CN109117534B - Fracture and crack prediction method based on geological map - Google Patents
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Abstract
A fracture and crack prediction method based on geological map is characterized in that a research target layer is determined based on geological map analysis, a prediction datum line is arranged along the direction nearly vertical to a structural line, sufficient geological points are uniformly picked up near the datum line, coordinates of the geological points and formation occurrence data are read, the data are projected on the datum line, a datum line profile relational expression is fitted, the profile form of the datum line is drawn, the curvature of each point on the profile of the datum line is calculated, and profile fracture and crack distribution characteristics are predicted quantitatively-semi-quantitatively based on the profile curvature; the method reduces the data cost, shortens the working period, simplifies the prediction process, can carry out quantitative-semi-quantitative prediction on the development degree of the fracture and the crack on a block-region scale, and provides important indication parameters for transverse comparison of oil and gas storage conditions.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to fracture and crack prediction technology in oil-gas exploration and development technology, and particularly relates to fracture and crack prediction technology based on geological maps.
Background
Fractures and fissures serve a critical role as important transportation channels and storage spaces for oil and gas, both in oil and gas migration and in fluid storage. Therefore, fracture and fracture research, especially in unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs where storage conditions are critical, is an important task to prefer unconventional hydrocarbon exploration profitable areas and to make future development plans. Effective prediction of fracture and crack is a necessary premise for developing regional structure and oil gas storage condition research, and correct guidance can be provided for later oil gas resource evaluation and production decision only by establishing a set of fracture and crack prediction scheme which is convenient, rapid, low in cost and capable of quantitative or semi-quantitative description.
In the existing fracture and crack prediction methods, the most common method is to effectively identify and predict the fracture and crack by using seismic data or core data. However, the period of the whole process of seismic data acquisition, processing and explanation is long, the prediction effect is closely related to the quality of seismic data, and the interference factors are more; the core data is acquired on the basis of newly added wells, and in a new block where drilling is not started, the early prediction of fracture and crack can not be carried out through the core data. In addition, the cost of both the seismic interpretation method and the core identification method is usually over a million yuan, so that the fracture and the crack early-stage prediction are relatively uneconomical. The geological map contains a large amount of geological information such as lithologic distribution, tectonic distribution, stratum occurrence and the like, and provides rich data resources for constructing a regional geological model and deepening block geological knowledge; if key information can be fully and effectively extracted from the three-dimensional geological profile, the three-dimensional geological profile can be inverted from the planar geological map, and the purpose of fracture and crack prediction is further achieved. Meanwhile, although the geological map still has certain confidentiality at present, the acquisition of the geological map in the oil and gas and related industries is not difficult, relatively low data cost also provides possibility for utilizing the geological map to predict fracture and crack, particularly in a new block with low exploration degree, the superiority of the method can be reflected, and the early production requirement of oil and gas exploration can be met relatively economically.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to overcome the defects of the existing method, the invention aims to provide a fracture and crack prediction method based on a geological map, which is characterized in that a research target layer is determined based on geological map analysis, a prediction datum line is arranged along the direction approximately vertical to a structural line, sufficient geological points are uniformly picked up near the datum line, the coordinates of the geological points and formation occurrence data are read, the data are projected on the datum line, a datum line profile relational expression is fitted, the profile form of the datum line is drawn, the curvature of each point on the profile of the datum line is calculated, and the profile fracture and crack distribution characteristics are quantitatively-semi-quantitatively predicted based on the profile curvature, so that important indication parameters are provided for the transverse comparison of oil and gas storage conditions.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows:
a method for predicting fractures and fissures based on geological maps, comprising the steps of:
step one, geological map analysis and target layer determination: effective analysis of geological maps is a necessary prerequisite for fracture and crack prediction; before fracture prediction, firstly determining a research area according to research requirements, and determining the main construction units, the construction line walking direction and the construction distribution rule in the area range; because different layers have different lithological characteristics, and the lithological characteristics have a significant control effect on the distribution conditions of fractures and cracks, a layer of a research target or a layer system of a target with similar lithological characteristics needs to be determined in advance to weaken the influence of lithological differences on the prediction of fractures and cracks.
