CN109379319A - Plural color Shift Keying planisphere design method for optical OFDM system - Google Patents
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of plural color Shift Keying planisphere design methods for optical OFDM system, it is according to minimum bit error rate (Bit Error Rate, BER optimization aim), optimal amplification factor can be calculated, it to rotate amplified planisphere with maximum minimum Eustachian distance (Minimum Euclidean Distance, MED) and optimal bit error rate performance, therefore compare former scheme there is significant BER performance boost.Meanwhile this method is using the symmetry of planisphere after rotation, by polarity-bit and CSK bit independently demapping, so that demapping complexity is reduced to the half of traditional scheme.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of visible light communication, more particularly, to a kind of novel plural number based on rotation amplification
Color Shift Keying (Complex Color Shift Keying, CCSK) planisphere design method.It is designed using this method
CCSK planisphere can be used for improving light orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (the Optical Orthogonal Frequency using CCSK
Division Multiplexing, O-OFDM) communication system bit error rate performance, and existing CCSK system can be effectively reduced
Computation complexity.
Background technique
In recent years, it is seen that optic communication (Visible Light Communication, VLC) Yin Qitong is according to multiplexing, energy-saving ring
The advantages such as guarantor, high-speed transfer are become the strong supplement [1] of traditional wireless communication by the extensive concern of researcher.VLC system
(Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection, IM/DD) technology is generally detected using intensity modulation and directly
[1], signal is positive real number [2].
In order to utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM)
The high-speed of technology, without intersymbol interference the advantages of, light OFDM (Optical OFDM, O-OFDM) scheme has obtained a large amount of research
It pays close attention to [3].In view of the positive real number characteristic limitation of VLC transmission signal, researchers devise specific O-OFDM scheme, if not
Symmetrical clipping O-OFDM (Asymmetrical Clipped O-OFDM, ACO-OFDM) [4], direct current biasing O-OFDM (Direct
Current biased O-OFDM, DCO-OFDM) [5], unipolarity OFDM (Unipolar OFDM, U-OFDM) [6] etc..Separately
On the one hand, color Shift Keying (Color Shift Keying, CSK) is another high-speed transfer mode at VLC, it
Color gamut provides multiplexing to improve power system capacity [7].Current CSK scheme has traditional tri coloured lantern (TriLED, TLED) transmission
[7] and extension four colored lights (QuadLED, QLED) [8] transmission etc. different modes.
Traditional O-OFDM scheme can be modulated complex field signal, but cannot utilize color gamut resource；And it is traditional
CSK can make full use of color gamut, but not support the modulation of complex field.In order to combine the excellent of O-OFDM and CSK two schemes
Point, researcher propose a kind of hybrid plan, i.e., based on polar modulation (Polarity-Modulation, PM) and plural face
The O-OFDM scheme of colo(u)rimetric shift keying (Complex CSK, CCSK), realizes transmission rate more higher than two schemes [9].
But this scheme does not reach the upper bound of theoretical performance, and planisphere still has very big optimization space.Accordingly, the present invention proposes
A kind of novel CCSK planisphere design method, the referred to as CCSK based on rotation polar modulation (Rotated PM, RPM)
OFDM scheme, abbreviation RPM-CCSK-OFDM.The novel C CSK planisphere obtained through this conceptual design has following two significantly excellent
Point:
First, since this method is according to the optimization aim for minimizing bit error rate (Bit Error Rate, BER), it can
Optimal amplification factor is calculated, it to rotate amplified planisphere with maximum minimum Eustachian distance
(Minimum Euclidean Distance, MED) and optimal bit error rate performance, therefore former scheme is compared with significant
BER performance boost.
Second, symmetry of this method using planisphere after rotation, by polarity-bit, independently solution is reflected with CSK bit
It penetrates, so that demapping complexity is reduced to the half of traditional scheme.
Summary of the invention
Method provided by the invention is to solve that the prior art provides based on polar modulation and plural color Shift Keying
The more low technological deficiency of O-OFDM method performance provides a kind of plural color Shift Keying star for optical OFDM system
Seat G- Design method, by increasing the minimum Eustachian distance of planisphere, the bit error rate performance of lifting system.Meanwhile the present invention
Using the symmetry of planisphere after rotation, by polarity-bit and CSK bit independently demapping, so that demapping is multiple
It is miscellaneous to spend the half for being reduced to existing scheme.
