019314和3731495对这些方法做了详细说明。这些方法的确改善了发电效率，但是要求费用高的附加压缩设备并且减少了主膨胀器的热力效率。
US专利4697413中描述了利用氮气流的另一种方案。该方案涉及采用一个附加压缩机将氮供到煤气发生器中，来减弱高温反应。
另外的一些氮气流应用包括合成象氨这样用氮作为供给气体的化合物。这些方法都要求费用高的附设工作设备并使整个工作过程极其复杂，因此此处不对其进行说明。一些燃气发生***采用一小部分氮气，以便利干燥材料的运输，但是这仅仅利用了一小部分能获得的氮，因此此处将不对这些***和其方法进行说明。
作为进一步的技术背景，一些方法在冷却燃气轮机的空压机供给气体方面是公知的。这些涉及昂贵的复杂辅助设备的方法可参见US专利3788066，3796045，3877218和4424667。
本发明是对应用燃气轮机产生功来发电或驱动机械装置的方法的一种改进方法。在该方法中，供给空气流被压缩并且与一种燃料气体（燃气）燃烧产生燃烧产物。该燃烧产物在燃气轮机的膨胀器中膨胀，由此产生高温废气和功。这样产生的功用于发电或驱动机械装置。
这种增加了由燃气轮机膨胀器所产生的功的改进方法的特征在于，将由一个低温空气分离装置产生的氮产物冷却到低于环境温度（subambient  temperature），在压缩之前使冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物与供给空气流混合。
本发明的改进方法适应于这样的工作过程，即至少一部分由低温空气分离装置产生的氧产物与燃气发生装置中的含碳原料进行反应，产生一种燃料气体，该燃料气体富含一氧化碳和氢气。在燃气发生装置中反应的含碳原料可以是煤、石油焦炭、焦油砂沥青、乳化焦油砂、城市垃圾、渣油、废油或它们的混合物。
本发明的方法可进一步包括组合循环配置方案，其中高温废气被冷却而产生蒸汽，该蒸汽又被膨胀而进行发电。
该改进方法有两个主要的实施例。第一个可以用于在高压下产生氮产物的空气分离装置，亦即氮产物是在比燃气轮机的空压机入口压力高至少3磅/英寸2的压力下产生的。在该实施例中，氮产物被膨胀，由此产生被冷却的氮产物和电。冷却的氮产物与进入燃气轮机的空压机入口的供给空气混合。
第二个实施例尤其适用于在典型的低压下产生氮产物的空气分离装置，亦即氮产物是在比燃气轮机的空压机入口压力高约0.5至3psi之间的压力下产生的，但也可以用于在高压下产生氮产物的空气分离装置。在第二个实施例中，氮产物与水直接接触而被冷却和饱和。冷却的氮产物与进入燃气轮机空压机入口的供给空气相混合。
最后，这两个实施例可以组合应用于本发明的方法中。换言之，对高压氮产物进行膨胀，然后使之在一个冷却器/饱和器中与水接触而被冷却和饱和。
图1和2是本发明方法的两个实施例示意图。
本发明是一种应用燃气轮机或者在简单的循环配置或者在组合的循环配置中来产生功的改进方法。这种改进方法尤其适用于这样的工作过程，即至少一部分由低温空气分离装置产生的氧产物与燃气发生装置中的含碳原料进行反应，产生一种富含一氧化碳和氢气的燃料气体（燃气）。在燃气发生装置中反应的含碳原料可以是煤、石油焦炭、焦油砂沥青、乳化焦油砂、城市垃圾、渣油、废油或它们的混合物。
该改进方法有效地应用了由空气分离装置提供的过剩氮气。如上所述，改进方法在广义上包括冷却至少一部分来自空气分离装置的氮产物，并将该冷却的氮产物与供入燃气轮机空压机的供给空气相混合。为了完全地理解本发明的改进方法，将参照两个实施例进行详细讨论。
在该改进方法的第一实施例中，使由一个高压空气分离装置产生的废氮气流通过一个膨胀器而发电，并使氮气流冷却到低于环境温度。然后将该冷却的氮气流供到燃气轮机的空压机入口，置换一部分环境温度下的供给空气，这一改变冷却并增浓了燃气轮机压缩机的供给气体，从而增加了燃气轮机压缩机的总的气体通过量。作为附带效应，由于氮气流相对于供给燃气轮机压缩机的正常供给空气来说缺少氧，因此氧化剂的氧含量将被减少，使得火焰峰值温度低，这就使NOX产物减少。该方法的流程图示于图1中。
参见图1，线路10中的供给空气和线路92中的已激冷的低压氮气在燃气轮机的空压机20中受到压缩，产生压缩的燃烧空气流。该压缩的燃烧空气流然后沿线路22供入燃烧器30中与线路62中来的燃气燃烧，并可选择性加入来自线路52的蒸汽一起燃烧，这样产生一种燃烧产物流。该燃烧产物流然后沿线路32供入燃气轮机的膨胀器40中膨胀，由此产生高温废气流并发电。典型地，燃气轮机膨胀器40和燃气轮机空压机20是机械相连的。
