CN109441574A - 用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺 - Google Patents

用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺 Download PDF

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CN109441574A
CN109441574A CN201811300886.6A CN201811300886A CN109441574A CN 109441574 A CN109441574 A CN 109441574A CN 201811300886 A CN201811300886 A CN 201811300886A CN 109441574 A CN109441574 A CN 109441574A
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supercritical
liquid
power generation
liquid nitrogen
oxygen
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CN109441574B (zh
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田原宇
乔英云
***
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China University of Petroleum East China
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China University of Petroleum East China
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Abstract

本发明提供用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，加压空气进入空分装置，液氧用于气化和发电，液氮作为冷却剂汽化发电，夜晚储存液氮和部分液氧供给白天使用；带压输送的煤粉和高压氧气进入气化炉气化，生成高温燃气，换热净化后送往发电***；与换热后高压燃气与氧气和循环CO2共同进入燃气轮机燃烧推动压气机和发电机高速旋转，压气机压缩空气到0.4‑0.8MPa，发电机产生电力；高温燃烧烟气再超临界CO2发电，其冷却剂为加压液氧；中温烟气再与高压液氮换热，液氮汽化发电，冷却后烟气脱水和蒸馏分离CO2，部分返回用于循环控温，部分作为液体CO2产品外售；白天调峰时将夜晚储存和白天分离液氮泵送加压后汽化发电。