To realize the above goal of the invention, the technical solution adopted is that:
Plural color Shift Keying planisphere design method for optical OFDM system, comprising the following steps:
By the bit data series arrangement of input atMatrix Q, whereinFor 1 RPM-
Bit number entrained by CCSK symbol, ms=2 indicate that each symbol additionally carries 2 polarity-bits, mCSK=log2M indicates one
The bit number that a CSK symbol carries, M indicate CSK order of modulation, NuIndicate the RPM-CCSK for allowing to input in an OFDM symbol
Symbol quantity；
Each column of matrix Q are all divided into two parts, two-part bit pass through respectively two-way PM-CCSK module and
Two-way RPM module is modulated into the real and imaginary parts of final result, and specific modulated process is as follows:
After real part or the input bit of imaginary part enter PM-CCSK module, 1 polarity-bit and m will be divided intoCSKA CSK
Bit；CSK bit is modulated to CSK symbol, and polarity-bit indicates the positive and negative of the symbol；Two-way PM-CCSK module it is defeated
It is out respectively XreAnd Xim；
XreAnd XimIt is admitted to two-way RPM module respectively, to XreAnd XimSuccessively carry out planisphere rotation, amplification, normalization behaviour
RPM-CCSK planisphere mapping result is obtained after work；
Finally the real part imaginary part mapped is merged, obtains (nc×Nu) complex symbol matrix X；
Planisphere rotation, amplification, detailed process is as follows for normalization operation:
(1) planisphere rotates
The planisphere of PM-CCSK is divided into two different sub- planispheres of polarity-bit, is 0 by polarity-bit then
Sub- planisphere is along axis pr=pg=pb180 degree is rotated, wherein (pr,pg,pb) indicate constellation point colour gamut coordinate；
(2) it is enlarged
The center for fixing two sub- planispheres, the plane pull-up by two sub- planispheres at respective place are overed greatly, if
Amplification coefficient is ξ；
(3) it normalizes
By the coordinate of constellation points all on amplified planisphere divided by a normalization factor, it is made to meet unit electric work
The limitation of rate.
It particularly points out herein, to avoid computing repeatedly, the operations such as above-mentioned " rotation, amplification, normalization " should be completed offline, will
It is formed by the novel RPM-CCSK planisphere mapping relations of each rank and is stored in several planisphere mapping tables calls directly for system
?.
Preferably, the optimization method of the amplification coefficient ξ is as follows:
The BER expression formula for enabling RPM-CCSK is
Wherein γbIndicate bit signal-to-noise ratio, γb=Eb/N0, EbIndicate the energy of every bit, N0Indicate additive Gaussian white noise
The one-sided power spectrum density of sound, Q () represent Q function,Indicate the average power amount of the CSK symbol in RPM-CCSK；d
Represent the distance between any component seat plan and judgement plane, dHIt indicates in CSK planisphere between every two consecutive points
Average Hamming distance；fM() indicates the symbol error rate of M rank CSK modulation；
Then define the optimization object function of above formula are as follows:
Partial differential equation are solved to optimization object function using the function diff and solve of MATLAB and obtain ξoptWith γb's
Relation curve, for all γbSame convergency value is selected as optimal amplification factor in relation curve to design planisphere.
Compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are:
(1) in existing PM-CCSK planisphere, the MED inside two sub- CSK planispheres (is denoted as dCSK) smaller, and two
The distance between plane (is denoted as d where sub- planisphere0) larger, cause error code to be easy to be concentrated in the interior of two sub- planispheres
Portion, and it is used to select the polarity-bit of two sub- planispheres is then opposite to be not susceptible to error code.This phenomenon is in high-order CCSK system
In it is more obvious.It therefore, is the MED for improving planisphere, the design method of the bit error probability of balanced each bit, RPM-CCSK uses
The method of planisphere amplification, to reduce d0D is improved for costCSK, and by calculating optimal amplification coefficient ξoptTo reach
Optimal bit error rate performance.
