CN109530387B - Harmless treatment process for electrolytic aluminum dross - Google Patents
Harmless treatment process for electrolytic aluminum dross Download PDFInfo
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- CN109530387B CN109530387B CN201811271941.3A CN201811271941A CN109530387B CN 109530387 B CN109530387 B CN 109530387B CN 201811271941 A CN201811271941 A CN 201811271941A CN 109530387 B CN109530387 B CN 109530387B
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- aluminum dross
- aluminum
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 75
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 150000004673 fluoride salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K Aluminum fluoride Inorganic materials F[Al](F)F KLZUFWVZNOTSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 15
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000012921 fluorescence analysis Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 9
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical group OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002910 solid waste Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002920 hazardous waste Substances 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003912 environmental pollution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- IOXPXHVBWFDRGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N hept-6-enal Chemical compound C=CCCCCC=O IOXPXHVBWFDRGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004898 kneading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000779 smoke Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/006—General arrangement of incineration plant, e.g. flow sheets
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
- F23G5/00—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor
- F23G5/02—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment
- F23G5/033—Incineration of waste; Incinerator constructions; Details, accessories or control therefor with pretreatment comminuting or crushing
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a harmless treatment process of electrolytic aluminum dross, belonging to the technical field of recycling of solid wastes in the aluminum electrolysis industry. The aluminum dross after being crushed and impurity removed is uniformly mixed with a catalyst (a mixture of potassium nitrate and sodium chloride) and a reactant (a mixture of orthocryolite and metallurgical-grade aluminum oxide), and when the aluminum dross is combusted in a combustion furnace at the temperature of 600-; the sodium chloride plays a role in promoting and catalyzing the decomposition of ammonium nitrate substances; the metallurgical-grade aluminum oxide can effectively adsorb melted cryolite and fluoride salt. By adopting the process, the carbon content in the residual ash of the aluminum dross after combustion is less than 3 percent, and the regenerated electrolyte is obtained by adjusting the molecular ratio; the content of fluoride salt in the combustion flue gas is less than 3mg/m3The content of dust particles is less than 20mg/m3The aluminum electrolysis fume purification system is connected to purify the aluminum electrolysis fume and then the aluminum electrolysis fume can be directly discharged into the atmosphere, thereby realizing the purpose of harmless treatment of the electrolytic aluminum scum.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of recycling of solid wastes in the aluminum electrolysis industry, and particularly relates to a harmless treatment process of electrolytic aluminum dross.
Technical Field
At present, prebaked anode carbon blocks used in aluminum electrolysis cells are all formed by kneading and roasting carbon materials. During the aluminum electrolysis reaction, the generation of carbon slag in the liquid aluminum electrolyte is inevitable due to the heterogeneity of the carbon material in the anode carbon block. Carbon residue floating in the aluminum electrolyte, namely aluminum dross, can cause the anode effect of aluminum electrolysis, and simultaneously can increase the voltage of the aluminum electrolyte, reduce the current efficiency of the aluminum electrolysis and increase the power consumption per ton of aluminum.
Through analytical research, the main components of the aluminum dross are carbon powder, fluoride salt, metallic aluminum and a small amount of impurities, and the valuable components are cryolite (sodium hexafluoroaluminate), cryolite (sodium pentafluoroaluminate), carbon materials and metallic aluminum. Wherein, the carbon powder content in the aluminum dross is 30-50% and the fluoride salt content is 50-70% by mass percentage.
According to the national records of hazardous waste (No. 39 of the 2016 ministry of environmental protection), aluminum dross belongs to industrial hazardous waste, waste class HW48 (non-ferrous smelting waste), waste code: 321-025-48, hazard characteristics: and T. Fluoride salt contained in the aluminum dross pollutes the environment seriously and is one of important pollutants for national environmental protection key management and control.
