CN109525626A - The management method of CDN network virtualization of function, apparatus and system - Google Patents

The management method of CDN network virtualization of function, apparatus and system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109525626A
CN109525626A CN201710855213.6A CN201710855213A CN109525626A CN 109525626 A CN109525626 A CN 109525626A CN 201710855213 A CN201710855213 A CN 201710855213A CN 109525626 A CN109525626 A CN 109525626A
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China
Prior art keywords
cdn
node
virtualization
resource
network
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CN201710855213.6A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
缪川扬
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ZTE Corp
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ZTE Corp
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Priority to CN201710855213.6A priority Critical patent/CN109525626A/en
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/50Network services
    • H04L67/60Scheduling or organising the servicing of application requests, e.g. requests for application data transmissions using the analysis and optimisation of the required network resources
    • H04L67/63Routing a service request depending on the request content or context
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/08Configuration management of networks or network elements
    • H04L41/0893Assignment of logical groups to network elements
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/12Discovery or management of network topologies
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01Protocols
    • H04L67/10Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network
    • H04L67/1001Protocols in which an application is distributed across nodes in the network for accessing one among a plurality of replicated servers

Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of management methods of CDN network virtualization of function, apparatus and system, wherein, the management method of CDN network virtualization of function includes: to receive the instruction of content distributing network CDN service request, wherein the service request instruction includes CDN business description information;Resource layout is carried out according to the CDN business description information, and generates the virtualization module for supporting CDN service operation.Through the invention, it solves the problems, such as that CDN node cannot be virtualized in the related technology.

Description

The management method of CDN network virtualization of function, apparatus and system
Technical field
The present invention relates to the communications fields, management method, device in particular to a kind of CDN network virtualization of function And system.
Background technique
In the related technology, content distributing network (Content Delivery Network, CDN) is in internet audio-video Transmission, the fields such as IPTV network media transmission have been applied for many years.The core concept of CDN is by content push to most from user On close service node, so that user accesses content nearby.Using CDN carry out media transmission can greatly improve user for The corresponding speed that media content obtains, also greatly reduces the bandwidth pressure that media content transmits on backbone network.It is close several Nian Liao, the various businesses of internet all enter the stage of high speed development, and the quality requirement of audio-video is also constantly being mentioned Height, the following 4K, 8K, multi-angle of view, VR (virtual reality) video all may be the main contents in transmission over networks.In addition, interconnection Net is also constantly releasing various novel business, wherein many business, which require CDN, carries out acceleration service.Therefore, CDN network It is increasingly becoming an infrastructure of operator.
But CDN in the related technology is gradually produced when facing the business and staging business demand of new development Some defects.The design of the general chimney type of traditional CDN, what is faced is individual event business, and ability cannot divide between different CDN It enjoys, in recent years for this problem, also generates the solution such as fused business platform.Secondly, the node device of CDN is general It is special equipment, the migration etc. of the upgrading of equipment, special-purpose software is limited in this TV station equipment, for new service deployment It is very unfavorable.In addition, CDN provider curstomer-oriented provide business when, generally can only deployment-specific node device, but It is the difference of the demand and business due to client, the utilization of the software and hardware resources of node device is unable to get optimal efficiency.It is right For CDN operator, more the demand of business needs to increase or reduce for node, requires manually to be configured, It not can guarantee installation and maintenance can be in time and efficient.In the deployment of actual network, different provinces, different operation commercial cities The CDN network that oneself can be disposed, the interconnection between CDN and CDN, the operation of business, the distribution of content all exist mutually independent State, for a user, the mode for obtaining same content are limited by very large.And for content supplier, it is interior The publication of appearance is subject to different channels, can greatly improve the cost of content propagation.
For network level, the position of traditional CDN node, especially fringe node is typically in the side of core net Edge, content-data reach user terminal and also need through convergence layer and access layer.It is existing from the point of view of following video traffic development The bandwidth demand of CDN fringe node be no longer satisfied the growth requirement of future video business, and CDN node is sunk down into and is held Support grid, required number of nodes can become more, but interactive operation to be treated also can be refined more, deployment physical equipment without It is suspected to be and needs to increase a large amount of human cost and equipment cost, and the position disposed and scale is to existing CDN network topology Also tremendous influence is had.And for bottom transmission network, CDN is traditionally logically for the perception of bottom-layer network It is not related to, because how much CDN has band on the path planning that data are transmitted the case where can not perceiving bottom-layer network The not high situation of wide utilization rate.But due to the development of the technology of bottom-layer network in recent years, the ability of bottom-layer network also gradually can Enough open, for CDN, the case where detecting bottom-layer network, also becomes possible, this also influences whether setting for the following CDN network Count thinking.
CDN network function can't be virtualized in the related technology.
Summary of the invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a kind of management methods of CDN network virtualization of function, apparatus and system, at least to solve The problem of CDN node cannot certainly be virtualized in the related technology.
According to one embodiment of present invention, a kind of management method of CDN network virtualization of function is provided, comprising: connect It is instructed by content distributing network CDN service request, wherein the service request instruction includes CDN business description information;According to institute It states CDN business description information and carries out resource layout, and generate the virtualization module for supporting CDN service operation.
Optionally, the CDN service request instruction includes: service creation request instruction.
Optionally, resource layout is carried out according to the CDN business description information, and generates the void for supporting CDN service operation Quasi-ization functional module, comprising: according to the business description information of the service creation request instruction, to CDN needed for service operation Node software logic module and the resource progress layout and management for supporting the CDN node software logic module, and generate virtual The CDN node software logic module changed.
Optionally, the CDN node includes at least one of: central node, fringe node.
Optionally, when the CDN node is center node, the software logic module includes at least one of: interior Hold preprocessing module, content injection module, content distribution module, storage/cache module, global load balancing module, node industry Business load balancing module, operation management module.
Optionally, when the CDN node is fringe node, the software logic module includes at least one of: interior Hold service module, service control module, node traffic load balancing module, storage/cache module, content processing module, O&M Management module.
