CN109295411A - 一种q&p&t工艺下的汽车传动齿轮 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种Q&P&T工艺下的汽车传动齿轮。主要包括以下步骤：热处理前对齿轮进行渗氮处理和物理气相沉积处理镀Cr‑Al‑N形成多层硬化层。热处理过程采用加热至850~920°C奥氏体化温度，保温3~10min，在盐浴炉中淬火至150~220℃后保温1~3min，淬火完成后进行碳配分（在盐浴炉中加热至400~480℃保温10~180s），接着降温至200~250℃进行低温回火、保温2~4h，并空冷至室温（Q&P&T）。本发明工艺简单，在对齿轮进行表面处理的情况下又进行Q&P&T热处理增加残余奥氏体含量和稳定性，可以在保证齿轮表面的硬度、耐磨性、热稳定性和抗疲劳性能达到要求的同时提高芯部的韧性、强度。由于残余奥氏体的TRIP效应，能有效地防止齿轮的脆性断裂并提升其抗冲击性能。热处理时间短还可以达到节省能源的目的。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及齿轮表面处理和机械加工领域，具体涉及一种Q&P&T工艺下的汽车传动齿轮。
背景技术
热处理是通过把齿轮加热到相变温度以上某一温度，通过不同的保温与冷却工艺得到所需要的马氏体组织的过程。热处理的过程直接关系到钢材的组织结构与状态从而影响齿轮的使用性能和寿命。淬火-碳配分-回火（Q-P-T）热处理工艺为：较低温度奥氏体化，淬火至 Ms和 Mf温度之间某一温度以获得适量的马氏体，更多残余奥氏体富碳，并稳定至室温，常用较高温度停留、进行碳分配，和在回火温度下停留一段时间进行回火。物理气相沉积是在真空条件下采用物理方法将材料源气化成气态原子、分子或离子,在基体表面沉积薄膜的过程，通过PVD技术可以提高齿轮表面使用性能。目前汽车用齿轮钢大都具有良好的硬度和耐磨性能，但存在塑韧性和强度不高等缺点。随着对汽车性能要求的不断提升，良好的齿轮传动效果对汽车安全使用寿命和节省能源方面具有重大的意义。人们对于如何在保证齿面硬度与耐磨性的同时保证齿轮心部的强韧性问题上做了很多工作，而解决这一问题的根本原则归结于两方面：即保证齿轮表面的硬度、耐磨性和抗氧化能力的同时保证芯部具有足够的强韧性；保证表面的硬化层均匀性与提高芯部残余奥氏体的稳定性，使用时还应有较高的弯曲疲劳强度和接触疲劳强度，还要具有较高的抗过载和抗冲击能力。传统的渗氮方法得到的氮化物颗粒弥散程度低，会有网状组织生成，且生产周期长，耗能高，已不能满足关键件的性能要求。
发明内容
本发明的目的是在于提供一种Q&P&T工艺下的汽车传动齿轮的处理方法。本发明可以综合提高齿轮表面使用性能和芯部的强度和韧性，高效，减少污染并节省成本。具体的步骤为：
第一步，表面强化处理；
第二步，奥氏体化；
第三步，淬火；
第四步，碳配分；
第五步，低温回火。
所述第一步，表面强化处理包括表面渗氮和物理气相沉积：利用预氧化两段快速渗氮法渗氮，渗氮预氧化温度350~400℃，保温0.5h，继续升温至渗氮温度490℃，保温3.5h，氨气分解率40%~50%，继续升温至510℃，保温21h，氨气分解率65%~75%，通入氨气或氨气裂解气冷却至150℃出炉自然冷却,渗层深度0.31~0.37mm，物理气相沉积镀Cr-Al-N：采用直流非平衡磁控溅射技术，将工件置于反应室中，抽真空置于Ar+N2环境中沉积，四周分别是Cr和纯Al靶材，通过控制使铝的含量提高到64%，在磁场中进行沉积，沉积在工件表面形成6~8μm厚的覆盖层再进行热处理。
所述第二步，奥氏体化，真空中加热Ac3线温度以上及加热到850℃~920℃保温3~10min。
所述第三步，淬火，在盐浴炉中淬火至50~220℃并保温1~3min。
所述第四步，碳配分，淬火完成后进行碳配分，在盐浴炉中加热至400~480℃保温10~180s。
所述第五步，低温回火，碳配分结束后进行低温回火200~250℃、保温2~4h，并空冷至室温。
本发明的效果是：通过表面强化方式形成多层硬化层和采用淬火碳配分的热处理方式，提高齿轮耐磨性和抗疲劳性能同时可以增强奥氏体在常温下的稳定性保证芯部韧性和强度，提高齿轮的抗冲击性能及使用寿命。
具体实施方式：
参照热处理过程并结合实施例来详细说明本发明，材料为45Cr，200℃下基体回火硬度为56~58HRC。具体实施步骤为：准备加工成形齿轮—渗氮处理—气相沉积镀Cr-Al-N涂层—加热奥氏体化—淬火（在盐浴炉中）—碳配分—低温回火—空冷。
实施例1：