(2) two sub- planispheres in planisphere about origin symmetry by becoming about judgement plane pr+pg+pb=0
Mirror symmetry.The benefit of mirror symmetry is the computation complexity that can reduce planisphere demapping.In existing PM-CCSK scheme
In, to polarity-bit and CSK bit used maximum likelihood combine demapping, have very high complexity, and complexity with than
The increase of special quantity and be exponentially increased.However in RPM-CCSK scheme, since two sub- planispheres are about judgement plane mirror
It, can be by polarity-bit and CSK independence demapping as symmetrical.Specifically:
First, the demapping of polarity-bit can simply determine according to the positional relationship for receiving symbol and judgement plane, that is, such as
Fruit receives symbol in the top of judgement plane, then polarity-bit is " 1 "；It is on the contrary then be " 0 ".
Second, the demapping of CSK bit still uses maximum likelihood method, but due to reducing polarity-bit, so that CSK bit
Demapping complexity be only PM-CCSK scheme half.
Therefore, in general, used the RPM-CCSK planisphere of new design method compared to existing PM-CCSK
Planisphere not only effectively reduces the bit error rate, moreover it is possible to reduce by 50% demapping complexity.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1: using the RPM-CCSK-OFDM system schematic of novel planisphere.
Fig. 2: RPM-4CCSK planisphere maps flow example figure (by taking the planisphere of Fig. 3 (b) as an example).
Fig. 3: planisphere comparison of design exemplary diagram.
Fig. 4: amplification coefficient ξoptOptimization schematic diagram.
The BER performance comparison figure of Fig. 5: RPM scheme and PM scheme, traditional QAM schemes.It (is marked in figure: A:ACO-OFDM；
D:DCO-OFDM, U:U-OFDM)
Specific embodiment
The attached figures are only used for illustrative purposes and cannot be understood as limitating the patent；
Below in conjunction with drawings and examples, the present invention is further elaborated.
Embodiment 1
The novel constellation drawing method of this method design can be used for a variety of common O-OFDM schemes, such as ACO-OFDM, DCO-
OFDM, U-OFDM etc.；In the CSK scheme that can also be used for different LED configurations, such as TLED and QLED.For ease of description, below will
By taking the system model under TLED configuration as an example, operational version of the novel RPM-CCSK planisphere in O-OFDM system is illustrated.For
For the sake of simplicity, hereafter related " planisphere " refers both to " CCSK planisphere ".
The applicable CCSK-OFDM system model of RPM-CCSK planisphere is introduced first, as shown in Figure 1.RPM- in figure
The novel C CSK constellation that two mapping of CCSK planisphere, RPM-CCSK planisphere demapping modules are designed using the present invention
Figure.As shown in Figure 1, bit information passes through RPM-CCSK planisphere first is mapped as ncRoad complex symbol, wherein ncIt is configuration LED
The quantity of lamp.In TLED scheme, n is takenc=3.Then by ncRoad complex symbol is respectively fed to ncA independent O-OFDM modulation
In device, the common O-OFDM scheme such as ACO-OFDM, DCO-OFDM, U-OFDM is can be used in O-OFDM modulator here.
Cyclic prefix is added respectively to three-way output signal later, is then sent signal to respectively by redgreenblue LED visible
Among optical channel.In receiving end, three road optical signals are converted to three tunnel telecommunications by the optical filter and photodiode of corresponding color
Number, using removing cyclic prefix and passing through O-OFDM demodulator, the final maximum likelihood method that carries out realizes planisphere demapping,
To restore the bit information of transmission.
The planisphere mapping of RPM-CCSK is using the New Scheme described in summary of the invention in Fig. 1.For more vivid tool
The mapping mode for showing to body novel planisphere, The present invention gives a map examples of RPM-4CCSK, as shown in Fig. 2, its
In each variable continue to use the definition in summary of the invention.The RPM-CCSK planisphere of other orders treatment process can the rest may be inferred.