Optionally, the method also includes the paper trails of the function logic demand of pre-stored application software.
Optionally, after carrying out resource layout according to the business description information, the method also includes: resource is compiled Row's information is sent to resource virtualizing platform.
Optionally, after generating the virtualization module for supporting service operation, the method also includes: to the void The life cycle of quasi-ization functional module is managed.
Optionally, request instruction of accepting business includes following one: receiving the service request from CDN operational system and refers to It enables;Receive the service request instruction from global load balancing system.
Optionally, after generating the virtualization module for supporting CDN service operation, which comprises using being advised The logical resource distribution drawn, the calling logic resource from resource virtualizing platform;And CDN required for the logical resource is saved The form operation of the logic function example chemical conversion application software of point is on a virtual machine.
According to one embodiment of present invention, the management method of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided, comprising: It accepts business configuration information from CDN operation management system;According to the service configuration information received, on a virtual machine to deployment CDN dummy node carries out business configuration.
Optionally, the method also includes: receive from OSS or BSS system business instruction;According to the system business Instruction is adjusted the business function of CDN node application software APP.
Optionally, the Application Software Program is one or more, when there is the application software of multiple instantiations, Mei Geying The object serviced with software is different.
According to one embodiment of present invention, the management method of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided, comprising: The update of meshed network topology information is carried out according to the CDN node topology after virtualization;According to updated meshed network topology Information provides content route service.
Optionally, the nodal information of the meshed network topology information includes at least one of: the position of node, node Service type, node storage capacity, bandwidth traffic, load capacity.
According to one embodiment of present invention, the management method of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided, comprising: The planning and layout of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN;According to the money of institute's layout Source demand carries out the application of resource and is reserved on virtualization resource platform;Using applied resource to the destination node Function is instantiated and generates relevant application software;By the nodal information after virtualization in the operational system of CDN and/or It is updated on global load balancing server.
According to another embodiment of the invention, a kind of managing device of CDN network virtualization of function is provided, comprising: Processor and the memory for being stored with the processor-executable instruction execute such as when described instruction is executed by processor Lower operation:
Receive the instruction of content distributing network CDN service request, wherein the service request instruction includes CDN business description Information;Resource layout is carried out according to the CDN business description information, and generates the virtualization mould for supporting CDN service operation Block.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the managing device of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided, is wrapped Include: processor and the memory for being stored with the processor-executable instruction are executed when described instruction is executed by processor Following operation:
It accepts business configuration information from CDN operation management system;According to the service configuration information received, to being deployed in void CDN dummy node on quasi- machine carries out business configuration.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the managing device of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided, is wrapped Include: processor and the memory for being stored with the processor-executable instruction are executed when described instruction is executed by processor Following operation:
The update of meshed network topology information is carried out according to the CDN node topology after virtualization;According to updated node Network topological information provides content route service.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the managing device of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided, is wrapped Include: processor and the memory for being stored with the processor-executable instruction are executed when described instruction is executed by processor Following operation:
The planning and layout of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN;According to institute The resource requirement of layout carries out the application of resource and is reserved on virtualization resource platform;Using applied resource to the mesh The function of mark node is instantiated and generates relevant application software;By the nodal information after virtualization CDN O&M It is updated on system and/or global load balancing server.
According to still another embodiment of the invention, a kind of management system of CDN network virtualization of function is provided, comprising: Network function virtual management server, application manager, global load balancing system, wherein the network function virtualization Management server is used for: receiving the instruction of content distributing network CDN service request, wherein the service request instruction includes CDN industry Business description information;Resource layout is carried out according to the CDN business description information, and generates the virtualization for supporting CDN service operation Functional module;The application manager is used for: being accepted business configuration information from CDN operation management system;According to the industry received Business configuration information carries out business configuration to the CDN dummy node of deployment on a virtual machine;The global load balancing system is used In: the update of meshed network topology information is carried out according to the CDN node topology after virtualization;It is opened up according to updated meshed network It flutters information and content route service is provided.
According to still another embodiment of the invention, a kind of storage medium is additionally provided.The storage medium is set as storage and uses In the program code for executing following steps:
The planning and layout of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN;
The application of resource is carried out on virtualization resource platform according to the resource requirement of institute's layout and is reserved;
It is instantiated using function of the applied resource to the destination node and generates relevant application software;
Nodal information after virtualization is updated on the operational system and global load balancing server of CDN.
Through the invention, the nodal function of CDN can manage platform in any support network virtual by network virtualization Change can be carried out on the server of function it is virtual, it is virtual after node can dispose work together with normal CDN service node Make in entire CDN network, is provided for client and multiple business service is supported in the related technology cannot to solve through the invention The problem of virtualizing CDN node realizes CDN node ability quickly and dynamically for the support of multiple business and dilatation.
Detailed description of the invention
The drawings described herein are used to provide a further understanding of the present invention, constitutes part of this application, this hair Bright illustrative embodiments and their description are used to explain the present invention, and are not constituted improper limitations of the present invention.In the accompanying drawings:
Fig. 1 is a kind of flow chart one of the management method of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is a kind of flowchart 2 of the management method of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 3 is a kind of flow chart 3 of the management method of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 4 is a kind of flow chart four of the management method of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 5 is a kind of structural block diagram one of the managing device of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 6 is a kind of structural block diagram two of the managing device of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 7 is a kind of structural block diagram three of the managing device of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 8 is a kind of structural block diagram four of the managing device of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Fig. 9 is that the embodiment of the present invention includes that CDN is producing dummy node using virtualization system and is being dissolved into CDN system In core process figure;
Figure 10 is the schematic diagram of CDN central node virtualization infrastructure according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 11 is the schematic diagram of CDN edge node virtual structure according to an embodiment of the present invention;
Figure 12 is the schematic diagram for the networking that entity CDN node according to an embodiment of the present invention and virtual CDN node coexist;
Figure 13 is the logical architecture for the networking that entity CDN node according to an embodiment of the present invention and virtual CDN node coexist Figure;
Figure 14 is the logical flow diagram virtualized according to the CDN node of the present embodiment.