Step two, determining a datum line: in order to better predict the change rule of fracture and crack development in a research area, a representative datum line is selected as a fracture and crack prediction section; the datum line is a straight line, the basic principle of being perpendicular to the main construction line is observed when the datum line is selected, and main folds and fractures in the area are cut through so as to better reflect the geological background of the area; if the direction of the construction line changes, a plurality of straight lines which are connected end to end and have small trend difference are selected as reference lines; meanwhile, in order to obtain the geological information of the geological map to the maximum extent, on the premise of meeting the profile selection principle, a measuring line with more geological point data, particularly the formation attitude data of a target layer is selected as a reference line for predicting fracture and crack; after the datum line is determined, the coordinates (x) of the starting point of each datum line are read and recorded o ，y o ) And (x) d ，y d ) Further calculating the trend gamma (0-360 degrees) of each section of reference line, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
step three, geological map data pickup: the geological map contains a large amount of geological related data, and effective information which is helpful for fracture and crack prediction needs to be picked from the geological map; firstly, taking a reference line as a center, reading and recording coordinates of nearby geological points and formation attitude data of a target layer, wherein at least one geological point is required to be selected at two sides of the same structural unit; the selected geological points are as close to the datum line and the target layer as possible and are distributed uniformly as near the datum line as possible; when a sufficient number of geological points meeting the conditions are difficult to obtain near the datum line and the target layer, relatively far geological points can be properly selected, but the geological position of the geological point is required to be deposited in the direction vertical to the datum line, and the change of the structure is not large;
step four, geological point data projection: because part of geological points are not positioned on the selected reference line or the tendency of the part of geological points on the reference line is not consistent with the trend of the reference line, projection processing needs to be carried out on the data information of the geological points; and (5) assuming that the coordinates and the trend of the starting point of the datum line are consistent with those in the second step, and the coordinates of the mass points of each place are (X) n ，Y n ) Corresponding to formation occurrence of (α) n ，θ n ) Then its projected coordinate (X ') on the reference line' n ，Y’ n ) The method comprises the following steps:
projection output state (. Alpha.) on the projection point' n ，θ’ n ) Comprises the following steps:
after the coordinate and stratum attitude data are converted, all geological point data near the datum line and inconsistent with the trend of the datum line are projected to the datum line, and further fracture and crack prediction work is carried out;
step five, fitting and drawing a baseline profile: obtaining particle projection coordinates (X ') of each region' n ，Y’ n ) Projecting birth (. Alpha.) with projected point' n ，θ’ n ) Then, the initial point (x) from the reference line is set o ，y o ) Distance l is horizontal coordinate and is a ground particle projection inclination angle theta on the datum line' n Corresponding formation projection slope k' n Fitting and calculating the formation projection occurrence, namely a projection dip angle distribution curve, for the vertical coordinate;
the calculation formula of the distance between each projection point and the starting point of the reference line is as follows:
formation projection slope k' n And geological point projection inclination angle theta' n The corresponding relation is as follows:
fitting the fitting formula by a binary polynomial, wherein the fitting term is preferably no higher than N-1, and N represents the total number of the ground particles; through fitting calculation, the final projection occurrence, namely the projection dip angle distribution curve is obtained as follows:
k＝a N-1 l N-1 +a N-2 l N-2 +…+a 2 l 2 +a 1 l+a 0 (6)
wherein, a N-1 、a N-2 Representing each item coefficient corresponding to the fitting formula; solving integral of the fitting formula, obtaining an approximate section fitting curve on a datum line, and drawing a section form diagram, namely:
wherein z represents the relative elevation of each projected earth point; if a section schematic diagram which is near to the datum line and is nearly parallel to the datum line is drawn in the geological map, comparing and analyzing the section form diagram finished in the step with the section form diagram to enhance the credibility of the fitting section;
and step six, fracture and crack prediction based on section curvature: curvature analysis is an effective and intuitive way to perform macroscopic fracture and crack prediction; and (3) carrying out curvature calculation on each projection local point on the basis of the section fitting curve, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
fracture and fracture distribution density (D) is considered to be due to the apparent direct proportional relationship between fracture and fracture distribution density and formation curvature F ) Comprises the following steps:
D F ＝Cz (9)
where C is a constant, which can be determined empirically, and is typically 10 -2 ～10 1 Are not equal.
