CN109560049B - 半导体装置 - Google Patents

半导体装置 Download PDF

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CN109560049B
CN109560049B CN201811107491.4A CN201811107491A CN109560049B CN 109560049 B CN109560049 B CN 109560049B CN 201811107491 A CN201811107491 A CN 201811107491A CN 109560049 B CN109560049 B CN 109560049B
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cooling plate
cooler
package
resin
semiconductor
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CN109560049A (zh
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片山幸久
横泽谅
高桥直是
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Denso Corp
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Abstract

本发明涉及具备将半导体元件密封的树脂封装体的半导体模块和树脂制的冷却器一体化而成的半导体装置,提供抑制冷却性能的经时劣化的技术。半导体装置(2)具备半导体模块(10)、绝缘片(16)、冷却板(20)以及冷却器(3)。在半导体模块(10)的至少一面露出有散热板。绝缘片(16)覆盖散热板。冷却板(20)的一个面覆盖绝缘片(16)并且与封装体(12)的上述的一面接合,在另一个面设置有散热片(21)。冷却板(20)由混合有导热材料的树脂制成。冷却器(3)是使制冷剂沿着散热片(21)流动的树脂制的冷却器,从冷却板(20)的法线方向观察时包围冷却板,并且从法线方向观察时与树脂封装体(12)的一对两端接合。