Specific embodiment
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings and in combination with Examples.It should be noted that not conflicting In the case of, the features in the embodiments and the embodiments of the present application can be combined with each other.
It should be noted that description and claims of this specification and term " first " in above-mentioned attached drawing, " Two " etc. be to be used to distinguish similar objects, without being used to describe a particular order or precedence order.
Embodiment 1
A kind of management method of CDN network virtualization of function is provided in the present embodiment, can be applied in network function Virtual management server, Fig. 1 are a kind of processes of the management method of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention Figure one, as shown in Figure 1, the process includes the following steps:
Step S102 receives the instruction of content distributing network CDN service request, wherein service request instruction includes CDN business Description information;
Step S104 carries out resource layout according to CDN business description information, and generates and support the virtual of CDN service operation Change functional module.
Through the above steps, it is empty in any support network can to manage platform by network virtualization for the nodal function of CDN Can be carried out on the server of quasi-ization function it is virtual, it is virtual after node can be disposed together with normal CDN service node Work provides for client and multiple business service is supported to solve in the related technology not through the invention in entire CDN network The problem of CDN node can be virtualized, realizes CDN node ability quickly and dynamically for the support of multiple business and dilatation.
Optionally, the executing subject of above-mentioned steps can be network function virtual management server etc., but not limited to this.
Optionally, CDN service request instruction includes: service creation request instruction.It is corresponding, believe according to CDN business description Breath carries out resource layout, and generates the virtualization module for supporting CDN service operation, comprising: refers to according to service creation request The business description information of order to CDN node software logic module needed for service operation and supports CDN node software logic module Resource carry out layout and management, and generate the CDN node software logic module of virtualization.
Optionally, CDN node includes at least one of: central node, fringe node.It is center node in CDN node When, software logic module includes at least one of: content preprocessing module, content injection module, and content distribution module is deposited Storage/cache module, global load balancing module, node traffic load balancing module, operation management module.It is side in CDN node When edge node, software logic module includes at least one of: content service module, service control module, node traffic load Balance module, storage/cache module, content processing module, operation management module.
Optionally, further includes: the paper trail of the function logic demand of pre-stored application software.
Optionally, after carrying out resource layout according to business description information, method further include: send out resource arrangement information Give resource virtualizing platform.
Optionally, after generating the virtualization module for supporting service operation, method further include: to virtualization The life cycle of module is managed.
Optionally, request instruction of accepting business includes following one: receiving the service request from CDN operational system and refers to It enables;Receive the service request instruction from global load balancing system GSLB.
The management method of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided in the present embodiment, can be applied and be managed in application Device is managed, Fig. 2 is a kind of flowchart 2 of the management method of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention, such as Fig. 2 institute Show, which includes the following steps:
Step S202 accepts business configuration information from CDN operation management system;
Step S204 carries out industry to the CDN dummy node of deployment on a virtual machine according to the service configuration information received Business configuration.
Optionally, method further include:
S11 receives to come from Operation Support System (Business Support System, BSS) or business support system The system business of (Operation Support System, OSS) instructs;
S12 is adjusted the business function of CDN node application software APP according to system business instruction.
Optionally, Application Software Program is one or more, and when there is the application software of multiple instantiations, each application is soft The object that part is serviced is different.
The management method of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided in the present embodiment, can be applied negative in the overall situation Equal balance system is carried, Fig. 3 is a kind of flow chart 3 of the management method of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention, As shown in figure 3, the process includes the following steps:
Step S302 carries out the update of meshed network topology information according to the CDN node topology after virtualization;
Step S302 provides content route service according to updated meshed network topology information.
Optionally, the nodal information of meshed network topology information, including at least one of: the position of node, node clothes Service type, node storage capacity, bandwidth traffic, load capacity.
The management method of another CDN network virtualization of function is provided in the present embodiment, and Fig. 4 is real according to the present invention The flow chart four for applying a kind of management method of CDN network virtualization of function of example, as shown in figure 4, the process includes the following steps:
Step S402, the planning and volume of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN Row;
Step S404 carries out the application of resource according to the resource requirement of institute's layout and is reserved on virtualization resource platform;
Step S406, instantiated using function of the applied resource to destination node and generate it is relevant application it is soft Part;
Step S408, by the nodal information after virtualization CDN operational system and/or global load balancing server On be updated.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can be understood that according to above-mentioned implementation The method of example can be realized by means of software and necessary general hardware platform, naturally it is also possible to by hardware, but it is very much In the case of the former be more preferably embodiment.Based on this understanding, technical solution of the present invention is substantially in other words to existing The part that technology contributes can be embodied in the form of software products, which is stored in a storage In medium (such as ROM/RAM, magnetic disk, CD), including some instructions are used so that a terminal device (can be mobile phone, calculate Machine, server or network equipment etc.) execute method described in each embodiment of the present invention.
Embodiment 2
A kind of managing device of CDN network virtualization of function, system, for realizing above-mentioned are additionally provided in the present embodiment Embodiment and preferred embodiment, the descriptions that have already been made will not be repeated.As used below, term " module " can be real The combination of the software and/or hardware of existing predetermined function.Although device described in following embodiment is preferably realized with software, But the realization of the combination of hardware or software and hardware is also that may and be contemplated.
Fig. 5 is a kind of structural block diagram one of the managing device of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention, is answered Used in network function virtual management server, comprising: as shown in figure 5, the device includes:
Orchestration module 50: resource layout is carried out for request instruction of accepting business, and according to business description information, wherein Service request instruction includes business description information;
Generation module 52, with the virtualization module for generating support service operation.
Generation module can also include virtual software management module and virtual resource request module, and virtual software manages mould Block, for generating corresponding virtual software according to the resource requested;Virtual resource request module: for raw according to orchestration module At resource arrangement information to the application of resource virtualizing platform and reserved virtual resource.