线路42中的高温废气流和线路74中的来自煤气发生器70的蒸汽被供到热回收蒸汽发生器50中。重要的是要指出，虽然本发明的实施例是相对于采用煤气发生器70而言进行描述的，但该燃气发生器可以是一个处理任何含碳原料的燃气发生器。热回收蒸汽发生器的用途在于从高温废气流和从煤气化器来的蒸汽中回收热量，用来发电以及产生适当能量级的蒸汽用于工作过程中的其它地方。例如，其中一些蒸汽可以用于使空气分离装置80中的温差吸热器再生。热废气经线路58从热回收蒸汽发生器50排出。
在燃气发生器70中来自线路72的含碳原料（如煤）和来自线路84的氧气进行反应，产生富含氢气和一氧化碳的合成气体，该合成气体包括沿线路62在燃烧器中用的燃气。
在空气分离装置80中，线路82中压缩空气被低温分离成一种高压氧气产物和一种高压氮气产物。重要的是要指出，在本发明中，线路82中的压缩空气源可以是来自一***立的空压机，或全部或部分地来自空压机20。高压氧气产物沿线路84供入煤气发生器70。高压氮气产物86沿线路86进膨胀器90中进行膨胀，由此产生一种激冷的低压氮气流（线路92中），同时产生功并发电。
高压氮气流的优选状态范围是：温度低于环境温度以上100°F，压力高于正常燃气轮机压缩机入口处压力以上3磅/英寸2，总质量流量小于燃气轮机压缩机空气供给总质量流量的20%。对于一个290MW GCC***来说，一种典型的燃气轮机压缩机空气供给总质量流量约为3.3×106磅/小时。激冷的低压氮气流的优选状态范围是：温度低于环境温度减10°F，压力略（＜0.5磅/英寸2）高于燃气轮机压气机入口压力。当然对气流组成没有具体的限制，但最好是由氮气与少量的其它气体组成，这些气体包括H2O，CO2，Ar和O2，但并不局限于这些气体。
在另一种实施例中，这种改进方法尤其适用于采用在常规低压下工作的空气分离装置以及所获得的氮气中水没有达到饱和状态情况下的工作过程中。在该实施例中，应用一个饱和冷却器使氮气流进入燃气轮机压缩机入口以前得到冷却。这种冷却和饱和处理具有与前面所述第一实施例中的情况相类似的效果。此外，这种饱和器/冷却器会增加氮气流的质量流量和它的热容量，进一步改善工作过程。这一改型可以用低压氮气流或高压氮气流，也可以结合前述的主膨胀器配置情况应用。根据主供给空气的相对湿度，饱和器能够在不同饱和度水平上运转，以防止在燃气轮机压缩机中产生冷凝问题。这个实施例的流程图（没有主膨胀器的情况）示于图2中，改进的主要方面由阴影框图（shaded  box）表示出。图1和2中类似的工作气流和装置采用相同的标号。
参见图2，线路10中的供给空气和线路192中激冷的饱和氮气在燃气轮机的空压机20中压缩，产生压缩的燃烧空气流。该压缩的燃烧空气流沿线路22供入燃烧器30中与线路62的燃气和按选择也可包括线路52中的蒸汽一起燃烧，产生燃烧产物流。该燃烧产物流沿线路32供入燃气轮机的膨胀器40中进行膨胀，由此产生一股高温废气流并发电。典型地，燃气轮机膨胀器40和燃气轮机的空压机20是机械相连的。
线路42中的高温废气流和线路74中来自煤气发生器70的蒸气流都供入热回收蒸汽发生器50中。该热回收蒸汽发生器的用途在于从高温废气流和来自煤气发生器的蒸汽中回收热量，用于发电和产生适当能量级的蒸汽用于工作过程中的其它地方。热废气经线路58从热回收蒸汽发生器50中排出。
在燃气发生器70中，一种来自线路72的含碳原料（如煤）和来自线路84的氧气进行反应，产生富含氢气和一氧化碳的合成气体，这种合成气体包括沿线路62在燃烧器中用的燃气。
在空气分离装置80中，来自线路82的压缩空气被低温分离成一种氧气产物和一种低压氮气产物。重要的是要指出，在本发明中来自线路82的压缩空气源可以是全部或部分地来自压缩机20。氧气产物沿线路84供到煤气发生器70中。低压氮气产物沿线路86进入饱和器/冷却器190，受到激冷并用水使之饱和，由此在线路192中产生激冷的、水饱和的氮气流。
未饱和氮气流的优选状态范围是：温度低于环境温度以上20°F，压力高于正常压缩机供给压力以上0.5磅/英寸2，相对湿度小于50%，总的质量流量小于燃气轮机压缩机空气供给质量流量率的20%。290MW GCC***的典型的燃气轮机压缩机空气供给质量流量约为3.3×106磅/小时。激冷的饱和氮气流的优选状态范围是：温度低于环境温度减10°F，压力高于正常压缩机供给压力。供给饱和器的水最好处于锅炉补充给水温度或者是冷却水入口温度，选择其中较冷的并且其总流量小于氮气流量的10%（对于290MW GCC***来说，＜～6.6×104磅/英寸2水流量）。任何过量的水可以再循环回到饱和器/冷却器入口，因为这部分水的温度被降低，因而将更有效地冷却氮气流。如果没有水的再循环，水流能在空气分离装置中提供过量的激冷水冷却剂。这一附加的选择方案示于图2中流路194。过量水流能够控制，以便最大效率地在空气分离装置和燃气轮机***之间分配冷却容量。虽然对具体的气流组成没有其它限制，但是氮气气流最好包括大量氮气加少量的其它气体如H2O，CO2，Ar和O2，但也不局限于这几种气体。