At present, with the further implementation of the national environmental protection law, the treatment method aiming at the aluminum dross in the industry is mainly stockpiling, but the method has serious environmental pollution and high stockpiling cost. In view of this, some research institutions and enterprises are also conducting research and experiments on the harmless treatment of aluminum dross, but a process suitable for the harmless treatment of electrolytic aluminum dross has not yet been developed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a harmless treatment process of electrolytic aluminum dross, which has the advantages of simple process, low cost and environmental friendliness.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme: a harmless treatment process of electrolytic aluminum dross specifically comprises the following steps:
(1) crushing electrolytic aluminum dross to the particle size of 0.1-0.25mm, then removing impurities by adopting a filter screen, wherein the aperture of the filter screen is 0.25-0.3mm, and the content of Fe element in the electrolytic aluminum dross after the impurities are removed is less than 0.3%;
(2) the method comprises the following steps of taking a mixture of potassium nitrate and sodium chloride as a catalyst, taking a mixture of orthocryolite and metallurgical-grade alumina as a reactant, and respectively crushing the catalyst and the reactant to obtain particles with the particle size of 0.1-0.25 mm;
(3) removing impurities from the aluminum dross in the step (1), and preparing the catalyst and the reactant in the step (2) into a uniform mixed material according to the mass ratio of 6-8: 0.7-1.3: 0.7-3.3;
(4) putting the mixed material in the step (3) into a combustion furnace, and combusting for 8-15min at 600-; the carbon content in the residual ash of the aluminum dross is less than 3 percent, and the fluoride salt content in the combustion flue gas is less than 3mg/m3The content of dust particles is less than 20mg/m3；
(5) Introducing the combustion flue gas obtained in the step (4) into an aluminum electrolysis flue gas purification system for purification and then discharging the purified combustion flue gas into the atmosphere; the residual ash of the aluminum dross is determined by fluorescence analysis to determine NaF and AlF3By additional addition of AlF3Reacting NaF and AlF3The ratio of the amounts of the substances (A) to (B) is maintained at 2.1-2.3:1 to obtain a regenerated electrolyte.
Further, the mass ratio of potassium nitrate to sodium chloride in the catalyst is 7-9: 1-3, preferably 9: 1.
The mass ratio of the orthocryolite to the metallurgical-grade alumina in the reactant is 7-9: 1-3, and preferably 4: 1.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention uniformly mixes the aluminum dross after crushing and impurity removal with a certain proportion of catalyst (mixture of potassium nitrate and sodium chloride) and reactant (mixture of orthocryolite and metallurgical-grade aluminum oxide), and when the aluminum dross is combusted in a combustion furnace at the temperature of 600-:
(1) the potassium nitrate is decomposed to produce combustion-supporting oxygen, which can promote the carbon in the aluminum dross to be fully combusted.
(2) The sodium chloride plays a role in promoting and catalyzing the decomposition of ammonium nitrate substances.
(3) The reactant consists of orthocryolite and metallurgical-grade alumina, and can promote the generation of cryolite when the reactant is combusted at the temperature of 600-760 ℃, wherein the metallurgical-grade alumina can effectively adsorb melted cryolite and fluoride salt.
(4) By adopting the process, the carbon content in the residual ash of the aluminum dross after combustion is less than 3 percent, and the regenerated electrolyte is obtained by adjusting the molecular ratio; the content of fluoride salt in the combustion flue gas is less than 3mg/m3The content of dust particles is less than 20mg/m3Electrolysis of aluminumThe purified flue gas can be directly discharged into the atmosphere, thereby realizing the purpose of harmless treatment of the electrolytic aluminum dross.
Detailed Description
The process for detoxifying electrolytic aluminum dross according to the present invention will be described in further detail below with reference to specific examples.
In the following examples, the proportions of the respective mixtures are mass ratios, which are not specifically described.
Example 1
(1) Crushing electrolytic aluminum dross by using a ball mill until the particle size is 0.1mm, then removing impurities by using a 0.25m filter screen, wherein the content of Fe element in the electrolytic aluminum dross after the impurities are removed is 0.25%;
(2) a mixture of 73 percent of potassium nitrate and 27 percent of sodium chloride is used as a catalyst, a mixture of 70 percent of orthocryolite and 30 percent of metallurgical-grade alumina is used as a reactant, and the catalyst and the reactant are crushed by a ball mill until the particle size is 0.1 mm;
(3) conveying the aluminum dross subjected to impurity removal in the step (1), the catalyst and the reactant in the step (2) into a mixer through a conveyor, and preparing a uniform mixed material according to a mass ratio of 6: 0.7: 3.3;
(4) conveying the mixed material in the step (3) to a combustion furnace through a conveyor, and combusting for 8 min at 600 ℃ to obtain residual ash of aluminum dross and combustion flue gas; the carbon content in the residual ash of the aluminum dross is 2.7 percent, and the fluoride salt content in the combustion flue gas is 2.9mg/m3The content of dust particles is 17mg/m3；
(5) Introducing the combustion flue gas obtained in the step (4) into an aluminum electrolysis flue gas purification system for purification and then discharging the purified combustion flue gas into the atmosphere; the residual ash of the aluminum dross is determined by fluorescence analysis to determine NaF and AlF3In a ratio of 2.5:1, and then by additional addition of AlF3Reacting NaF and AlF3The mass ratio of (a) to (b 2.2:1, a regenerated electrolyte consisting mainly of cryolite and alumina was obtained.