Fig. 6 is a kind of structural block diagram two of the managing device of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention, is answered Used in application manager, as shown in fig. 6, the device includes:
Receiving module 60, for accepting business configuration information from CDN operation management system;
Configuration module 62, for the service configuration information that basis receives, to the CDN dummy node of deployment on a virtual machine Carry out business configuration.
Fig. 7 is a kind of structural block diagram three of the managing device of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention, is answered Used in global load balancing system, as shown in fig. 7, the device includes:
Update module 70, for carrying out the update of meshed network topology information according to the CDN node topology after virtualization;
Service module 72, for providing content route service according to updated meshed network topology information.
Optionally, global load balancing system is one of following form: virtual software, entity module.
Fig. 8 is a kind of structural block diagram four of the managing device of CDN network virtualization of function according to an embodiment of the present invention, such as Shown in Fig. 8, which includes:
Processing module 80, the rule for destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN Draw and layout;
Apply for module 82, for is carried out on virtualization resource platform according to the resource requirement of institute's layout the application of resource with It is reserved;
Generation module 84, for being instantiated and being generated relevant using function of the applied resource to destination node Application software;
Update module 86, for the nodal information after virtualizing CDN operational system and/or global load balancing It is updated on server.
The present embodiment additionally provides a kind of management system of CDN network virtualization of function, comprising: network function virtualization pipe Manage server, application manager, global load balancing system, wherein
Network function virtual management server is used for: receiving the instruction of content distributing network CDN service request, wherein institute Stating service request instruction includes CDN business description information;Resource layout is carried out according to the CDN business description information, and is generated Support the virtualization module of CDN service operation;
Application manager is used for: being accepted business configuration information from CDN operation management system;According to the business configuration received Information carries out business configuration to the CDN dummy node of deployment on a virtual machine;
Global load balancing system is used for: carrying out meshed network topology information according to the CDN node topology after virtualization It updates;Content route service is provided according to updated meshed network topology information.
It should be noted that above-mentioned modules can be realized by software or hardware, for the latter, Ke Yitong Following manner realization is crossed, but not limited to this: above-mentioned module is respectively positioned in same processor;Alternatively, above-mentioned modules are with any Combined form is located in different processors.
Embodiment 3
The present embodiment is the alternative embodiment according to the present embodiment, detailed for combining specific example to carry out the application And supplementary explanation:
Therefore, by way of virtualization, the deployment that CDN virtual functions are carried out on general physical equipment is future one A important evolution tendency.Network function virtualizes (NFV-network function virtualization) and software is fixed Adopted network (SDN-software defined network) is two kinds of popular at present e-learning quality technologies.NFV is logical Virtualization technology is crossed, some network elements in traditional network are simulated on dedicated virtual machine (VM-virtual machine), The function of original network element is realized in the form of software.And SDN is then that dedicated SDN agreement is utilized to carry out node to whole network (node for supporting SDN) carries out whole layout, so that data can be always with optimal efficiency during forwarding It is forwarded, in addition, also dynamic layout and adjustment, the utilization of the Internet resources greatly improved can be carried out to the resource of network Efficiency.
Applicant people's discovery, in the related art, the technology of NFV and SDN, the application being related at present are in bottom biography Defeated network, there are no relevant substantive Journal of Sex Research for the influence for upper-layer service, especially in CDN field, for the business department of CDN There are no the applications of essence for the influence of administration and logical architecture.
Present embodiments provide a kind of nodal function void that content distributing network is realized using network function virtualization technology The method and system of quasi-ization and deployment, how virtualizing for CDN node in relevant issues at least solved, and in existing entity The problem of being disposed in CDN network.
According to the one aspect of the present embodiment, a kind of network function virtual management server, the network function are provided Energy virtual management server can receive the service request instruction from content distributing network operational system, retouch according to business State the necessary virtualization module that information carries out resource layout and generates support business normal operation.
Further, the network function virtual management server can be analyzed from content distributing network O&M system It unites the CDN service fulfillment request instruction of (CDN OSS/BSS), and according to instruction for necessary CDN node software logic module, And resource required for the CDN node software logic module is supported to carry out layout and management.
The node of CDN is divided into two kinds of nodes: central node and side according to the difference of function and the unusual of deployed position Edge node.
The CDN node software logic module includes but is not limited to one or several kinds of integrated modes what follows:
When central node, content preprocessing module, content injection module, content distribution module, storage/caching may is that Module, global load balancing module (routing module), node traffic load balancing module (routing module).
When fringe node, content service module, the service control module, (routing of node traffic load balancing module may is that Module), storage/cache module, content processing module.
Further, MANO also supports the Template Manager of virtualization applications, and the template refers to that one kind has recorded using function The paper trail of energy logic requirement.The template can be created according to demand predetermined, changed and deleted.
Further, the MANO can will support resource layout required for the CDN node software logic module to believe Breath is sent to resource virtualizing platform and carries out resource bid and reserve.
Further, the MANO can utilize the logical resource point that network function virtual management server is planned Match, the calling logic resource from resource virtualizing platform, and by (central node/fringe node) logic function of required CDN The form of energy example chemical conversion application software operate on virtual machine (VM).
Further, the MANO can support the life cycle of the virtualization CDN application software for generation to tie up Shield and management.
Further, under different allocation plans, the CDN service fulfillment request that the MANO is received is also possible to From global load balancing system.
According to the other side of the present embodiment, a kind of resource virtualizing platform (NFVI) is additionally provided.The resource is empty Quasi-ization platform is made of one or more server, can collect all physics Service Source information controllable in the whole network, and By these physical services resource virtualizings at virtual logical services resource, and can be by network function virtual management server It was found that and calling distribution.The physical resource includes the software resource and/or hardware resource of physical equipment.The software resource And/or hardware resource includes at least computing resource and/or storage resource and/or Internet resources, such as stores equipment, network routing Device, interchanger, gateway and run on application software and operating system etc. on these equipment at virtual machine server.It is told Logical services resource refers to the operation by virtualization software, and independent physical resource ability is divided by software logic Mode reformulates software resource ability of certain scale.For example, the entity hard-disk capacity that will be distributed over different geographical is whole Synthesize the virtual hard disk of a large capacity.