In order to more clearly from illustrate the difference of existing PM-CCSK scheme and RPM-CCSK scheme proposed by the present invention,
Fig. 3 gives the comparison of two schemes by taking 4CCSK planisphere as an example.By Fig. 3 it will be evident that rotation amplification makes planisphere mirror
As symmetrical, and increase MED.
Next present invention determine that optimal amplification factor ξoptValue.Here optimization aim is to minimize systematic bits to miss
Code rate (BER), therefore firstly the need of the mathematical expression for deriving BER.
If the mathematical expression of the BER of tradition M rank CSK modulation is denoted as Pb,MCSK.M rank CSK modulation is provided in pertinent literature
Symbol error rate (Symbol Error Rate, SER) formula [10], can be expressed as Ps,MCSK=fM(γ), wherein Ps,MCSK
Indicate SER, fM(γ) indicates that independent variable is the function of γ, this function is related with order of modulation, is also distributed with constellation point
It closes,It is defined as the pseudo signal-to-noise ratio (pseudo Signal-Noise Ratio, pSNR) of electrical domain, wherein PT=pr+
pg+pbIt is total optical power, σ2It is additive white Gaussian noise (the Additive White on any road in three path channels of RGB (RGB)
Gaussian Noise, AWGN) variance.For the f of M=4,8,16 even more high-orderMThe expression of (γ), all can be
Document is found in [10].
On the other hand, defining the Symbol average electric flux in CSK planisphere is Es, it withIt is proportional.It enablesWherein esTo work asWhen CSK symbol average power amount, value is listed in Table 1 below.Define electrical domain signal-to-noise ratio
(Signal-Noise Ratio, SNR) is γsIf represent by 3 road photodiodes of receiving end be substituted for one it is equivalent
The electrical domain signal-to-noise ratio of receiving end, then have when electrical domain receiverSER function before being substituted into
In, then it obtains:
Next, needing to be converted to existing SER the expression formula of BER.In order to by problem reduction, it is assumed that only adjacent
Error code can occur for constellation point, and all the same to the probability of any adjacent constellation point from any constellation point error code, it is assumed that be p.Then
According to related document [11], the SER and BER of available CSK system are as follows:
Wherein,Expression system sends first of symbol s in planispherelIt is mistakenly detected as kth symbol
Number skProbability, ci(i=0,1 ..., M-1) it indicates to be mapped to siBit vectors, d (cl,ck) represent clWith ckBetween the Chinese
Prescribed distance, set Kl=k | 0≤k≤M-1, k ≠ l, skWith slIt is adjacent }, nlRepresent KlThe quantity of middle element.
Formula (1), formula (2) are substituted into formula (3), can be obtained:
WhereinRepresent the average Hamming in CSK planisphere between every two consecutive points
Distance, value are listed in Table 1 below.
Next, needing to derive the BER expression formula of RPM-CCSK scheme.Although the output of RPM-CCSK is complex symbol,
But since real part, imaginary part are all mapped using identical planisphere, the present invention only needs to consider the BER of wherein real part (or imaginary part) i.e.
