CN109364932B - Bimetallic catalyst, preparation method and application thereof - Google Patents
Bimetallic catalyst, preparation method and application thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN109364932B CN109364932B CN201811369252.6A CN201811369252A CN109364932B CN 109364932 B CN109364932 B CN 109364932B CN 201811369252 A CN201811369252 A CN 201811369252A CN 109364932 B CN109364932 B CN 109364932B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/835—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with germanium, tin or lead
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
- C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
- C07D301/04—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen
- C07D301/08—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D303/00—Compounds containing three-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D303/02—Compounds containing oxirane rings
- C07D303/04—Compounds containing oxirane rings containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms in addition to the ring oxygen atoms
Abstract
The invention discloses a bimetallic catalyst, a preparation method and application thereof, wherein the catalyst is a cage-shaped shell type porous bimetallic catalyst, wherein the shell of the catalyst consists of cobalt and copper nanoparticles, the mass ratio of the cobalt to the copper is 65-70: 30-35, and the particle size of the catalyst is 20-30 nm. The preparation method of the catalyst is simple and easy to implement and convenient to operate, the bimetallic catalyst is used as the catalyst for catalyzing and oxidizing the styrene into the styrene oxide, and the conversion rate of the styrene can reach 98 percent at most.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of catalysts, and particularly relates to a bimetallic catalyst, a preparation method and application thereof.
Background
The epoxide is an organic intermediate with an oxygen-containing three-membered ring, the annual output is close to 3000 ten thousand tons, the annual amplification amount reaches 5 percent, and the target chemical products of series of alcohol, aldehyde and ether can be obtained by selectively opening or converting the epoxy group of the epoxide. Among them, Styrene Oxide (SO) is an important fine chemical, and is used as an epoxy resin diluent, an ultraviolet absorber, a flavoring agent, and the like in the fields of polymer materials, paints, and perfume synthesis, and the like. In addition, the beta-phenylethyl alcohol with high additional value, which is obtained by SO through catalytic hydrogenation reaction, can be applied to food and daily chemical industry in a large scale, and the demand of the beta-phenylethyl alcohol is increased year by year, and the annual increase is up to 8%.
Currently, SO is mainly obtained by styrene epoxidation, and the conventional preparation method thereof is a homogeneous oxidation method, and can be classified into a halohydrin method and a peroxyacid oxidation method according to the difference of used oxygen sources. Wherein, the halogen alcohol method has the problems that products are difficult to separate and halogen-containing waste water is easy to cause environmental pollution, and does not meet the development requirements of green chemical industry. The peroxyacid oxidation method uses organic peroxyacid (RCOOOH) as an oxidizing agent, is expensive, is not suitable for large-scale industrial production, produces a large amount of byproduct organic acid (RCOOH), and has great separation difficulty.
To solve the above problems, O with environmental protection and low cost is used2Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) replaces the traditional oxidant, and a supported noble metal catalyst is used, SO that the process for preparing SO by epoxidizing styrene under the action of a heterogeneous catalytic material gradually receives wide attention and research of people. Therefore, it is urgently needed to prepare a catalyst with higher activity and good catalytic effect.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a bimetallic catalyst, a preparation method and application thereof.
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is realized by adopting the following technical scheme.
The invention provides a bimetallic catalyst, which is a cage-shaped shell type porous bimetallic catalyst, wherein a shell consists of cobalt and copper nanoparticles, and the mass ratio of the cobalt to the copper is 65-70: 30-35, and the particle size of the catalyst is 20-30 nm.
The invention also provides a preparation method of the bimetallic catalyst, which comprises the following steps: mixing the carbon sphere suspension with an acid solution of tin salt, filtering and drying to obtain a first product; carrying out ion exchange reaction on the first product and a mixed solution of cobalt salt and copper salt to obtain a second product; and roasting the second product to obtain the bimetallic catalyst.
The invention also provides the application of the bimetallic catalyst, and the bimetallic catalyst is used as a catalyst for catalytic oxidation of styrene into styrene oxide.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
the invention also provides a bimetallic catalyst and a working method thereof, the preparation method of the catalyst is simple and easy to operate, the maximum conversion rate of styrene can reach 98%, and the selectivity of styrene oxide can reach 90%.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. The examples, in which specific conditions are not specified, were conducted under conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. The reagents or instruments used are not indicated by the manufacturer, and are all conventional products available commercially.
The bimetallic catalyst provided by the embodiment of the invention is specifically explained below.