本发明的改进也包括上述两个具体实施例的组合。在此情况下，高压氮气在一个膨胀器中膨胀，使氮气冷却并发电，然后将冷却膨胀后的氮气与冷却器/饱和器中的水接触而使之进一步受到冷却和饱和。
本发明的价值在于，它在没有引起不希望的复杂性和不可靠性情况下，以最少的费用使所产生的功率输出增加。表1概括了在相对于没有利用废氮气流的基本方案来说，经计算机模拟计算得出的本发明的一些优点。选来进行模拟的***包括一个燃气轮机，一个热回收蒸汽发生***，一个三级压力1450磅/英寸2表压/1000°F/1000F°再热抽吸冷凝式蒸汽轮机，一个联合的煤气发生***，以及一个高压或者一个低压空气分离装置（表1中ASU）。基本方案中的设备是按照ISO环境条件（50°F，14.7磅/英寸2绝对压力，相对温度60%，65°F的冷却水）以及空气分离装置和设备的其余部分没有联合在一起的情况设计的。夏季的环境状态条件最佳地显示出本发明增加功率的能力，这些环境状态条件限制在环境温度为90°F，绝对压力为14.7磅/英寸2，相对湿度为50%。
在本发明的描述中，示于图1中包括一个膨胀器和一个高压空气分离装置的设计方案这一主要发明在表1中作为选择方案1A和1B列出的两种条件下做了评估。方案1A表明本发明在夏季条件下的好处，此时总的设备效率最大。对于该方案，基于合成气燃料价值的燃气轮机和蒸汽轮机的热量可以从6001BTU/kWh提高到5922BTU/kWh，或者说在功率容量减少2.3MW的代价下使热量减少79BTU/kWh。方案1B表明本发明在夏季条件下的好处，此时总的设备功率输出最大。对于该方案，设备总的净功率输出可增加6.1MW（～2.3%），而效率基本上没有损失，增加的投资仅为246＄/kW。
本发明采用一个饱和器/冷却器和一个低压空气分离装置的设计方案（如图2所示）这种选择配置***的性能在下表中作为选择方案2列出。该方案在夏季条件下使激冷饱和氮气流达到最大冷却程度下进行评估。方案2的好处在于在夏季条件下使总的设备净功率输出增加1.6MW（0.6%），而投资的增加仅为263＄/kW。
本发明的主要优点在于增加夏季高峰发电容量，而费用大大低于典型的基本负荷费用，即～＄1500/kW。这是在以增大燃气轮机的压缩机质量流量的相对较低的费用与它对总功率输出的相对较大的影响之间进行有意义的控制所得的结果。
本发明的另一个优点在于燃气轮机的NOX排放量可从25vppm减至9vppm。
本发明的另一个重要优点在于它使一个非联合的工作过程中所引入的额外的复杂性水平达到最小，因为唯一的联合处是在燃气轮机的空压机入口。因此，即使用于实施本发明的设备被脱开不工作，整个设备仍能在非联合的输出水平下工作。在电力工业中，工作过程的可靠性和最小的未作计划的停机时间具有极高的价值，因此这一特征是个很明显的优点。另外，由于本发明的实施不会对工作过程的流程有很大干扰，因此它能很容易地并且廉价地作为现有非联合GCC设备的一个改型而加入进去。
本发明的改进方法是参照两个具体实施例进行描述的，但这两个实施例不应看作是对本发明的限定，对本发明的任何限定应由所附权利要求书来确定。
Figure 941049493_IMG2

Claims (13)

1、应用燃气轮机做功来发电或驱动机械装置的工作方法，其中供给空气流被压缩并与燃料气体燃烧产生燃烧产物，该燃烧产物在燃气轮机的膨胀器中膨胀，由此产生高温废气并做功，所做的功用于发电或驱动机械装置，其特征在于，使低温空气分离装置产生的氮产物冷却到低于环境温度，在压缩之前使冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物与供给空气流混合，由此增加在燃气轮机膨胀器中所产生的功。
2、按权利要求1的方法，其中低温空气分离装置也产生氧产物，至少一部分氧产物与燃气发生装置中的含碳原料反应，产生富含一氧化碳和氢气的燃料气体。
3、按权利要求1的方法，其中进一步包括一种组合循环配置，其中高温废气被冷却，产生蒸汽，而蒸汽又膨胀进行发电。
4、按权利要求2的方法，其中进一步包括组合循环配置，其中高温废气被冷却，产生蒸汽，而蒸汽又膨胀进行发电。
5、按权利要求2的方法，其中含碳原料是煤、石油焦碳、焦油砂沥青、乳化焦油砂、城市垃圾、渣油、废油或它们的混合物。