According to the other side of the present embodiment, a kind of virtual CDN Application Software Program and relevant application are additionally provided Manager (EM).Application management program is safeguarded and is configured to the logic of business functions of CDN software.In practical applications, EM It can receive the system business instruction from OSS/BSS to be adjusted the business function of CDN application software.
Further, virtual application software program virtual on the virtual platform can be one and multiple, multiple when having When the application of instantiation, the serviced object of each application be can be different, for example, supporting in the CDN of IPTV service Heart node supports the CDN central node etc. of OTT business.
According to the other side of the present embodiment, a kind of global load balancing system (GSLB) is also provided.It is described global negative The whole network nodal information update can be carried out according to the CDN node topology after virtualization by carrying equal balance system, and according to new node Network topological information provides content route service for user.The meshed network topology information includes at least but being not limited to, node Position, node serve type, node storage capacity, bandwidth traffic, the one or several kinds of load capacity.The inside of GSLB is patrolled Function is collected not to be included within the scope of the present embodiment.
Further, together with would generally disposing due to the central node of CDN under normal conditions with GSLB, considering the whole network Under the scene of CDN node virtualization, GSLB can also be virtualized into a tool on the virtual server of deployment central node There is the software vGSLB of said function.GSLB (vGSLB) after virtualization can individually and all virtual CDN nodes carry out group Net forms the CDN network being all made of the CDN node virtualized.
According to the other side of the present embodiment, additionally provides and realize content delivery network using network function virtualization technology The nodal function of network virtualizes and dispositions method, comprising: the planning of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of CDN And layout, and the application of resource and reserved is carried out according to the resource requirement of institute's layout on virtualization resource platform.Utilize institute Shen Resource please is instantiated to the function of CDN destination node and is generated relevant software application, by the node after virtualization Information is updated on the operational system and global load balancing server of CDN.
By above system, for traditional CDN system technology, embodiment adds a network function is virtual Change management server (calling MANO in the following text), the example that the logic function for virtual CDN node function is realized by the server Change, and changes the management and distribution of software and hardware resources required for logic function for support.The server can be a clothes Business device, is also possible to one group of server cluster, and the function of the described server can take at one in the examples below It realizes, can also be realized according to the different demarcation of function at different servers on business device.In the present embodiment, server is real Existing function includes arranging unit, and virtual application management rises and virtual resource manager, these logic functions can also be used as mould Block is uniformly arranged on existing server, can also be realized by newly increasing different server in existing framework. The inner function module of the server form and design and its between internal communication and be not belonging to the range of the present embodiment.
Preferably, which is also used to receive former CDN operational system (OSS/BSS) and opens request for business function. And if also subsidiary special business description information in service request, needs the business description letter in requesting service fulfillment Breath, the information such as specific demand are analyzed, and calculate logic functional block required for supporting the business, and support the function The computing resource used required for module, storage resource and Internet resources.
Preferably, if service request has no subsidiary particular/special requirement, which can be from the predetermined of oneself Suitable template is selected in functional template library carries out resource layout.
Further, these resource requirement informations are sent to virtual resource management platform, to apply for and reserve relevant set Standby resource.
Further, after the response for receiving resource reservation, resource reservation information is sent to virtual application service platform, by The instantiation of virtual application service platform completion CDN logic function.
Further, the service request that OSS/BSS is received is also possible to the information from GSLB system, the packet The node load balancing situation and traffic conditions of existing the whole network are included, to help to judge whether service request needs, or is needed more Few enough resources are virtualized.
Further, it is sent to the service fulfillment request of MANO, can initiate from OSS/BSS system, turn via GSLB system Hair is directly initiated by GSLB system, and request content is originated from judgement of the GLSB for current CDN network ability.When GSLB system Judge that resource required for new service request has had enough abilities to support in current GSLB, then judgement do not need into Row virtualization.Conversely, this request is then sent to MANO system, and the addition existing network in the request for the property of can choose, save The information such as point are to help MANO system to judge the layout of required resource.
Preferably, which is also used to manage the CDN node application program after having virtualized.When there is new demand When appearance, it can be modified by application program of the MANO system to existing virtual CDN node, including newly create function Energy module, deletes functional module, modifies the resource distribution etc. of existing capability module.
According to the other side of the present embodiment, Yao Shixian CDN dummy node, it is also necessary to it is flat to provide a kind of resource virtualizing Platform (NFVI).The resource virtualizing platform, is made of one or more server, can collect property controllable in the whole network Service Source is managed, and by these physical services resource virtualizings at virtual logical services resource, and can be by network function Virtual management server finds and calls distribution.The physical resource includes the software resource and/or hardware of physical equipment Resource.The software resource and/or hardware resource include at least computing resource and/or storage resource and/or Internet resources, such as deposit Store up equipment, network router, gateway and runs on application software and operating system on these equipment at virtual machine server Deng.
According to the other side of the present embodiment, a kind of virtual CDN application function (CDN VNF) is additionally provided.The void Quasi- CDN application function, the resource allocation that can be planned using network function virtual management server are flat from resource virtualizing Calling logic resource in platform, and (central node/fringe node) the logic function example of required CDN is melted into application software (APP) form is run.The life cycle of virtual application software after instantiation can be managed by MANO.And example The general service management of software after change can be tieed up by application manager (or being NE management service function (EM)) Shield.
Further, which may be one or more, and virtual node is also possible to one and more A, when having multiple nodes, the object that each node is serviced be can be different, for example, supporting the void of IPTV service Quasi- CDN central node, supports the virtual CDN central node etc. of OTT business.