Description

用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺
1.技术领域
本发明提供用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，属于煤化工领域。
2.背景技术
煤炭是价格便宜但是污染和CO2排放都很高的能源，开发煤炭高效清洁低碳化利用技术一直是世界各国政府与产业共同努力的目标。
IGCC(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle)即整体煤气化联合循环发电***，是把洁净的煤气化技术与高效的燃气──蒸汽联合循环发电***结合起来，先把煤气化，然后推动燃机做功，同时配备汽轮机余热发电，也就是“用煤做原料的燃气电厂”。在目前技术水平下，IGCC发电的净效率可达43％～45％，今后可望达到更高；而污染物的排放量仅为常规燃煤电站的1/10，脱硫效率可达99％，二氧化硫排放在25mg/Nm3左右，远低于排放标准1200mg/Nm3，氮氧化物排放只有常规电站的15％～20％，耗水只有常规电站的1/2～1/3。因此与传统煤电技术相比，IGCC将煤气化和燃气－蒸汽联合循环发电技术集成具有发电效率高、污染物排放低，二氧化碳捕集成本低等优势，是目前国际上被验证的、能够工业化的、最具发展前景的清洁高效煤电技术。
传统IGCC由两部分组成，即煤的气化与净化部分和燃气-蒸汽联合循环发电部分。第一部分的主要设备有气化炉、空分装置、煤气净化设备(包括硫的回收装置)；第二部分的主要设备有燃气轮机发电***、余热锅炉、蒸汽轮机发电***。一般的IGCC工艺过程为：煤经气化成为中低热值煤气，经过净化，除去煤气中的硫化物、氯化物、粉尘、重金属等污染物，变为清洁的气体燃料，然后送入燃气轮机的燃烧室燃烧，驱动燃气透平压缩气体和发电，燃气轮机排气进入余热锅炉加热给水，产生过热蒸汽驱动蒸汽轮机做功，最后烟气超低排放。目前在全球范围内，除美国、荷兰、西班牙、日本等国家已建成的5座IGCC 电站，中国华能天津IGCC示范电站是全球第6座IGCC电站，美国印地安纳州的Edwardsport 电站是全球第7座IGCC电站，美国密西西比州的kemper电站为在建的第八座IGCC电站。另外还有近20座用于多联产的IGCC装置。
随着可再生能和储能技术的快速发展和相互促进，在未来大集中与广分布并存的多元化智慧能源体系中，为了满足应对气候变化和大气污染治理的协同调控，以煤为原料的 IGCC基本负荷电厂主要用作电网调峰，但现有IGCC技术存在着CO2捕集利用成本高、高耗水、发电效率低和调峰幅度小、排烟温度高、NOx减量困难等缺陷。
目前，每日的用电负荷是波动变化的，且峰谷差日趋增大。为了满足要求，当前的发电装机容量与电网容量需按最大需求建设，导致用电低谷时发电机组停机或低负荷运行，以及电网容量的浪费。储能调峰技术主要有蓄水储能、压缩空气储能和储电储能。蓄水储能是目前规模化储能的主要方式，但存在着需要高位差，占地面积大，投资高等。在大规模储能领域，压缩空气储能是一种很好的储能方式，它将弃光、弃风、弃水或低谷电通过空气压缩机把电能转换为分子势能存入压力储气装置，待发电时通过高压空气的释放，驱动透平机带动发电机发电。但目前研究的压缩空气一是依赖天然气等化石燃料提供热源，不适合我国这类“缺油少气”的国家；二是单位体积储能密度小、需要特殊地理条件建造大型储气室，如高气密性的岩石洞穴、盐洞、废弃矿井等；三是***效率较低(为42％-54％)，需进一步提高。
3.发明内容
本发明的目的就是为了克服传统IGCC技术存在的不足而提供用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，既解决现有IGCC技术高耗水、发电效率低和调峰幅度小难题；又可实现高单位体积压缩空气储能，转化效率高，还可大幅度降低压气机的负荷、实现低成本CO2捕集利用、无NOx排放和常温排烟，大幅度提高发电效率。
本发明的技术方案：
本发明的目的是通过空气分离的液氮储能/液氧用于煤气化、高温煤气和高温烟气余热用于超临界CO2发电、CO2返回燃气轮机进料用于循环控温、液氧用于超临界CO2发电的冷却剂、液氮用于烟气冷却剂分级冷却脱水和液体CO2蒸馏回收提纯等的系列技术耦合来提高IGCC发电效率和调峰能力，实现煤炭无污染、低水消耗、零碳排放的清洁高效发电。其特征是0.4-0.8MPa加压空气进入空气分离装置进行空气分离得到液氧和液氮，泵送的加压液氧用于换热汽化和发电，泵送的加压液氮作为冷却剂换热后汽化发电，夜晚分离的液氮和部分液氧储存供给白天用电高峰期使用；带压输送的煤粉和高压氧气进入煤气化炉发生气化反应，生成的高压高温燃气利用超临界CO2废热锅炉进行余热回收后，进行精除尘脱硫脱氯脱重金属的净化并送往发电子***，高温超临界CO2利用涡轮机发电；高压净化燃气与高压氧气和高压循环CO2共同进入燃气轮机燃烧膨胀推动压气机和发电机高速旋转，压气机压缩空气到0.4-0.8MPa，发电机产生电力；高温燃烧烟气再通过超临界CO2废热锅炉换热进行超临界CO2发电，其冷却剂为加压液氧或液氮，冷后超临界CO2通过CO2压缩机循环；换后烟气再与加压液氮换热，液氮汽化推动氮气涡轮发电机发电，分级冷却的烟气脱水后液体烟气通过蒸馏塔分离回收CO2，部分CO2返回燃气轮机进料用于循环控温，部分CO2用于超临界CO2发电的工质补充，部分作为液体CO2产品外售；白天电网用电高峰期时，将夜晚储存和白天分离的液氮泵送加压后换热汽化发电，夜晚储存和白天分离的液氧泵送加压和换热汽化后用于气化炉和燃气轮机变化负荷进行调峰发电。
空气分离为深冷空分、变压吸附分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分、膜分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分中的一种。
煤气化所用气化炉为气流床气化炉、循环流化床和分级热解气化复合气化炉中的一种。
超临界CO2发电为再压缩循环、分段膨胀循环、预压循环和部分冷却循环的超临界CO2发电模式中的一种。
氧气与循环CO2的质量比为1:2-12。
煤气化压力为1.0-10MPa，超临界CO2压力为7.0-40MPa
本发明将实施例来详细叙述本发明的特点。
4.附图说明
附图图1为本发明的工艺示意图。
附图的图面设明如下：
1、空分装置 2、煤仓 3、气化炉 4、废热锅炉 5、超临界CO2发电机 6、冷却器 7、CO2压缩机 8、净化器 9、燃气轮机 10、汽化器 11、氮气涡轮发电机 12、烟气蒸馏塔 13、压气机
下面结合附图和实施例来详述本发明的工艺特点。
5.具体实施方式
实施例，0.4-0.8MPa加压空气进入空分装置(1)进行空气分离得到液氧和液氮，泵送的加压液氧用于换热汽化和发电，泵送的加压液氮作为冷却剂换热后汽化发电，夜晚分离的液氮和部分液氧储存供给白天用电高峰期使用；煤仓(2)中带压输送的煤粉和高压氧气进入煤气化炉(3)发生气化反应，生成的高压高温燃气利用超临界CO2废热锅炉(4)进行余热回收后，在净化器(8)进行精除尘脱硫脱氯脱重金属的净化并送往发电子***，高温超临界CO2利用超临界CO2发电机(5)发电，并通过冷却器(6)降温后在由压缩机(7) 压缩去换热循环；高压净化燃气与高压氧气和高压循环CO2共同进入燃气轮机(9)燃烧膨胀推动压气机(13)和发电机(5)高速旋转，压气机(13)压缩空气到0.4-0.8MPa，发电机(5)产生电力；高温燃烧烟气再通过超临界CO2废热锅炉(4)换热进行超临界CO2发电，其冷却器(6)中的冷却剂为加压液氧或液氮，冷后超临界CO2通过CO2压缩机(7) 循环；换后烟气再通过汽化器(10)与加压液氮换热，液氮汽化推动氮气涡轮发电机(11) 发电，分级冷却的烟气脱水后液体烟气通过烟气蒸馏塔(12)分离回收CO2，部分CO2返回燃气轮机(9)进料用于循环控温，部分CO2用于超临界CO2发电的工质补充，部分作为液体CO2产品外售；白天电网用电高峰期时，将夜晚储存和白天分离的液氮泵送加压后去汽化器(10)换热汽化发电，夜晚储存和白天分离的液氧泵送加压和换热汽化后用于气化炉(3)和燃气轮机(9)变化负荷进行调峰发电。
空气分离为深冷空分、变压吸附分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分、膜分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分中的一种。
煤气化所用气化炉(3)为气流床气化炉、循环流化床和分级热解气化复合气化炉中的一种。
超临界CO2发电为再压缩循环、分段膨胀循环、预压循环和部分冷却循环的超临界CO2发电模式中的一种。
氧气与循环CO2的质量比为1:2-12。
煤气化压力为1.0-10MPa，超临界CO2压力为7.0-40Mpa。
本发明所提供的用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，按Aspen模拟结果，通过空分装置液氧液氮低能耗泵送加压将目前压气机压缩由2.8MPa左右降到0.4-0.8MPa，使燃气轮机用于压气机的能量消耗由30％-40％降到了10％左右；煤气化后的高温高压燃气先利用超临界CO2换热发电，然后净化与燃气轮机发电，合理的梯级利用了燃气的显热与化学能，降低了高压CO2循环比和燃气净化难度，提高了燃气的发电效率；烟气利用超临界CO2发电和氮气汽化涡轮发电机发电形成IGCC***，排烟温度由目前140℃左右降到30℃左右，能量回收率大大提高，烟气易于低成本脱水分离得到CO2，CO2捕集能耗大幅度降低；燃气轮机CO2循环控温和余热发电的工质采用超临界CO2以及烟气低温脱水可回收利用大大降低了煤电耗水量，加之煤气化干法排渣节水率将高达95％以上，特别适合西北缺水地区；燃气提前精除尘脱硫脱氯脱重金属净化、燃气轮机氧气助燃和CO2循环控温，避免了目前燃煤电厂烟气的NOx排放、大幅度减少了烟尘和SOx的排放，实现了煤炭清洁发电；空气分离组分分别利用，液氮用于储能调峰，储气容积需求较大规模压缩空气储能降低20倍以上，储能效率高，满足了未来IGCC基本负荷电厂削峰填谷的需求。