It can.Before it is stated that including 1 polarity-bit and m in real part modulationCSKA CSK bit.Assuming that the BER of polarity-bit isBecause two sub- planispheres of the planisphere of RPM-CCSK are parallel and mirror symmetry, polarity-bit occur mistake and
Wrong two events of CSK bit generation are mutually indepedent, therefore the overall BER of RPM-CCSK can be indicated are as follows:
WhereinRepresent the error probability of the CSK bit in RPM-CCSK, can analogy (4) formula be calculated.It does not lose
Generality considers power normalization, i.e.,Planisphere.At this point, binary phase shift keying can be used in the BER of polarity-bit
(Binary Phase Shift Keying, BPSK) error-rate expression [12] is calculated:
WhereinThe distance between any component seat plan and judgement plane are represented, Q () represents Q function,
Indicating the average power amount of the CSK symbol in RPM-CCSK scheme, it is no longer a constant that it is different from traditional C/S K, and
It is a function related with amplification coefficient ξ, may be expressed as:
Wherein, dlFirst point and planisphere center c is represented on traditional C/S K planisphere0Distance,It indicatesIt is flat
Mean value.Amplifying operation in RPM-CCSK constellation G- Design is not only broughtVariation, also cause another and important change
Become, i.e. the SER function of CSK is by fM(γ) becomesThat is:
Assuming that energy per bit is Eb, define bit signal-to-noise ratio γb=Eb/N0, then for the real part of symbol of consideration, it is known that
There is γs=(mCSK+1)γb.Therefore, based on formula (4), formula (5), formula (6) and formula (8), the BER table of final RPM-CCSK can be obtained
Up to formula are as follows:
Based on formula (9), it is as follows to can define optimization object function:
It the function diff and solve of MATLAB can be used to solve partial differential equation to formula (10) and obtain the result of Fig. 4.By
Fig. 4 (a) is as it can be seen that work as γbWhen smaller, ξoptIt can be with γbVariation and change, but work as γbWhen larger, ξoptIf can tend to converge to
Dry constant valueCorrespond respectively to the RPM-CCSK planisphere that order is 4,8,16.Fig. 4 (b) compared pair
Different γbUse adaptive optimal value ξoptDesign method and to all γbAll use same convergency value ξoptDesign method
Performance.As it can be seen that using same convergency value ξoptApparent performance decline is not will cause, but can be to avoid according to different γbFrom
Adaptively choose different ξoptComplexity.It therefore, can be to all γbAll use same convergency value ξoptTo design planisphere.
For example, using fixed valuePlanisphere in available Fig. 3 (b).
To sum up, the optimal amplification coefficient ξ obtained based on formula (10)optIt can ensure that resulting RPM-CCSK planisphere can reach
To optimal BER performance, while it also can get lower demapping complexity.
Embodiment 2
More fully to illustrate beneficial effect possessed by the present invention, below in conjunction with simulation analysis and as a result, further right
Effectiveness of the invention and advance are explained.
Consider Nu=64 RPM-CCSK-OFDM system is configured using the LED of TLED, uses IEEE 802.15.7 standard
The CSK modulation system of the color bands group unification (ColorBand Combination One, CBC-1) of definition.It does not lose general
Property, select ACO-OFDM as O-OFDM scheme.
The performance for comparing RPM-CCSK-OFDM and existing PM-CCSK-OFDM first, as shown in Fig. 5 (a).As it can be seen that possessing
The RPM-CCSK-OFDM scheme of novel planisphere has significant performance boost compared to existing PM-CCSK-OFDM scheme, and
With the increase of order of modulation, performance boost is more obvious.On the other hand, it is assumed that hardware circuit solution is m~=6 bits/symbol
Number, respectively using ACO-OFDM, DCO-OFDM (direct current biasing selects 13dB), U-OFDM scheme, compare RPM-4CCSK-
The BER performance of OFDM and traditional 64QAM-OFDM of identical traffic rate, as shown in Fig. 5 (b).As it can be seen that in identical traffic rate
Under, RPM scheme can provide BER performance more preferably than traditional scheme.
In addition, RPM scheme is equally applicable to be configured with the CCSK-OFDM system of QLED equipment, design method and use
The CCSK-OFDM foregoing description of TLED is identical, can be by relevant parameter is calculated, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: the relevant parameter of each rank CSK and CCSK planisphere
Obviously, the above embodiment of the present invention be only to clearly illustrate example of the present invention, and not be pair
The restriction of embodiments of the present invention.For those of ordinary skill in the art, may be used also on the basis of the above description
To make other variations or changes in different ways.There is no necessity and possibility to exhaust all the enbodiments.It is all this
Made any modifications, equivalent replacements, and improvements etc., should be included in the claims in the present invention within the spirit and principle of invention
Protection scope within.
Bibliography
[1].J.M.Kahn and J.R.Barry,“Wireless infrared communications,”
inProceedings ofthe IEEE,vol.85,no.2,pp.265-298,Feb.1997.
[2].T.Komine and M.Nakagawa,“Fundamental analysis for visible-light
communication system using LED lights,”inIEEE Transactions on Consumer
Electronics,vol.50,no.1,pp.100-107,Feb.2004.
[3].J.Armstrong,“OFDM for optical communications,”in Journal of
Lightwave Technology,vol.27,no.3,pp.189-204,Feb.2009.