The invention is based on the fracture and crack prediction method of the geological map, converts the plane information of the geological map into related data which can be used for building a three-dimensional section, can conveniently and quickly predict the block or area fracture and crack distribution characteristics with relatively low cost, and can better provide data and technical support for oil and gas exploration and development, particularly for the optimization of unconventional oil and gas new exploration blocks.
The method of the invention firstly uses geological map data to predict the fracture and crack system in China, provides a new method for predicting the fracture and crack aiming at the target interval, reduces the data cost, shortens the working period, simplifies the prediction process, can carry out quantitative-semi-quantitative prediction on the development degree of the fracture and crack on a block-area scale, and provides important indication parameters for transverse comparison of oil gas storage conditions.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a fracture and crack prediction method of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a geological map in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a graph of cross-sectional projection data versus horizontal distance in accordance with the present invention. Wherein, FIG. 3a is a profile inversion graph; FIG. 3b is a projection slope fit (first derivative) plot; FIG. 3c is a second derivative plot; figure 3d is a graph of curvature versus fracture and crack prediction.
Detailed Description
As shown in fig. 1, the present invention is a method for predicting fractures and fissures based on geological maps, comprising the following steps:
step one, geological map analysis and target layer determination: efficient analysis of geological maps is a necessary prerequisite for fracture and crack prediction. Before fracture prediction, a research area is determined according to research requirements, and main construction units, construction line directions and construction distribution rules in the area range are determined. Because different layers have different lithological characteristics, and the lithological characteristics have a significant control effect on the distribution conditions of fractures and cracks, a layer of a research target or a layer system of a target with similar lithological characteristics needs to be determined in advance to weaken the influence of lithological differences on the prediction of fractures and cracks.
Step two, determining a datum line: in order to better predict the change rule of fracture and crack development in a research area, a representative datum line is selected as a fracture and crack prediction section. Generally speaking, the reference line should be a straight line, and should be selected to follow the basic principle of being perpendicular to the main structural line, and cut through the main folds and fractures of the region to better reflect the geological background of the region. If the direction of the construction line changes, a plurality of straight lines which are connected end to end and have small difference in direction can be selected as the reference line. Meanwhile, in order to obtain the geological information of the geological map to the maximum extent, on the premise of meeting the profile selection principle, a measuring line with more geological point data, particularly the formation attitude data of a target layer is selected as a reference line for fracture and crack prediction. After the datum line is determined, the coordinates (x) of the starting point of each datum line are read and recorded o ，y o ) And (x) d ，y d ) Further calculating the trend gamma (0-360 degrees) of each section of reference line, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
step three, geological map data pickup: geological maps contain a large amount of geologically relevant data from which effective information is to be picked that is useful for fracture and crack prediction. Firstly, the coordinates of nearby geological points and formation attitude data of a target layer are read and recorded by taking a datum line as a center, and at least one geological point is required to be selected from two sides of the same structural unit. The selected geological points are as close to the datum line and the target layer as possible and are distributed uniformly as near the datum line as possible; when a sufficient number of geological points meeting the conditions are difficult to obtain near the datum line and the target layer, relatively far geological points can be properly selected, but the geological positions of the geological points are required to be deposited in the direction vertical to the datum line, and the change of the structure is not large.