The embodiment of the invention provides a bimetallic catalyst, which is a cage-shaped shell-type porous bimetallic catalyst, wherein a shell consists of cobalt and copper nanoparticles, and the mass ratio of the cobalt to the copper is 65-70: 30-35, and the particle size of the catalyst is 20-30 nm.
The embodiment of the invention provides a bimetallic catalyst, which is characterized in that carbon spheres are taken as a carrier, cobalt ions and copper ions are attached to the surfaces of the carbon spheres, and the carbon spheres are removed by roasting to obtain a cage-shaped shell-type porous bimetallic catalyst, wherein the catalyst has magnetism and high later recovery rate (the recovery rate can reach 98%); the cage-shaped shell catalyst has large specific surface area and reaction pore canal and high catalytic activity.
The embodiment of the invention also provides a preparation method of the bimetallic catalyst, which comprises the following steps: mixing the carbon sphere suspension with an acid solution of tin salt, filtering and drying to obtain a first product; carrying out ion exchange reaction on the first product and a mixed solution of cobalt salt and copper salt to obtain a second product; and roasting the second product to obtain the bimetallic catalyst.
In the embodiment of the invention, the carbon sphere suspension and the acid solution of tin salt are stirred and mixed to ensure that tin ions are attached to the surface of the carbon sphere, and the first product is obtained after filtration and drying; adding a cobalt salt and copper salt mixed solution into the first product, stirring and mixing, and carrying out ion exchange reaction on tin ions on the surface of the carbon sphere and cobalt ions and copper ions in the solution to obtain a composite carbon sphere with a double-active center of the cobalt ions and the copper ions attached to the surface of the carbon sphere, so as to obtain a second product; and roasting the second product, and removing the carrier carbon spheres in the composite microspheres to obtain the cage-shaped shell-type porous bimetallic catalyst.
In some embodiments, the cobalt salt is at least one of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, cobalt sulfate heptahydrate, and cobalt acetate tetrahydrate, the copper salt is at least one of copper nitrate, copper chloride, and copper acetate, and the tin salt is at least one of tin chloride or stannous chloride.
In some embodiments, the first product is obtained by: mixing the carbon ball suspension and a hydrochloric acid solution of tin salt, wherein the mass ratio of the carbon balls to the tin salt is 0.8-1.2, stirring for 40-60min, washing and filtering by using distilled water until a supernatant is nearly colorless, and then keeping the temperature in an oven at 50-80 ℃ for 20-40min to obtain a first product.
In some embodiments, the acid solution of tin salt is obtained by: ultrasonically mixing tin salt and 0.01-0.03M hydrochloric acid for 10-15 min.
In the embodiment of the invention, the carbon sphere suspension is mixed with the hydrochloric acid solution of tin salt, the carbon sphere is used as a carrier, tin ions are attached to the surface of the carbon sphere, the mass ratio of the carbon sphere to the tin salt is 0.5-2.5, preferably 1.0-2.0, and more preferably 0.8-1.2, so that the tin ions can be distributed on the surface of the carbon sphere, and the redundant tin salt can be washed and removed in the subsequent washing process.
In some embodiments, the ion exchange reaction is specifically: ultrasonically mixing the first product with a mixed solution of cobalt salt and copper salt for 10-15min, and then adding 0.15-0.20M sodium formate solution to perform ion exchange reaction.
In some embodiments, the mass ratio of cobalt salt to copper salt is 65-70: 30-35, and the time of the ion exchange reaction is 5-7 h.
In some embodiments, the ion exchange reaction is followed by multiple washes with distilled water and ethanol, respectively, and dried in a vacuum oven at 100 ℃ and 120 ℃ for 10-12 hours.
In the embodiment of the invention, the first product is mixed with a mixed solution of cobalt salt and copper salt, cobalt ions, copper ions and tin ions are replaced in an alkaline environment provided by sodium formate, the cobalt ions, the copper ions and carbon spheres directly form chemical bond force and are firmly attached to the carbon spheres, then the tin ions are washed away by ethanol, water and the like until the solution is in a neutral state, so that bimetallic ions of the cobalt ions and the copper ions are loaded on the surfaces of the carbon spheres, namely the surfaces of the carbon spheres have double-active centers, and then the carbon spheres are washed and dried to obtain a second product.
In some embodiments, the second product is calcined at 400 ℃ and 500 ℃ for 3-6 h.