[4].S.D.Dissanayake and J.Armstrong,“Comparison ofACO-OFDM,DCO-OFDM
andADO-OFDM in IM/DD systems,”inJournal ofLightwave Technology,vol. 31,no.7,
pp.1063-1072,April 2013.
[5].O.Gonzalez,R.Perez-Jimenez,S.Rodriguez,J.Rabadan,andA.Ayala,“OFDM
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[6].D.Tsonev,S.Sinanovic,and H.Haas,“Novel unipolar orthogonal
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Vehicular Technology Conference(VTCSpring),Yokohama,2012,pp.1-5.
[7].IEEE Standard for Local and MetropolitanArea Networks—Part 15.7:
Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication Using Visible Light,in IEEE
Standard802.15.7-2011,pp.1-309,Sept.2011.
[8].R.Singh,T.O’Farrell,and J.P.R.David,“An enhanced color shift
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Claims (2)
1. being used for the plural color Shift Keying planisphere design method of optical OFDM system, it is characterised in that: the following steps are included:
By the bit data series arrangement of input atMatrix Q, whereinFor 1 RPM-CCSK
Bit number entrained by symbol, ms=2 indicate that each symbol additionally carries 2 polarity-bits, mCSK=log2M indicates one
The bit number that CSK symbol carries, M indicate CSK order of modulation, NuIndicate the RPM-CCSK for allowing to input in OFDM symbol symbol
Number amount；
Each column of matrix Q are all divided into two parts, and two-part bit passes through two-way PM-CCSK module and two-way respectively
RPM module is modulated into the real and imaginary parts of final result, and specific modulated process is as follows:
After real part or the input bit of imaginary part enter PM-CCSK module, 1 polarity-bit and m will be divided intoCSKA CSK bit；
CSK bit is modulated to CSK symbol, and polarity-bit indicates the positive and negative of the symbol；The output of two-way PM-CCSK module is distinguished
For XreAnd Xim；
XreAnd XimIt is admitted to two-way RPM module respectively, to XreAnd XimAfter successively carrying out planisphere rotation, amplification, normalization operation
Obtain RPM-CCSK planisphere mapping result；
Finally the real part imaginary part mapped is merged, obtains (nc×Nu) complex symbol matrix X；
Planisphere rotation, amplification, detailed process is as follows for normalization operation:
(1) planisphere rotates
The planisphere of PM-CCSK is divided into two different sub- planispheres of polarity-bit, then, the component for being 0 by polarity-bit
Seat figure is along axis pr=pg=pb180 degree is rotated, wherein (pr,pg,pb) indicate constellation point colour gamut coordinate；
(2) it is enlarged
The center for fixing two sub- planispheres, the plane pull-up by two sub- planispheres at respective place is overed greatly, if amplification
Coefficient is ξ；
(3) it normalizes
By the coordinate of constellation points all on amplified planisphere divided by a normalization factor, it is made to meet specific electric power
Limitation；
Above-mentioned rotation, amplification, normalization operation are completed offline, are formed by the novel RPM-CCSK planisphere mapping of each rank and closed
Several planisphere mapping tables are stored in call directly for system.
2. the plural color Shift Keying planisphere design method according to claim 1 for optical OFDM system, special
Sign is: the optimization method of the amplification coefficient ξ is as follows:
The BER expression formula for enabling RPM-CCSK is
Wherein γbIndicate bit signal-to-noise ratio, γb=Eb/N0, EbIndicate the energy of every bit, N0Indicate additive white Gaussian noise
One-sided power spectrum density, Q () represent Q function,Indicate the average power amount of the CSK symbol in RPM-CCSK；D is represented
The distance between any component seat plan and judgement plane, dHIndicate being averaged between every two consecutive points in CSK planisphere
Hamming distance；fM() indicates the symbol error rate of M rank CSK modulation；ncIndicate the quantity of configuration LED light；
Then define the optimization object function of above formula are as follows:
Partial differential equation are solved to optimization object function using the function diff and solve of MATLAB and obtain ξoptWith γbRelationship
Curve, for all γbSame convergency value is selected as optimal amplification factor in relation curve to design planisphere.
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