Step four, geological point data projection: since part of the geological points are not located on the selected reference line, or the tendency of the part of the geological points on the reference line is not consistent with the trend of the reference line, projection processing needs to be performed on the data information of the geological points. And (5) assuming that the coordinates and the trend of the starting point of the datum line are consistent with those in the second step, and the coordinates of the mass points of each place are (X) n ，Y n ) The corresponding formation occurrence is (α) n ，θ n ) Then its projected coordinate (X ') on the reference line' n ，Y’ n ) The method comprises the following steps:
projection output state (. Alpha.) on the projection point' n ，θ’ n ) Comprises the following steps:
after the coordinate and stratum attitude data are converted, the geological point data near all the datum lines and inconsistent with the datum line trend are projected onto the datum lines, and further fracture and crack prediction work can be carried out.
Step five, fitting and drawing a baseline profile: obtaining particle projection coordinates (X ') of each place' n ，Y’ n ) Projecting the production state (alpha ') with the projected point' n ，θ’ n ) Then, it can be away from the initial point (x) of the reference line o ，y o ) Distance l is horizontal coordinate and is a ground particle projection inclination angle theta on the datum line' n Corresponding formation projection slope k' n And fitting and calculating a stratum projection attitude (projection dip angle) distribution curve for a vertical coordinate.
The calculation formula of the distance between each projection point and the starting point of the reference line is as follows:
formation projection slope k' n Projecting inclination angle theta 'with geological point' n The corresponding relation is as follows:
the fitting formula can adopt a binary polynomial fitting, and the fitting term is preferably no higher than (N-1), wherein N represents the total number of the ground particles. Through fitting calculation, the final projection occurrence (projection dip) distribution curve is obtained as follows:
k＝a N-1 l N-1 +a N-2 l N-2 +…+a 2 l 2 +a 1 l+a 0 (6)
wherein, a N-1 、a N-2 And the like represent the coefficients corresponding to the fitting formula. Solving integral of the fitting formula to obtain an approximate section fitting curve on a datum line, and drawing a section form diagram, namely:
where z represents the relative elevation of each projected earth point. If the geological map has a section schematic diagram near and parallel to the base line, the section form diagram completed in the step can be compared and analyzed with the geological map to enhance the credibility of the fitting section.
And step six, fracture and crack prediction based on section curvature: curvature analysis is an effective and intuitive way to perform macroscopic fracture and crack prediction. Based on the section fitting curve, the curvature calculation can be carried out on each projected geological point, and the calculation formula is as follows:
fracture and fracture distribution density (D) is considered to be due to the apparent direct proportional relationship between fracture and fracture distribution density and formation curvature F ) Comprises the following steps:
D F ＝Cz (9)
where C is a constant, which can be determined empirically, and is typically 10 -2 ～10 1 Are not equal.
In order to make the person skilled in the art more deeply understand the fracture and crack prediction method based on geological map in the present invention patent, the fracture and crack prediction method in the present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the flowchart (fig. 1) by taking region B as an example.
Step one, geological map analysis and target layer determination: taking region B as an example, the control effect of fracture and crack development conditions on shale gas storage conditions is researched (figure 2). Therefore, the method selects a target layer of the Loma stream of the lower-minded reservation system as a research horizon to predict a fracture and crack system. All the local structural lines (folds, etc.) are mainly in the NE-SW direction.
Step two, determining a datum line: as the trend of the construction lines in the research region B is basically consistent and is in the near NE-SE direction, the A-A' section in the near NW-SE direction is selected as the reference line of the fracture and crack prediction section. Reading the coordinates of the point A and the point A' from the geological map, wherein the coordinates are respectively as follows:
a (72.8, 118.8) and a' (141.6, 60.6).
By using the formula (1), the overall direction γ =139.8 ° of the reference line can be calculated.