In the embodiment of the invention, the second product is roasted, the carrier carbon spheres in the second product can be removed by roasting, the shell is cobalt and copper bimetallic nano-particles, so that a cage-shaped shell-type porous bimetallic catalyst is obtained, the roasting temperature cannot be too high, otherwise, metal oxidation is easy to occur, the catalytic activity is further reduced, and the carbon spheres in the composite microspheres cannot be removed by too low roasting temperature.
The invention also provides an application of the bimetallic catalyst, and the bimetallic catalyst is used as an epoxyphenylethane catalyst.
The bimetallic catalyst prepared in the embodiment of the invention has higher styrene conversion rate and epoxyethylbenzene selectivity, has outstanding catalytic performance, is expected to realize effective substitution of noble metal resources, and has great industrial application value. At present, the application of cobalt and copper bimetallic composite oxide as a catalyst for catalyzing styrene epoxidation to synthesize styrene oxide is not reported. The catalyst has the advantages of simple preparation method, low cost and environmental protection.
The features and properties of the present invention are described in further detail below with reference to examples.
Example 1
Commercially available carbon spheres were purchased, dissolved in deionized water, and uniformly dispersed by ultrasonic sonication to give a solution a.
And thirdly, accurately weighing 300mg of stannous chloride into a 500mL three-mouth round-bottom flask, then measuring 60mL prepared in advance, adding 0.02M hydrochloric acid into the flask, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes by using ultrasonic waves to fully dissolve the stannous chloride, wherein the mark is B solution. The solution a and the solution B were mixed and rapidly mechanically stirred for 60 minutes. The filtrate was washed with distilled water until the supernatant was nearly colorless, and then again held in an oven at 50 ℃ for 30 minutes.
Accurately weighing 65mg of cobalt nitrate and 45mg of copper nitrate, adding the cobalt nitrate and the copper nitrate into a 250mL three-necked bottle, adding 150mL of deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment to form a transparent solution, then adding the product obtained in the previous step, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes in ultrasonic treatment, and then adding 40mL of a sodium formate solution with 0.15M prepared in advance.
And finally, mechanically stirring for 7 hours at normal temperature, filtering, washing with distilled water and ethanol for multiple times respectively, putting into a vacuum drying oven, keeping the temperature at 120 ℃ for 12 hours, drying, and roasting in a muffle furnace at 400 ℃ for 5 hours to obtain the bimetallic catalyst, wherein the conversion rate of the bimetallic catalyst to styrene is 96%, and the selectivity of the styrene oxide is 88%.
Example 2
Commercially available carbon spheres were purchased, dissolved in deionized water, and uniformly dispersed by ultrasonic sonication to give a solution a.
And thirdly, accurately weighing 300mg of stannous chloride into a 500mL three-mouth round-bottom flask, then measuring 60mL prepared in advance, adding 0.02M hydrochloric acid into the flask, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes by using ultrasonic waves to fully dissolve the stannous chloride, wherein the mark is B solution. The solution a and the solution B were mixed and rapidly mechanically stirred for 60 minutes. The filtrate was washed with distilled water until the supernatant was nearly colorless, and then again held in an oven at 50 ℃ for 30 minutes.
Accurately weighing 65mg of cobalt nitrate and 45mg of copper nitrate, adding the cobalt nitrate and the copper nitrate into a 250mL three-necked bottle, adding 150mL of deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment to form a transparent solution, then adding the product obtained in the previous step, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes in ultrasonic treatment, and then adding 40mL of a sodium formate solution with 0.15M prepared in advance.
And finally, mechanically stirring for 7 hours at normal temperature, filtering, washing with distilled water and ethanol for multiple times respectively, putting into a vacuum drying oven, keeping the temperature at 120 ℃ for 12 hours, drying, roasting in a muffle furnace at 450 ℃ for 5 hours to obtain the bimetallic catalyst, wherein the conversion rate of the bimetallic catalyst to styrene is 97%, and the selectivity of the styrene oxide is 89%.
Example 3
First, 12.0g of glucose was weighed into a 200mL beaker, 80mL of distilled water was taken and dissolved sufficiently to form a clear solution, and then the solution was transferred to a high pressure reactor, which was maintained at 180 ℃ for 4 hours. Taking out, cooling, washing with distilled water and ethanol, and filtering. Drying the obtained product in a vacuum drying oven at 60 ℃.
Secondly, 300mg of the carbon spheres formed by drying are added into a 200mL single-neck round-bottom flask, 100mL of deionized water is added for dissolving, and ultrasonic waves are used for uniformly dispersing the carbon spheres to obtain solution A.