Example 2
(1) Crushing electrolytic aluminum dross by using a ball mill until the grain size is 0.25mm, then removing impurities by using a 0.3m filter screen, wherein the content of Fe element in the electrolytic aluminum dross after the impurities are removed is 0.27%;
(2) taking a mixture of 82% potassium nitrate and 19% sodium chloride as a catalyst, taking a mixture of 80% orthocryolite and 20% metallurgical-grade alumina as a reactant, and crushing the catalyst and the reactant to a particle size of 0.25mm through a ball mill;
(3) conveying the aluminum dross subjected to impurity removal in the step (1), the catalyst and the reactant in the step (2) into a mixer through a conveyor, and preparing a uniform mixed material according to a ratio of 7: 1: 3;
(4) conveying the mixed material in the step (3) to a combustion furnace through a conveyor, and combusting for 13min at 760 ℃ to obtain residual ash of aluminum dross and combustion flue gas; the carbon content in the residual ash of the aluminum dross is 2.8 percent, and the fluoride salt content in the combustion flue gas is 3mg/m3The content of dust particles is 19mg/m3；
(5) Introducing the combustion flue gas obtained in the step (4) into an aluminum electrolysis flue gas purification system for purification and then discharging the purified combustion flue gas into the atmosphere; the residual ash of the aluminum dross is determined by fluorescence analysis to determine NaF and AlF3In a ratio of 2.4:1, and then by additional addition of AlF3Reacting NaF and AlF3The mass ratio of (a) to (b) was 2.3:1, resulting in a regenerated electrolyte composed mainly of cryolite and alumina.
Example 3
(1) Crushing electrolytic aluminum dross by using a ball mill until the particle size is 0.2mm, then removing impurities by using a 0.3m filter screen, wherein the content of Fe element in the electrolytic aluminum dross after the impurities are removed is 0.29%;
(2) taking a mixture of 81% potassium nitrate and 19% sodium chloride as a catalyst, taking a mixture of 85% orthocryolite and 15% metallurgical-grade alumina as a reactant, and crushing the catalyst and the reactant to a particle size of 0.2mm through a ball mill;
(3) conveying the aluminum dross subjected to impurity removal in the step (1), the catalyst and the reactant in the step (2) into a mixer through a conveyor, and preparing a uniform mixed material according to the ratio of 8: 1.2: 0.8;
(4) conveying the mixed material in the step (3) to a combustion furnace through a conveyor at 700 DEG CBurning for 15min to obtain residual ash of aluminum dross and burning smoke; the carbon content in the residual ash of the aluminum dross is 2.5 percent, and the fluoride salt content in the combustion flue gas is 2.9mg/m3The content of dust particles is 14mg/m3；
(5) Introducing the combustion flue gas obtained in the step (4) into an aluminum electrolysis flue gas purification system for purification and then discharging the purified combustion flue gas into the atmosphere; the residual ash of the aluminum dross is determined by fluorescence analysis to determine NaF and AlF3In a ratio of 2.5:1, and then by additional addition of AlF3Reacting NaF and AlF3The mass ratio of (a) to (b 2.1:1, a regenerated electrolyte consisting mainly of cryolite and alumina was obtained.