Step three, geological map data pickup: taking a datum line as a center, uniformly selecting 5 geological points on two sides of the datum line to pick up coordinates and formation occurrence data; during the pickup, at least two ground particles are distributed in the same syncline or anticline structure unit (fig. 2). Part of the particles are relatively far from the baseline but are all controlled within the same building block. The geological point information picked up is as follows:
TABLE 1 Main information Table of B geological points in area
Step four, geological point data projection: all the selected local points are not located on the reference line, and therefore need to be projection-converted. And (3) projecting the coordinates of each local point and the stratum attitude data onto the reference line by using the formulas (2) and (3). The projected geological point data is as follows:
TABLE 2 projected coordinates of geological points B in area and statistical table of projected stratigraphic attitude
To maintain alignment with the reference line direction, all projected dips were uniform at 139.8 °, with positive dips representing projected dips where the dip of the geology point was aligned substantially with the reference line direction, and negative dips representing projected dips substantially opposite the reference line direction (table 2).
Step five, fitting and drawing a baseline profile: combining with the formula (4), the distance l 'between each projection point and the initial point of the reference line can be calculated respectively' n (ii) a Meanwhile, by using the formula (5), the projected earth slope k 'of the local particles can be calculated' n The data are as follows:
TABLE 3 projection slope and distance from baseline origin
Meanwhile, because the number of selected geological points is 5, 2-element 4-degree polynomial fitting which is not higher than the number of the geological points is carried out on the variables, and the fitting formula is as follows (fig. 3 b):
k＝7.00×10 -5 l 4 -1.77×10 -2 l 3 +1.50l 2 -53.23l+662.08 (10)
on the basis, the obtained projection point is fitted and integrated with the relation between the distance from the starting point of the datum line and the projection slope by using the formula (7), so that the corresponding relation between the relative elevation and the projection distance can be obtained (table 3), namely (fig. 3 a):
z＝1.40×10 -5 l 5 -0.443×10 -2 l 4 +0.50l 3 -26.62l 2 +662.08l (11)
and step six, fracture and crack prediction based on section curvature: accurate calculation of projected formation curvature is an important prerequisite for effective prediction of fractures and fissures. Based on the curvature calculation formula, the first derivative and the second derivative of the relative elevation to the horizontal distance are calculated preferentially (fig. 3b and fig. 3 c):
substituting the curvature calculation equation (8) can obtain (fig. 3 d):
since there is a clear positive correlation between the degree of fracture and fracture development and the formation curvature for the same lithologic formation, the fracture and fracture density can be considered as:
wherein C is a constant, canDetermined empirically, and is typically 10 -2 ～10 1 And are not equal.
Those skilled in the art should understand that accurate pickup of geological map data and effective selection of a datum line are important prerequisites for predicting region fracture and cracks, and actually, when data are picked and a datum line is selected, due to the influence of geological background and geological map quality difference, the prediction results of fracture and cracks may be distorted due to factors such as insufficient geological data, large change of the trend of a construction line, inconsistency with the actual geological conditions, and the like. Therefore, in order to ensure that the calculation result of the method can be effectively compared with the actual geological condition, before the method is executed, a proper research area, a research target layer and a geological map must be selected, and the prediction result has high precision and reliability.