6、按权利要求1的方法，其中氮产物在提高的压力下产生，该高压氮产物被膨胀，产生被冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物并发电。
7、按权利要求1的方法，其中氮产物在低压下产生，该低压氮产物在冷却器/饱和器中与水接触，产生被冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物。
8、按权利要求1的方法，其中氮产物在高压下产生，该高压氮产物在冷却器/饱和器中与水接触，产生被冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物。
9、按权利要求1的方法，其中氮产物在高压下产生，该高压氮产物被膨胀，由此产生被冷却的膨胀的氮产物并发电，然后该被冷却的膨胀氮产物在冷却器/饱和器中与水接触，产生被冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物。
10、按权利要求2的方法，其中氮产物在高压下产生，该高压氮产物被膨胀，产生被冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物并发电。
11、按权利要求2的方法，其中氮产物在低压下产生，该低压氮产物在冷却器/饱和器中与水接触，产生被冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物。
12、按权利要求2的方法，其中氮产物在高压下产生，该高压氮产物在冷却器/饱和器中与水接触，产生被冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物。
13、按权利要求2的方法，其中氮产物在高压下产生，该高压氮产物被膨胀，由此产生被冷却的膨胀氮产物并发电，该被冷却的膨胀的氮产物然后与冷却器/饱和器中的水接触，产生被冷却到低于环境温度的氮产物。
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CN101238342B (zh) * 2005-08-10 2012-07-04 阿尔斯托姆科技有限公司 用于运行燃气透平的方法以及用于实施该方法的燃气透平
CN102405340B (zh) * 2008-12-23 2015-06-03 犹德有限公司 利用来自气化器的合成气的方法
CN102597418A (zh) * 2009-11-12 2012-07-18 埃克森美孚上游研究公司 低排放发电和烃采收***及方法
CN102817714A (zh) * 2012-09-03 2012-12-12 中国船舶重工集团公司第七○三研究所 中间喷水冷却与蒸汽回注燃气轮机循环装置
CN104048313A (zh) * 2013-03-12 2014-09-17 株式会社日立制作所 热电比可变型热电联产***
CN109268092A (zh) * 2018-08-02 2019-01-25 上海柯来浦能源科技有限公司 一种利用空气能源的氢气混合工质动力***
CN109931626A (zh) * 2018-11-28 2019-06-25 中国华能集团有限公司 一种用于igcc电站燃机的增效减排装置
CN109609199A (zh) * 2019-01-15 2019-04-12 中国石油大学(华东) 零碳排放的煤气化热电联供工艺
CN110454284A (zh) * 2019-08-08 2019-11-15 上海交通大学 用于燃气轮机的液氮循环进气冷却***
CN111441866A (zh) * 2020-04-03 2020-07-24 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 一种降低合成气燃气轮机NOx排放的***
CN111441866B (zh) * 2020-04-03 2021-07-30 中国科学院工程热物理研究所 一种降低合成气燃气轮机NOx排放的***

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CA2121762A1 (en) 1994-10-28
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US5388395A (en) 1995-02-14
DE69400252T2 (de) 1996-10-24
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