Further, the function of the CDN node after the VNF template as CDN virtual center node, and virtualization is extremely It is needed less comprising following one or several kinds of combinations:
When central node, comprising: content preprocessing module, content injection module, content distribution module, storage/caching mould Block, global load balancing module (routing module), node traffic load balancing module (routing module).
When fringe node, comprising: content service module, service control module, node traffic load balancing module (routing mould Block), storage/cache module, content processing module.
Optionally, the function of above-mentioned CDN dummy node can be completed by a VNF, can also be by the same virtual machine Different VNF on VM are completed, and can also have the different VNF on different virtual machine VM to complete.
According to the other side of the present embodiment, a kind of global load balancing system (GSLB) is also provided.It is described global negative The whole network nodal information update can be carried out according to the CDN node topology after virtualization by carrying equal balance system, and according to new node Network topological information provides content route service for user.The meshed network topology information includes at least node serve type, Node storage capacity, bandwidth traffic, the one or several kinds of load capacity.Optionally, GSLB is also possible to a kind of virtual application, The instantiation that virtual resource is carried out by process similar with virtualization central node, forms vGSLB.VGSLB can independent work Make, can also cooperate and work with the GSLB system of entity.
Corresponding to above-mentioned CDN OSS/BSS, MANO, resource virtualizing platform, virtual application, GSLB, in the present embodiment In, additionally provide a kind of method of the node virtual of CDN.Include:
MANO system is accepted business from CDN OSS/BSS generates request, and is selected or created accordingly according to service request CDN node functional template, determine required for CDN node logic function combination, and calculate support the logic function group Device resource required for closing.Resource bid is sent to resource virtualizing platform by MANO system, is carried out the application of resource and is reserved. After MANO system obtains required resource information, the logic function combination and resource reservation information by CDN node are with virtual application Form example be melted into individual software application.After dummy node generates, the nodal information that will be increased newly is needed to be sent to GSLB (vGSLB) and/or CDN OSS/BSS platform carries out the update of the whole network node topology.In addition, if virtual CDN node have it is special Business configuration demand business configuration is carried out to virtual CDN node, design parameter is set then by EM according to service configuration information Deng.
Fig. 9 is that the embodiment of the present invention includes that CDN is producing dummy node using virtualization system and is being dissolved into CDN system In core process figure.
The method provided in this preferred embodiment may include steps of:
Step S1, network function virtual management server (calling MANO in the following text) receive to come from operation management system (OSS/ BSS service request), and planned according to the VNF that request carries out CDN dummy node, and carry out the layout of required resource.Business is asked It asks and can be from GLSB system.
Step S2, resource virtualizing platform receive layout request, corresponding virtual resource are reserved in virtualization pool, And feed back to MANO.
CDN service logic is packaged into after MANO receives resource reservation feedback according to reserved resource information by step S3 Virtual logical function, and example is melted into corresponding software application.Software instances information will be feedbacked to MANO.
Step S4, MANO notify the CDN node information after virtualization to OSS/BSS, and by OSS/BSS be sent to GSLB into Row the whole network nodal information updates.If software needs to carry out specific service parameter configuration, by application manager EM according to industry Business configuration information, and virtualization node is configured.
Into after crossing above-mentioned steps, virtual CDN node starts to come into force in entire CDN network and provides service.
Wherein, service configuration information can be obtains from OSS/BSS, is also possible to the business pre-defined in a template Configuration information.
In subsequent operational process, OSS/BSS carries out service logic to virtual CDN by management configuration interface and matches It sets, and MANO system is then responsible for the maintenance and management of the life cycle of CDN VNF.
Figure 10 is the schematic diagram of CDN central node virtualization infrastructure according to an embodiment of the present invention;Figure 11 is according to this hair The schematic diagram of the CDN edge node virtual structure of bright embodiment;Show each functional module and its correlation.With it is traditional CDN group-network construction is compared, and provides a kind of dummy node of CDN (center/edge) in the present embodiment, as shown in Figure 10, should The main logic function of the virtual center CDN/fringe node is mainly soft on one or more virtual machines (VM) by operating in Part is formed.
In Figure 10 and Figure 11, including 3 kinds of systems, 5 kinds of functional modules:
3 kinds of systems are:
1) primary CDN operation system includes operation management platform (maintenance management platform/operation management platform) (OSS/ BSS), wherein Network Management Function is also contained in operational system.
2) SiteServer LBS (being also known as route system), major function are server states in load whole network Monitoring and business routing load balancing, and the CDN node address finally serviced is provided for user.
3) business virtualization system, including 3 kinds of functions: network function virtual management server (MANO), resource is virtual Change platform and application service management.Wherein MANO can also further be divided into, resource layout manager, virtual application manager And virtual resource manager.The specific effect of each function has illustrated above.
Wherein GSLB and OSS/BSS platform can be used existing CDN system scheme, but need to increase and virtualization system connects Mouthful.Such as GSLB directly can send resource change request to MANO in specific implementation, request as network bandwidth changes, it can also To carry out the interaction of load balancing with the virtual CDN node on virtual application platform.These interfaces can be simulation tradition CDN section The interface of point is also possible to the interface with the SLB agency in virtual CDN node.As for that interface is implemented, then certainly by designer Row determines.
OSS/BSS platform is then mainly responsible for the maintenance for node state, the maintenance of network topology and service operation Maintenance.The maintenance of service layer then can carry out service logic to virtualization CDN node by existing operation management interface Configuration.In view of the scene of the whole network virtualization, after OSS/BSS can also be virtualized and virtual central node, fringe node It is deployed on one or more VM.
Furthermore, it is contemplated that GSLB can similarly be virtualized into vGSLB, and empty under the scene of virtual CDN independence networking Quasi- central node is deployed in above the same VM.The function of vGSLB is as the function of GSLB, but on its main and fringe node SLB agent communication, to obtain the loading condition of fringe node.