And thirdly, accurately weighing 300mg of stannous chloride into a 500mL three-mouth round-bottom flask, then measuring 60mL prepared in advance, adding 0.02M hydrochloric acid into the flask, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes by using ultrasonic waves to fully dissolve the stannous chloride, wherein the mark is B solution. The solution a and the solution B were mixed and rapidly mechanically stirred for 60 minutes. The filtrate was washed with distilled water until the supernatant was nearly colorless, and then again held in an oven at 50 ℃ for 30 minutes.
Accurately weighing 65mg of cobalt nitrate and 35mg of copper nitrate, adding the cobalt nitrate and the copper nitrate into a 250mL three-necked bottle, adding 150mL of deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment to form a transparent solution, then adding the product obtained in the previous step, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes in ultrasonic treatment, and then adding 40mL of a sodium formate solution with 0.15M prepared in advance.
And finally, mechanically stirring for 7 hours at normal temperature, filtering, washing with distilled water and ethanol for multiple times respectively, putting into a vacuum drying oven, keeping the temperature at 120 ℃ for 12 hours, drying, roasting in a muffle furnace at 480 ℃ for 5 hours to obtain the bimetallic catalyst, wherein the conversion rate of the bimetallic catalyst to styrene is 98%, and the selectivity of the styrene oxide is 90%.
Example 4
First, 20.0g of glucose was weighed into a 200mL beaker, 80mL of distilled water was taken and dissolved sufficiently to form a clear solution, and then the solution was transferred to a high pressure reactor, which was maintained at 180 ℃ for 4 hours. Taking out, cooling, washing with distilled water and ethanol, and filtering. Drying the obtained product in a vacuum drying oven at 60 ℃.
Secondly, 400mg of the carbon spheres formed by drying are added into a 200mL single-neck round-bottom flask, 100mL of deionized water is added for dissolving, and ultrasonic waves are used for uniformly dispersing the carbon spheres to obtain solution A.
And thirdly, accurately weighing 600mg of stannous chloride in a 500mL three-mouth round-bottom flask, then measuring 120mL prepared in advance, adding 0.02M hydrochloric acid into the flask, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes by using ultrasonic waves to fully dissolve the stannous chloride, wherein the mark is B solution. The solution a and the solution B were mixed and rapidly mechanically stirred for 60 minutes. The filtrate was washed with distilled water until the supernatant was nearly colorless, and then again held in an oven at 50 ℃ for 30 minutes.
Accurately weighing 75mg of cobalt nitrate and 25mg of copper nitrate, adding the cobalt nitrate and the copper nitrate into a 250mL three-necked bottle, adding 150mL of deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment to form a transparent solution, then adding the product obtained in the previous step, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes in ultrasonic treatment, and then adding 40mL of a sodium formate solution with 0.15M prepared in advance.
And finally, mechanically stirring for 7 hours at normal temperature, filtering, washing with distilled water and ethanol for multiple times respectively, putting into a vacuum drying oven, keeping the temperature at 120 ℃ for 12 hours, drying, and roasting in a muffle furnace for 5 hours at 500 ℃ to obtain the bimetallic catalyst, wherein the conversion rate of the bimetallic catalyst to styrene is 98%, and the selectivity of the styrene oxide is 90%.
Comparative example 1
First, 12.0g of glucose was weighed into a 200mL beaker, 80mL of distilled water was taken and dissolved sufficiently to form a clear solution, and then the solution was transferred to a high pressure reactor, which was maintained at 180 ℃ for 4 hours. Taking out, cooling, washing with distilled water and ethanol, and filtering. Drying the obtained product in a vacuum drying oven at 60 ℃.
Secondly, 300mg of the carbon spheres formed by drying are added into a 200mL single-neck round-bottom flask, 100mL of deionized water is added for dissolving, and ultrasonic waves are used for uniformly dispersing the carbon spheres to obtain solution A.
And thirdly, accurately weighing 300mg of stannous chloride into a 500mL three-mouth round-bottom flask, then measuring 60mL prepared in advance, adding 0.02M hydrochloric acid into the flask, and performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes by using ultrasonic waves to fully dissolve the stannous chloride, wherein the mark is B solution. The solution a and the solution B were mixed and rapidly mechanically stirred for 60 minutes. The filtrate was washed with distilled water until the supernatant was nearly colorless, and then again held in an oven at 50 ℃ for 30 minutes.
Accurately weighing 65mg of cobalt nitrate, adding the cobalt nitrate into a 250mL three-necked bottle, adding 150mL of deionized water, performing ultrasonic treatment to form a transparent solution, then adding the product obtained in the previous step, performing ultrasonic treatment for 10 minutes in ultrasonic treatment, and then adding 40mL of a 0.15M sodium formate solution prepared in advance.