本实施例运用汽车传动齿轮生产过程中，具体实施步骤为：第一步，表面强化处理，渗氮预氧化温度350℃，保温0.5h，继续升温至渗氮温度490℃，保温3.5h，氨气分解率40%，继续升温至510℃，保温21h，氨气分解率65%，通入氨气或氨气裂解气冷却至150℃出炉,渗氮面表面硬度1093~1122HV。物理气相沉积Cr-Al-N涂层：采用直流非平衡磁控溅射技术，将工件置于反应室中，抽真空置于Ar+N2环境中沉积，四周分别是Cr和纯Al靶材，通过控制使铝的含量提高到64%，在磁场中进行沉积表层，硬度可达到2600~3106HV范围内。热处理过程第二步，加热奥氏体化850℃×5min；第三步，在盐浴炉中淬火170℃×60s；第四步，碳配分，淬火后在盐浴炉加热至400℃保温30s；第五步，接着进行低温回火200℃×2h、空冷至室温；芯部硬度54~56HRC，冲击功14~16J，抗拉强度1510~1730MPa之间。
实施例2：
具体实施步骤为：第一步，表面强化处理，渗氮预氧化温度370℃，保温0.5h，继续升温至渗氮温度490℃，保温3.5h，氨气分解率45%，继续升温至510℃，保温21h，氨气分解率70%，通入氨气或氨气裂解气冷却至150℃出炉,渗氮面表面硬度1093~1122HV。物理气相沉积Cr-Al-N涂层：采用直流非平衡磁控溅射技术，将工件置于反应室中，抽真空置于Ar+N2环境中沉积，四周分别是Cr和纯Al靶材，通过控制使铝的含量提高到64%，在磁场中进行沉积，硬度可达到2600~3106HV范围内。热处理过程第二步，加热奥氏体化900℃×7min；第三步，在盐浴炉中淬火至200℃并保温120s；第四步，碳配分，淬火后在盐浴炉加热至450℃保温150s；第五步，接着进行低温回火220℃×2h，空冷至室温；芯部硬度54~56HRC，冲击功14~16J，抗拉强度1510~1730MPa之间。
实施例3：
具体实施步骤为：第一步，表面强化处理，渗氮预氧化温度400℃，保温0.5h，继续升温至渗氮温度490℃，保温3.5h，氨气分解率50%，继续升温至510℃，保温21h，氨气分解率75%，通入氨气或氨气裂解气冷却至150℃出炉,渗氮面表面硬度1093~1122HV。物理气相沉积Cr-Al-N涂层：采用直流非平衡磁控溅射技术，将工件置于反应室中，抽真空置于Ar+N2环境中沉积，四周分别是Cr和纯Al靶材，通过控制使铝的含量提高到64%，在磁场中进行沉积，硬度可达到2600～3106HV范围内。热处理过程第二步，加热奥氏体化920℃×10min；第三步，在盐浴炉中淬火至220℃并保温180s；第四步，碳配分，淬火后在盐浴炉加热至480℃保温180s；第五步，接着进行低温回火250℃×4h，空冷至室温；芯部硬度54~56HRC，冲击功14~16J，抗拉强度1510~1730MPa之间。
以上对本发明的实施例进行了详细说明，但所述内容仅为本发明的较佳实施例，不能被认为用于限定本发明的实施范围。凡依本发明申请范围所做的均等变化与改进等均应仍归属本发明的专利涵盖范围之内。
Claims (3)
1.一种Q&P&T工艺下的汽车传动齿轮，所述材料为45Cr，其特征在于：（1）齿轮表面强化处理包括表面渗氮和物理气相沉积镀Cr-Al-N涂层，（2）热处理过程先在真空或惰性气体下把工件加热到奥氏体化温度保温，然后在盐浴炉中淬火，接着在该温度下进行短时间的碳配分然后进行低温回火最后空冷至室温。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种Q&P&T工艺下的汽车传动齿轮，其特征在于：所述表面强化处理包括表面渗氮和物理气相沉积镀Cr-Al-N，渗氮预氧化温度350~400℃，保温0.5h，继续升温至渗氮温度490℃，保温3.5h，氨气分解率40%~50%，继续升温至510℃，保温21h，氨气分解率65%~75%，通入氨气或氨气裂解气冷却至150℃出炉自然冷却,渗层深度0.31～0.37mm,物理气相沉积Cr-Al-N涂层；采用直流非平衡磁控溅射技术，将工件置于反应室中，抽真空置于Ar+N2环境中，四周分别是Cr和纯Al靶材，通过控制使铝的含量提高到64%，在磁场中进行沉积，沉积在工件表面形成6~8μm厚的覆盖层再经热处理。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种Q&P&T工艺下的汽车传动齿轮，其特征在于：所述热处理工艺温度和时间，真空或惰性气体下加热齿轮至奥氏体化温度（850~920℃），保温3~10min，然后在盐浴炉中淬火至150~220℃并保温1~3min，淬火完成后进行碳配分（在盐浴炉中加热至400~480℃并保温10~180s），接着进行低温回火200~250℃、保温2~4h，并空冷至室温。
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