Figure 12 is the schematic diagram for the networking that entity CDN node according to an embodiment of the present invention and virtual CDN node coexist;Figure 13 be the logical architecture figure for the networking that entity CDN node according to an embodiment of the present invention and virtual CDN node coexist;In Figure 12 and In Figure 13, it is shown that 3 layers of group-network construction of traditional CDN, including central node, 3 layer frames of regional center node and fringe node Structure is also possible to 2 layers either 2 layers, the framework of 3 layers of mixed networking in actual networking.Level group-network construction is for this reality Apply example not substantive influence.It is illustrated for just being combined below in conjunction with 3 layer architectures of tradition CDN and virtual CDN system:
In traditional CDN framework, GSLB is responsible for carrying out all nodes in existing CDN network in the prison of load condition It surveys, a monitoring can also be carried out to network transmission state.
After OSS/BSS server is connected to the request for needing to carry out CDN node virtualization, the layout of business is carried out, and It supports the virtualization for carrying out resource on the server resource of virtualization system and reserves.After the completion of virtual resource layout, according to Service request, which is distinguished in heart network and edge network in the zone, virtually dissolves a regional center node and two edge sections Point.
When all node virtualizations are completed and after start its function, OSS/BSS system according to the feedback information of MANO system, Node updates information is issued to GSLB system.Its state-maintenance information of GSLB system update, and update it and route determination strategy.When When thering is new CDN service request to issue, component requests or flow can be guided to handling on new dummy node.
Figure 14 is the logical flow diagram virtualized according to the CDN node of the present embodiment.It is the detailed of each step below Illustrate:
The OSS/BSS system of step 101:CDN receives the instruction from external system, and by this it is instruction morphing for pair The service order of MANO system, such as " CDN function, and reserved 10G transmission bandwidth are opened for operator A." be also possible to include The instruction of specific requirements, such as " open central node (forwarding capability, routing function, caching function)." match in specific deployment It sets down, this instruction can be from GSLB system.
After step 102:MANO system receives the service fulfillment instruction that OSS/BSS (or GSLB) is sent, according to wherein Business demand carry out resource layout, including on-demand layout (VNF custom built forms), or carry out layout according to default template.Example If " fringe node " includes " media services function " " media routing function " " media control function " several functional modules, wherein needing The computing capability of 5000 oncurrent processing abilities is wanted, 100G transmission bandwidth caches 10T memory space, and generates logic configuration text Part.These ability layouts are generated different resource bids and instructed by MANO system.
These resource layouts request is sent to resource virtualizing platform (NFVI) by step 103:MANO system
Step 104:NFVI is by the computing resource after virtualization, storage resource and Internet resources according to tool subsidiary in request Body parameter carries out the distribution of resource and reserves
The resource information reserved is fed back to MANO by step 105:NFVI
Step 106:MANO system is according to the resource reservation information of feedback, in conjunction with CDN node VNF template before, by The virtual application functional manager (VNFM) of MANO internal system carries out instantiation operation.VNFM is according to logic of business functions and money Information is reserved in source, obtains reserved resource into specified software resource and hardware resource pool, and logic function is instantiated, shape At the software application APP of CDN node.
Step 107: after all APP complete instantiation, the virtualization of CDN node, which creates, to be completed.And feed back section Point information is to MANO.
Step 108:MANO receives node and generates information, and safeguards to nodal information.Meanwhile by this nodal information Feed back to OSS/BSS system and/or GLSB system.
Newly-generated nodal information is sent to GSLB system by step 109:OSS/BSS system, and GSLB system is to internal maintenance Nodal information, network topology, content routing table carry out one update.Matching for node traffic logic parameter is carried out if necessary It sets, then parameter configuration is carried out to CDN node virtualization software according to service parameter configuration information by EM.Service parameter can be by OSS/BSS system obtains, or by obtaining in VNF template predetermined.
Through this embodiment, (center/edge) nodal function of CDN can manage platform any by network virtualization Support to can be carried out on the server of network virtualization function it is virtual, it is virtual after node can be with normal CDN service section Point is mapped out the work together in entire CDN network, and the content distribution and delivery service for supporting multiple business are provided for client, is passed through The present embodiment solves how virtualizing for CDN node in the related technology, and that disposes in existing entity CDN network ask Topic realizes CDN node ability quickly and dynamically for the support of multiple business and dilatation.
Embodiment 4
The embodiments of the present invention also provide a kind of storage mediums.Optionally, in the present embodiment, above-mentioned storage medium can To be arranged to store the program code for executing following steps:
S1, the planning and layout of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN;
S2 carries out the application of resource according to the resource requirement of institute's layout and is reserved on virtualization resource platform;
S3 is instantiated using function of the applied resource to destination node and is generated relevant application software;
S4 carries out the nodal information after virtualization more on the operational system and global load balancing server of CDN Newly.
Optionally, in the present embodiment, above-mentioned storage medium can include but is not limited to: USB flash disk, read-only memory (ROM, Read-Only Memory), random access memory (RAM, Random Access Memory), mobile hard disk, magnetic disk or The various media that can store program code such as CD.
Optionally, in the present embodiment, processor is executed according to program code stored in storage medium:
The planning and layout of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN;
The application of resource is carried out on virtualization resource platform according to the resource requirement of institute's layout and is reserved;
It is instantiated using function of the applied resource to destination node and generates relevant application software;
Nodal information after virtualization is updated on the operational system and global load balancing server of CDN.
Optionally, the specific example in the present embodiment can be with reference to described in above-described embodiment and optional embodiment Example, details are not described herein for the present embodiment.