Description

半导体装置
技术领域
本说明书公开的技术涉及半导体模块与树脂制的冷却器一体化而成的半导体装置,其中,半导体模块具备将半导体元件密封的树脂封装体。
背景技术
在日本特开2016-131196号公报(专利文献1)中公开了一种具备将半导体元件密封的树脂封装体(resin package)的半导体模块与树脂制的冷却器一体化的半导体装置。半导体模块的树脂封装体是扁平的,散热板在该树脂封装体的宽面(wide-width surface)露出。散热板被绝缘片覆盖,冷却板夹着该绝缘片与树脂封装体的宽面接合。在冷却板的与绝缘片相反的一侧设置有散热片(fin)。树脂制的冷却器从冷却板的法线方向观察时包围冷却板,并且从法线方向观察时与树脂封装体的两端接合。从法线方向观察时在冷却器的内侧且树脂封装体的两侧形成有流路,制冷剂通过该流路沿着冷却器的散热片流动。冷却器在树脂封装体的两端与树脂封装体接合,并且以在与树脂封装体之间夹着冷却板的两侧的方式覆盖冷却板的两侧。
在日本特开2016-131196号公报(专利文献1)所公开的半导体装置中,冷却板由铝或铜等导热性高的金属制作。铝等金属和树脂的线膨胀系数差别很大。由于线膨胀系数的差异,有可能在冷却板与冷却器之间的绝缘片产生应力,冷却板的边缘从绝缘片剥离,冷却性能劣化。在专利文献1的半导体装置中,树脂制的冷却器以在与树脂封装体之间夹着冷却板的两侧的方式覆盖冷却板的两侧,防止冷却板的剥离。
发明内容
本说明书提供一种利用与专利文献1的技术不同的方法来抑制冷却性能的经时劣化(chronological deterioration)的技术。
本说明书公开的半导体装置具备半导体模块、绝缘片、冷却板以及冷却器。半导体模块在树脂制的封装体的内部密封半导体元件,并且在至少一面露出有散热板。绝缘片覆盖散热板。冷却板的一个面覆盖绝缘片并且与封装体的一面(散热板露出的面)接合,在另一个面设置有散热片。冷却板由混合有导热材料的树脂制作。冷却器是使制冷剂沿着散热片流动的树脂制的冷却器,当从冷却板的法线方向观察时包围冷却板,并且当从法线方向观察时与树脂封装体的一对两端接合。
在本说明书公开的半导体装置中,不由金属而由树脂制作冷却板。因此,与树脂制的封装体的线膨胀系数之差不像金属那么大。另外,由于冷却板和树脂封装体都是树脂制,所以两者的接合性好。因此,冷却板难以从树脂封装体剥离。结果,冷却性能的经时劣化变小。
在本说明书公开的半导体装置中,当从冷却板的法线方向观察时冷却板的周围的边缘可以与冷却器分离。若冷却板的端与冷却器接触,则由于施加了冷却器成形时的热、或者半导体装置运转时的热时的两者的干扰,有可能在冷却板产生应力。在上述的构造中,由于冷却板与冷却器分离,所以在施加了热时冷却板的端不会受冷却器的干扰,不产生由干扰引起的应力。
导热材料可以具有细长形状,散热片的内部的导热材料的长边方向在从散热片的根部朝向前端的方向取向。通过细长形状的导热材料在从散热片的根部朝向前端的方向取向,从而冷却板的热容易传递到散热片的前端。
本说明书公开的技术的详细内容和进一步的改进将在以下的“具体实施方式”中说明。
附图说明
图1是半导体模块的立体图。
图2是实施例的半导体装置的剖视图。
图3是图2的虚线III所示的范围的局部剖视图。
图4是从图3的箭头IV的方向观察到的图。
图5是沿着图4的V-V线的剖视图。
图6是图3的虚线VI所示的范围的放大图。
具体实施方式
参照附图对实施例的半导体装置进行说明。半导体装置2是多个半导体模块10和冷却器成为一体的设备。首先,参照图1对半导体模块10的概要进行说明。
图1是半导体模块10的立体图。半导体模块10是在树脂制的扁平的封装体12的内部埋设了2个半导体元件4a、4b的设备。半导体元件4a、4b的每一个例如是在其内部绝缘栅双极型晶体管(通称IGBT)和二极管反向并联连接的芯片。在封装体12的内部,2个半导体元件4a、4b串联连接。2个IGBT的串联连接例如构成逆变器的一个相的上臂开关元件和下臂开关元件。三个电源端子从扁平的封装体12的一个窄面(图1中的上表面)延伸,多个控制端子41从相反侧的窄面延伸。电源端子19a、19b、19c分别与2个半导体元件4a、4b的串联连接的中点、高电位端、低电位端连接。散热板15a、15b在扁平的封装体12的一个宽面露出。散热板15a在封装体12的内部与半导体元件4a电连接以及热连接,散热板15b在封装体12的内部与半导体元件4b电连接以及热连接。其它的散热板(以后说明的散热板13)在与散热板15a、15b相反一侧的宽面露出。散热板13兼作将半导体元件4a、4b串联连接的导电体,与半导体元件4a、4b电连接以及热连接。散热板13、15a、15b由传热率高且电阻低的铜制成。
图2示出半导体装置2的剖视图。参照图2对半导体装置2的概要进行说明。以后将参照图3-图5对半导体装置2的详细情况进行说明。
冷却器3由树脂制成并呈方筒状,其内部成为制冷剂通过的流路P。冷却器3具备方筒状的外筒30、和架设在外筒30的内侧的多个梁31。在筒状的冷却器3的内部固定有多个半导体模块10。多个半导体模块10在筒状的冷却器3的筒轴线方向(图中的坐标系的X方向)上空开间隔排列配置。扁平的半导体模块10的宽度窄的四面与筒状的冷却器3的内侧接合。换言之,扁平的半导体模块10从宽面的法线方向观察时周围与筒状的冷却器3的内侧接合。半导体模块10的图中坐标系的Y方向的两端与梁31接合。后面将说明,Z方向的两端与外筒30的内侧接合。