Claims (4)
1. A process for the harmless treatment of electrolytic aluminum dross, comprising the steps of:
(1) crushing electrolytic aluminum dross to the particle size of 0.1-0.25mm, then removing impurities by adopting a filter screen, wherein the aperture of the filter screen is 0.25-0.3mm, and the content of Fe element in the electrolytic aluminum dross after the impurities are removed is less than 0.3%;
(2) the method comprises the following steps of taking a mixture of potassium nitrate and sodium chloride as a catalyst, taking a mixture of orthocryolite and metallurgical-grade alumina as a reactant, and respectively crushing the catalyst and the reactant to obtain particles with the particle size of 0.1-0.25 mm;
(3) removing impurities from the aluminum dross in the step (1), and preparing the catalyst and the reactant in the step (2) into a uniform mixed material according to the mass ratio of 6-8: 0.7-1.3: 0.7-3.3;
(4) spraying the mixed material in the step (3) into a combustion furnace, and combusting for 8-15min at 600-; the carbon content in the residual ash of the aluminum dross is less than 3 percent, and the fluoride salt content in the combustion flue gas is less than 3mg/m3The content of dust particles is less than 20mg/m3；
(5) Introducing the combustion flue gas obtained in the step (4) into an aluminum electrolysis flue gas purification system for purification and then discharging the purified combustion flue gas into the atmosphere; the residual ash of the aluminum dross is determined by fluorescence analysis to determine NaF and AlF3By additional addition of AlF3Reacting NaF and AlF3Of (2) aMaintaining the quantity ratio at 2.1-2.3:1 to obtain regenerated electrolyte;
the mass ratio of orthocryolite to metallurgical-grade alumina in the reactant is 7-9: 1-3.
2. The process of claim 1 for the innocent treatment of electrolytic aluminum dross, wherein: the mass ratio of potassium nitrate to sodium chloride in the catalyst is 7-9: 1-3.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein the process comprises: the mass ratio of potassium nitrate to sodium chloride in the catalyst is 9: 1.
4. The process of claim 1 for the innocent treatment of electrolytic aluminum dross, wherein: the mass ratio of orthocryolite to metallurgical-grade alumina in the reactant is 4: 1.
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201811271941.3A CN109530387B (en) | 2018-10-29 | 2018-10-29 | Harmless treatment process for electrolytic aluminum dross |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN201811271941.3A CN109530387B (en) | 2018-10-29 | 2018-10-29 | Harmless treatment process for electrolytic aluminum dross |
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| CN109530387A CN109530387A (en) | 2019-03-29 |
| CN109530387B true CN109530387B (en) | 2022-02-25 |
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| CN114309006B (en) * | 2021-12-13 | 2022-11-25 | 生态环境部华南环境科学研究所 | Process and treatment equipment for harmless recycling of barium slag |
| CN115365269A (en) * | 2022-08-26 | 2022-11-22 | 甘肃东兴铝业有限公司 | Method for treating electrolytic aluminum waste material |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1055768A (en) * | 1991-05-22 | 1991-10-30 | 抚顺铝厂 | Fluidized-bed roasting treatment method for aluminium electrolytic flue ash |
| JPH0929209A (en) * | 1995-07-24 | 1997-02-04 | Nippon Technic Kk | Pollution free treatment method for aluminum residual ash |
| CN101381647A (en) * | 2008-10-21 | 2009-03-11 | 梁宴邱 | High-efficiency coal-saving burning additive |
| CN106247340A (en) * | 2016-10-08 | 2016-12-21 | 淄博海慧工程设计咨询有限公司 | A kind of processing method and processing device of electrolytic aluminium carbon slag |
-
2018
- 2018-10-29 CN CN201811271941.3A patent/CN109530387B/en active Active
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN1055768A (en) * | 1991-05-22 | 1991-10-30 | 抚顺铝厂 | Fluidized-bed roasting treatment method for aluminium electrolytic flue ash |
| JPH0929209A (en) * | 1995-07-24 | 1997-02-04 | Nippon Technic Kk | Pollution free treatment method for aluminum residual ash |
| CN101381647A (en) * | 2008-10-21 | 2009-03-11 | 梁宴邱 | High-efficiency coal-saving burning additive |
| CN106247340A (en) * | 2016-10-08 | 2016-12-21 | 淄博海慧工程设计咨询有限公司 | A kind of processing method and processing device of electrolytic aluminium carbon slag |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| 氯化钠的助燃性对煤矿***作业安全性的影响;刘祖亮;《中国学术期刊》;19860501;第24-26页 * |
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