Obviously, those skilled in the art should be understood that each module of the above invention or each step can be with general Computing device realize that they can be concentrated on a single computing device, or be distributed in multiple computing devices and formed Network on, optionally, they can be realized with the program code that computing device can perform, it is thus possible to which they are stored It is performed by computing device in the storage device, and in some cases, it can be to be different from shown in sequence execution herein Out or description the step of, perhaps they are fabricated to each integrated circuit modules or by them multiple modules or Step is fabricated to single integrated circuit module to realize.In this way, the present invention is not limited to any specific hardware and softwares to combine.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, is not intended to restrict the invention, for the skill of this field For art personnel, the invention may be variously modified and varied.All within the spirits and principles of the present invention, made any to repair Change, equivalent replacement, improvement etc., should all be included in the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (24)

1. a kind of management method of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising
Receive the instruction of content distributing network CDN service request, wherein the service request instruction includes CDN business description information;
Resource layout is carried out according to the CDN business description information, and generates the virtualization mould for supporting CDN service operation Block.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein CDN service request instruction includes: service creation request Instruction.
3. according to the method described in claim 2, it is characterized in that, according to the CDN business description information carry out resource layout, And generate the virtualization module for supporting CDN service operation, comprising:
According to the business description information of the service creation request instruction, to CDN node software logic mould needed for service operation Block and the resource progress layout and management for supporting the CDN node software logic module, and generate the CDN node of virtualization Software logic module.
4. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, the CDN node includes at least one of: centromere Point, fringe node.
5. according to the method described in claim 4, it is characterized in that, the software is patrolled when the CDN node is center node Collecting module includes at least one of: content preprocessing module, content injection module, content distribution module, storage/caching mould Block, global load balancing module, node traffic load balancing module, operation management module.
6. according to the method described in claim 4, it is characterized in that, the software is patrolled when the CDN node is fringe node Collecting module includes at least one of: content service module, service control module, node traffic load balancing module, storage/slow Storing module, content processing module, operation management module.
7. the method according to claim 1, wherein the method also includes:
The paper trail of the function logic demand of pre-stored application software.
8. the method according to claim 1, wherein according to the business description information carry out resource layout it Afterwards, the method also includes:
Resource arrangement information is sent to resource virtualizing platform.
9. the method according to claim 1, wherein generate support service operation virtualization module it Afterwards, the method also includes:
The life cycle of the virtualization module is managed.
10. the method according to claim 1, wherein request instruction of accepting business includes following one:
Receive the service request instruction from CDN operational system;
Receive the service request instruction from global load balancing system GSLB.
11. the method according to claim 1, wherein generating the virtualization module for supporting CDN service operation Later, which comprises
Planned logical resource is used to distribute, the calling logic resource from resource virtualizing platform;
And the form of the logic function example of CDN node required for logical resource chemical conversion application software is operated in virtually On machine VM.
12. a kind of management method of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising
It accepts business configuration information from content distributing network CDN operation management system;
According to the service configuration information received, business configuration is carried out to the CDN dummy node of deployment on a virtual machine.
13. according to the method for claim 12, which is characterized in that the method also includes:
Receive to instruct from the system business of business support system OSS or Operation Support System BSS;
The business function of CDN node application software APP is adjusted according to system business instruction.
14. according to the method for claim 13, which is characterized in that the Application Software Program be it is one or more, when having When the application software of multiple instantiations, the object that each application software is serviced is different.
15. a kind of management method of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising
The update of meshed network topology information is carried out according to the content distributing network CDN node topology after virtualization;
Content route service is provided according to updated meshed network topology information.
16. according to the method for claim 15, which is characterized in that the nodal information of the meshed network topology information includes At least one of: the position of node, node serve type, node storage capacity, bandwidth traffic, load capacity.
17. a kind of management method of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising
The planning and layout of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN;
The application of resource is carried out on virtualization resource platform according to the resource requirement of institute's layout and is reserved;
It is instantiated using function of the applied resource to the destination node and generates relevant application software;
Nodal information after virtualization is updated on the operational system and/or global load balancing server of CDN.
18. a kind of managing device of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising
Processor and the memory for being stored with the processor-executable instruction are held when described instruction is executed by processor The following operation of row:
Receive the instruction of content distributing network CDN service request, wherein the service request instruction includes CDN business description information;
Resource layout is carried out according to the CDN business description information, and generates the virtualization mould for supporting CDN service operation Block.
19. a kind of managing device of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising
Processor and the memory for being stored with the processor-executable instruction are held when described instruction is executed by processor The following operation of row:
It accepts business configuration information from content distributing network CDN operation management system;
According to the service configuration information received, business configuration is carried out to the CDN dummy node of deployment on a virtual machine.
20. a kind of managing device of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising
Processor and the memory for being stored with the processor-executable instruction are held when described instruction is executed by processor The following operation of row:
The update of meshed network topology information is carried out according to the content distributing network CDN node topology after virtualization;
Content route service is provided according to updated meshed network topology information.
21. a kind of managing device of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising
Processor and the memory for being stored with the processor-executable instruction are held when described instruction is executed by processor The following operation of row:
The planning and layout of destination node ability needed for being carried out according to the business demand of content distributing network CDN;
The application of resource is carried out on virtualization resource platform according to the resource requirement of institute's layout and is reserved;
It is instantiated using function of the applied resource to the destination node and generates relevant application software;
Nodal information after virtualization is updated on the operational system and/or global load balancing server of CDN.
22. a kind of management system of CDN network virtualization of function characterized by comprising network function virtual management service Device, application manager, global load balancing system, wherein
The network function virtual management server is used for: receiving the instruction of content distributing network CDN service request, wherein institute Stating service request instruction includes CDN business description information;Resource layout is carried out according to the CDN business description information, and is generated Support the virtualization module of CDN service operation;
The application manager is used for: being accepted business configuration information from CDN operation management system;According to the business configuration received Information carries out business configuration to the CDN dummy node of deployment on a virtual machine;
The global load balancing system is used for: carrying out meshed network topology information according to the CDN node topology after virtualization It updates;Content route service is provided according to updated meshed network topology information.
23. a kind of storage medium, which is characterized in that the storage medium includes the program of storage, wherein when described program is run Method described in any one of perform claim requirement 1 to 16.
24. a kind of processor, which is characterized in that the processor is for running program, wherein right of execution when described program is run Benefit require any one of 1 to 16 described in method.
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