Claims (6)

1.用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，其技术特征是0.4-0.8MPa加压空气进入空气分离装置进行空气分离得到液氧和液氮，泵送的加压液氧用于换热汽化和发电，泵送的加压液氮作为冷却剂换热后汽化发电，夜晚分离的液氮和部分液氧储存供给白天用电高峰期使用；带压输送的煤粉和高压氧气进入煤气化炉发生气化反应，生成的高压高温燃气利用超临界CO2废热锅炉进行余热回收后，进行精除尘脱硫脱氯脱重金属的净化并送往发电子***，高温超临界CO2利用涡轮机发电；高压净化燃气与高压氧气和高压循环CO2共同进入燃气轮机燃烧膨胀推动压气机和发电机高速旋转，压气机压缩空气到0.4-0.8MPa，发电机产生电力；高温燃烧烟气再通过超临界CO2废热锅炉换热进行超临界CO2发电，其冷却剂为加压液氧或液氮，冷后超临界CO2通过CO2压缩机循环；换后烟气再与加压液氮换热，液氮汽化推动氮气涡轮发电机发电，分级冷却的烟气脱水后液体烟气通过蒸馏塔分离回收CO2，部分CO2返回燃气轮机进料用于循环控温，部分CO2用于超临界CO2发电的工质补充，部分作为液体CO2产品外售；白天电网用电高峰期时，将夜晚储存和白天分离的液氮泵送加压后换热汽化发电，夜晚储存和白天分离的液氧泵送加压和换热汽化后用于气化炉和燃气轮机变化负荷进行调峰发电。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，其特征在于空气分离为深冷空分、变压吸附分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分、膜分离与深冷分离组合的梯级空分中的一种。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，其特征在于煤气化所用气化炉(3)为气流床气化炉、循环流化床和分级热解气化复合气化炉中的一种。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，其特征在于超临界CO2发电为再压缩循环、分段膨胀循环、预压循环和部分冷却循环的超临界CO2发电模式中的一种。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，其特征在于氧气与循环CO2的质量比为1:2-12。
6.根据权利要求1所述的用于调峰的近零碳排放整体煤气化联合发电工艺，其特征在于煤气化压力为1.0-10MPa，超临界CO2压力为7.0-40MPa。
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