在各半导体模块10的封装体12的宽面夹着绝缘片16安装有冷却板20。在冷却板20的面向流路P的一侧设置有多个针式散热片(pin fin)21。其中,在图2中,仅对最上端和最下端的绝缘片、冷却板以及散热片标注附图标记,对其他的绝缘片、冷却板以及散热片省略附图标记。
在冷却器3设置有制冷剂供给口3a和制冷剂排出口3b。图2的箭头线示出制冷剂的流动。制冷剂是液体,通常是水或者LLC(Long Life Coolant:长效冷却液)。从制冷剂供给口3a流入的制冷剂通过流路P而通过冷却板20的针式散热片21之间,从半导体模块10吸收热。吸收了热的制冷剂从制冷剂排出口3b排出。在扁平的封装体12的两个宽面安装有带散热片的冷却板20,由于制冷剂通过针式散热片21之间,所以半导体装置2的半导体模块10的冷却效率好。
参照图3-图5对半导体装置2的构造进行说明。图3中示出将图2的虚线III提取出的范围的局部剖视图,图4中示出从图3中的箭头IV的方向观察到的半导体装置2。图5中示出沿着图4的V-V线的剖视图。此外,在图3-图5中,为了帮助理解,改变了半导体模块10的部件的一部分的纵横比进行描绘。
如前所述,半导体模块10是在树脂制的封装体12的内部密封了2个半导体元件4a、4b的设备。封装体12的材料例如可使用将无机物混合到环氧树脂等热固性树脂而得到的树脂材料。半导体元件4a、4b也是扁平的,在一个宽面设置有平面状的集电极电极,在另一个宽面设置有平面状的发射极电极和控制电极。控制电极是栅极电极或内置于半导体元件4a、4b的温度传感器用的端子。
散热板13在扁平的封装体12的一个宽面露出,散热板15a、15b在另一个面露出。在散热板13的背面侧(埋设于封装体12的一侧)接合有半导体元件4a的发射极电极和半导体元件4b的集电极电极。即,散热板13发挥将半导体元件4a、4b串联连接的连接导体的作用。半导体元件4a的集电极电极经由铜制的隔离物14与散热板15a连接。半导体元件4b的发射极电极经由铜制的隔离物14与散热板15b连接。半导体元件4a、4b与散热板13、15a、15b的接合以及与隔离物14的接合可使用焊料。
如图5所示,散热板13和电源端子19a在封装体12的内部连续。即,2个半导体元件4a、4b的串联连接的中点经由散热板13与电源端子19a连接。虽然省略图示,但同样地2个半导体元件4a、4b的串联连接的高电位侧经由散热板15a与电源端子19b连接,低电位侧经由散热板15b与电源端子19c连接。这样,散热板13、15a、15b与半导体元件4a、4b的电极导通,半导体元件4a、4b的内部的热经由电极良好地传递到散热板13、15a、15b。半导体元件4a的控制电极和控制端子41在封装体12的内部通过接合线(bonding wire)42连接。半导体元件4b的控制电极也同样地通过接合线与控制端子连接。
在封装体12的一个宽面以覆盖散热板15a、15b的方式粘贴有绝缘片16a。在另一个宽面以覆盖散热板13的方式粘贴有绝缘片16b。绝缘片16a、16b由将环氧树脂作为基材(base)并包括氮化硼、氧化铝的材料制作。绝缘片16a最初是液状,以覆盖散热板15a、15b的方式涂覆于宽面。液状的绝缘材料固化而成为绝缘片16a。绝缘片16b也相同。以下,在不区别表示绝缘片16a、16b的一方时,记载为绝缘片16。
在封装体12的各个宽面接合有冷却板20。冷却板20覆盖绝缘片16,并且在绝缘片16的周围与封装体12的宽面接合。冷却板20由混合有导热材料的树脂制成。成为基材的树脂例如是环氧树脂。混合于环氧树脂的导热材料例如是鱗片状石墨、石墨烯、高导热碳纤维等。冷却板20和封装体12的接合可使用大气压等离子体接合法。冷却板20和封装体12的接合也可以使用利用了具有胺、硫醇、硅作为官能团的界面处理剂的界面粘合方法。
在冷却板20的与封装体12接合的面的相反一侧设置有多个针式散热片21。冷却板20和针式散热片21通过将粘贴有绝缘片16的封装体12放入金属模具,并将混合有导热材料的树脂复合材料浇注到该金属模具的腔而成形。此时的成形压力例如可以被调整为小于10[MPa],以免对封装体12造成损伤。另外,金属模具温度优选小于210℃。设置有针式散热片21的冷却板20可通过传递模塑(transfer molding)、注塑、压塑等方法成形。
这里,对混合于冷却板20的导热材料的取向(orientation)进行说明。图6示出图3的虚线VI的范围的放大图。在图6中,由黑粗线示出混合于树脂基材的导热材料22。导热材料22是细长的针状。导热材料22在冷却板20的板的内部,在与冷却板20的板面平行的方向(图中的箭头A的方向)取向。在针式散热片21的内部,导热材料22在从针式散热片21的根部朝向前端的方向(图中的箭头B的方向)取向。冷却板20在导热材料22的取向方向上导热特性变高。导热材料22在冷却板20的板的内部在板面的展开方向取向,在针式散热片21的内部在从针式散热片21的根部朝向前端的方向取向。通过该取向,冷却板20的板内的热容易传递到针式散热片21的前端。