And finally, mechanically stirring for 7 hours at normal temperature, filtering, washing with distilled water and ethanol for multiple times respectively, putting into a vacuum drying oven, keeping the temperature at 120 ℃ for 12 hours, drying, and roasting in a muffle furnace at 480 ℃ for 5 hours to obtain the cobalt catalyst, wherein the conversion rate of the cobalt catalyst to styrene is 75%, and the selectivity of the styrene oxide is 80%.
In summary, the embodiment of the present invention provides a preparation method of a bimetallic catalyst, including the following steps: the invention also provides a preparation method of the bimetallic catalyst, which comprises the following steps: mixing the carbon sphere suspension with an acid solution of tin salt, filtering and drying to obtain a first product; carrying out ion exchange reaction on the first product and a mixed solution of cobalt salt and copper salt to obtain a second product; and roasting the second product to obtain the bimetallic catalyst. Carrying out ion exchange reaction on tin ions attached to the surface of the carbon sphere and cobalt ions and copper ions in the solution to obtain a composite carbon sphere with double active centers of bimetallic ions of the cobalt ions and the copper ions; and then roasting to remove the internal carrier carbon spheres, thus obtaining the cage-shaped shell-type porous bimetallic catalyst.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
the bimetallic catalyst disclosed by the invention is low in preparation cost and convenient and simple to prepare, and overcomes the defects that the existing styrene epoxidation catalyst is more in types and types, but the product yield is relatively low and the catalyst is difficult to recover, or a third party auxiliary material is required to be added for improving the recovery rate; the catalyst prepared by the embodiment of the invention has magnetism, and the recovery rate at the later stage is high and can reach 98%; the cage-shaped shell catalyst has large specific surface area and reaction pore canal and high catalytic activity.
The embodiments described above are some, but not all embodiments of the invention. The detailed description of the embodiments of the present invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention as claimed, but is merely representative of selected embodiments of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A preparation method of a bimetallic catalyst is characterized by comprising the following steps: mixing the carbon sphere suspension with an acid solution of tin salt, filtering and drying to obtain a first product; carrying out ion exchange reaction on the first product and a mixed solution of cobalt salt and copper salt to obtain a second product; roasting the second product to obtain the bimetallic catalyst,
the first product is obtained by the following steps: mixing carbon sphere suspension and hydrochloric acid solution of tin salt, wherein the mass ratio of the carbon spheres to the tin salt is 0.8-1.2, stirring for 40-60min, washing and filtering with distilled water until the supernatant is nearly colorless, then keeping the temperature in an oven at 50-80 ℃ for 20-40min to obtain a first product,
the ion exchange reaction is specifically as follows: ultrasonically mixing the first product with the mixed solution of the cobalt salt and the copper salt for 10-15min, then adding 0.15-0.20M sodium formate solution for ion exchange reaction,
the roasting temperature of the second product is 400-500 ℃, the time is 3-6h,
the catalyst is a cage-shaped shell-type porous bimetallic catalyst, the shell consists of cobalt and copper nanoparticles, and the mass ratio of the cobalt to the copper is 65-70: 30-35, the particle size of the catalyst is 20-30nm, the conversion rate of the catalyst to styrene reaches 98%, and the selectivity to styrene oxide reaches 90%.
2. The method for preparing the bimetallic catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the cobalt salt is at least one of cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, cobalt sulfate heptahydrate and cobalt acetate tetrahydrate, the copper salt is at least one of copper nitrate, copper chloride and copper acetate, and the tin salt is at least one of tin chloride or stannous chloride.
3. The method for preparing a bimetallic catalyst according to claim 1, characterized in that the acid solution of tin salt is obtained by the following steps: and ultrasonically mixing the tin salt and 0.01-0.03M hydrochloric acid for 10-15 min.
4. The method for preparing the bimetallic catalyst according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of the cobalt salt to the copper salt is 65-70: 30-35, and the time of the ion exchange reaction is 5-7 h.
5. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bimetallic catalyst is prepared by washing the bimetallic catalyst with distilled water and ethanol for several times, respectively, and drying the washed bimetallic catalyst in a vacuum drying oven at 100-120 ℃ for 10-12 hours.
6. Use of a bimetallic catalyst prepared according to the preparation process of any one of claims 1 to 5 as a catalyst for the catalytic oxidation of styrene to styrene oxide.
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