Claims (1)
1. A method for predicting fractures and fissures based on geological maps, characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
step one, geological map analysis and target layer determination: effective analysis of geological maps is a necessary prerequisite for fracture and crack prediction; before fracture prediction, firstly determining a research area according to research requirements, and determining the main construction units, the construction line walking direction and the construction distribution rule in the area range; because different layers have different lithological characteristics which have obvious control effect on the distribution conditions of the fracture and the crack, a research target layer or a target layer system with similar lithological characteristics needs to be determined in advance to weaken the influence of lithological differences on the prediction of the fracture and the crack;
step two, determining a datum line: in order to better predict the change rule of fracture and crack development in a research area, a representative datum line is selected as a fracture and crack prediction section; the datum line is a straight line, the basic principle of being perpendicular to the main construction line is observed when the datum line is selected, and main folds and fractures in the area are cut through so as to better reflect the geological background of the area; if the direction of the construction line changes, a plurality of straight lines which are connected end to end and have small trend difference are selected as reference lines; meanwhile, in order to obtain the geological information of the geological map to the maximum extent,on the premise of meeting the section selection principle, selecting a measuring line with more geological point data, particularly the objective stratum attitude data as a reference line for fracture and crack prediction; after the datum line is determined, the coordinates (x) of the starting point of each datum line are read and recorded o ，y o ) And (x) d ，y d ) Further calculating the trend gamma (0-360 degrees) of each section of reference line, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
step three, geological map data pickup: the geological map contains a large amount of geological related data, and effective information which is helpful for fracture and crack prediction needs to be picked from the geological map; firstly, taking a datum line as a center, reading and recording coordinates of nearby geological points and formation attitude data of a target layer, wherein at least one geological point is required to be selected on two sides of the same structural unit; the selected geological points are as close to the datum line and the target layer as possible and are distributed uniformly as near the datum line as possible; when sufficient geological points meeting the conditions are difficult to obtain near the datum line and the target layer, relatively far geological points can be properly selected, but the geological position of the geological point is not greatly changed in a deposition-structure mode in the direction vertical to the datum line;
step four, geological point data projection: because part of geological points are not positioned on the selected reference line or the tendency of the part of geological points on the reference line is not consistent with the trend of the reference line, projection processing needs to be carried out on the data information of the geological points; and (5) assuming that the coordinates and the trend of the starting point of the datum line are consistent with those in the second step, and the coordinates of the mass points of each place are (X) n ，Y n ) Corresponding to formation occurrence of (α) n ，θ n ) Then its projected coordinate (X ') on the reference line' n ，Y’ n ) The method comprises the following steps:
projection on the projection pointFilm production (. Alpha. ')' n ，θ’ n ) Comprises the following steps:
after the coordinate and the stratum attitude data are converted, the geological point data near all the datum lines and inconsistent with the trend of the datum lines are projected to the datum lines, and further fracture and crack prediction work is carried out;
step five, fitting and drawing a baseline profile: obtaining particle projection coordinates (X ') of each region' n ，Y’ n ) Projecting the production state (alpha ') with the projected point' n ，θ’ n ) Then, the initial point (x) from the reference line is set o ，y o ) Distance l is horizontal coordinate and is a ground particle projection inclination angle theta on the datum line' n Corresponding formation projection slope k' n Fitting and calculating the formation projection occurrence, namely a projection dip angle distribution curve, for the vertical coordinate;
the calculation formula of the distance between each projection point and the starting point of the reference line is as follows:
stratum projection slope k' n Projecting inclination angle theta 'with geological point' n The corresponding relation is as follows:
fitting the fitting formula by a binary polynomial, wherein the fitting term is preferably no higher than N-1, and N represents the total number of the ground particles; through fitting calculation, the final projection occurrence, namely a projection inclination angle distribution curve is obtained as follows:
k＝a N-1 l N-1 +a N-2 l N-2 +…+a 2 l 2 +a 1 l+a 0 (6)
wherein, a N-1 、a N-2 In a similar manner to that of. . . Representing each item coefficient corresponding to the fitting formula, wherein l is the distance between each projection point and the origin; solving integral of the fitting formula, obtaining an approximate section fitting curve on a datum line, and drawing a section form diagram, namely:
wherein z represents the relative elevation of each projected earth point; if the geological map has a section schematic diagram which is near to the datum line and is nearly parallel to the datum line, comparing and analyzing the section morphological diagram finished in the step with the section morphological diagram to enhance the credibility of the fitting section;
and step six, fracture and crack prediction based on section curvature: curvature analysis is an effective and intuitive way to perform macroscopic fracture and crack prediction; and (3) carrying out curvature calculation on each projection local point on the basis of the section fitting curve, wherein the calculation formula is as follows:
fracture and fracture distribution density (D) is considered to be due to the apparent direct proportional relationship between fracture and fracture distribution density and formation curvature F ) Comprises the following steps:
D F ＝Cz (9)
where C is a constant, determined by empirical values.
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