返回图3-图5,对冷却器3进行说明。如前所述,冷却器3具备方筒状的外筒30和设置于外筒30的内部的多个梁31。此外,在图4中,为了帮助理解,梁31由灰色表示。一对梁31与一个半导体模块10对应。如图3和图4所示,一对梁31各自的两端与方筒状的外筒30的内面接合。在一对梁31之间配置有半导体模块10。扁平的半导体模块10(封装体12)的图中的坐标系的Y方向的两端与梁31接合,Z方向的两端与外筒30的内面接合。从封装体12的宽面的法线方向观察时封装体12的周围与冷却器3接合,电源端子19a、19b、19c和控制端子41贯通外筒30而延伸到外筒30的外侧。
冷却器3由树脂制成。冷却器3的材料例如是环氧类树脂。其中,外筒30在图中的坐标系的X方向被分割成多个筒块,相邻的筒块夹着防止漏液的垫圈(未图示)接合。此外,在图中,将多个块绘制成一个外筒30。外筒30被分割成与半导体模块10数目相同的块。而且,相对于一个半导体模块10成形一个块。冷却器3的各块通过将形成了冷却板20的半导体模块10放入金属模具并浇注熔融树脂而制成。
在形成冷却器3的金属模具内,冷却板20通过浮动型金属模具与使冷却器3成形的腔分离。结果,如图4所示,在从冷却板20的法线方向观察时,在冷却板20的周围与冷却器3的内面之间确保距离dW的缝隙。换言之,从冷却板20的法线方向观察时,冷却板20的周围的边缘与冷却器3的内面分离距离dW。此外,冷却板20也可以不必与腔完全地分离。换言之,冷却板20的一部分可以与冷却器3接触。
使冷却器3成形时的条件是任意的,但例如金属模具温度被抑制在210℃以下。当使熔融的树脂在金属模具内固化时,由于使树脂的交联密度接近100%,所以可以进行180℃以上并且3小时以上的热处理。通过这样的处理和冷却板20与冷却器3分离,不管使冷却器3成形时的热收缩如何,在冷却板20产生的内部应力都被抑制得低。
在图中的Y方向梁31与外筒30之间的空间相当于流路P。如之前参照图2说明那样,从冷却器3的外部供给的制冷剂通过流路P流向冷却板20的针式散热片21之间,并通过流路P排出到冷却器3的外部。
对半导体装置2的优点进行说明。在半导体装置2中,作为与半导体模块10的封装体12接合的冷却板20的材料,不采用金属制的材料而采用混合有导热材料的树脂。由于半导体模块10的封装体12也由树脂制成,所以树脂制的冷却板20和封装体12的接合性很好。另外,与金属制的冷却板相比较,树脂制的冷却板20与封装体12的线膨胀系数之差不大。因此,相对于冷却板20成形时的热、冷却器3成形时的热、以及半导体装置2运转中的热周期,在冷却板20与封装体12的接合部分产生的应力小。因此,冷却板20难以从封装体12剥离,冷却性能的经时劣化小。
在从冷却板20的法线方向(图中的X方向)观察时,冷却板20的周围的边缘与冷却器3分离。通过该特征,不管冷却器3成形时的热如何,在冷却板20都不产生热应力。该情况也有助于冷却板20难以剥离。
冷却板20由混合有细长形状的导热材料的树脂制成。导热材料在针式散热片21的内部在从针式散热片21的根部朝向前端的方向取向。通过该取向,冷却板20的热容易传递到针式散热片21的前端。
描述与实施例中说明的技术有关的注意点。在冷却板20设置有针式散热片21。也可以代替针式散热片而是板状的散热片。在实施例的半导体装置2中,从半导体模块10的宽面的法线方向观察时,封装体12的周围全部与冷却器3接合。封装体12只要在从法线方向观察时至少一对两端与冷却器接合即可。
被密封于半导体模块10的半导体元件可以是一个,也可以是三个以上。在实施例的半导体装置2中,在半导体模块10的一对宽面的每一个露出散热板,并接合有冷却板20。只要在半导体模块的至少一面露出散热板并且接合有冷却板即可。内置于冷却器3的半导体模块的数量也没有限制。
以上,对本发明的具体例详细地进行了说明,但这些只不过是例示,并不限定技术方案。技术方案所记载的技术包含将以上例示的具体例进行各种变形、变更后的方式。本说明书或者附图中说明的技术要素单独或者通过各种组合会发挥技术实用性,并不局限于申请时技术方案记载的组合。另外,本说明书或者附图中例示出的技术能够同时实现多个目的,实现其中的一个目的本身具有技术实用性。
附图标记说明
2:半导体装置;3:冷却器;4a、4b:半导体元件;10:半导体模块;12:封装体;13、15a、15b:散热板;14:隔离物;16、16a、16b:绝缘片;19a、19b、19c:电源端子;20:冷却板;21:针式散热片;22:导热材料;30:外筒;31:梁;41:控制端子;42:接合线。

Claims (2)

1.一种半导体装置,其中,具备:
半导体模块,在树脂制的封装体的内部密封半导体元件,并且在至少一面露出有散热板;
绝缘片,覆盖上述散热板;
冷却板,是由混合有导热材料的树脂制成的冷却板,该冷却板的一个面覆盖上述绝缘片并且与上述封装体的上述一面接合,并在另一个面设置有散热片;以及
冷却器,是使制冷剂沿着上述散热片流动的树脂制的冷却器,该冷却器在从上述冷却板的法线方向观察时包围上述冷却板,并且在从上述法线方向观察时与上述封装体的两端接合,
在从上述法线方向观察时,上述冷却板的周围的边缘与上述冷却器分离。
2.根据权利要求1所述的半导体装置,其中,
上述导热材料具有细长形状,上述散热片的内部的上述导热材料的长边方向在从上述散热片的根部朝向前端的方向取向。
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