CN109102261A - 基于赛博钞票的去中心化、安全、省电的加密货币 - Google Patents

基于赛博钞票的去中心化、安全、省电的加密货币 Download PDF

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CN109102261A
CN109102261A CN201810873793.6A CN201810873793A CN109102261A CN 109102261 A CN109102261 A CN 109102261A CN 201810873793 A CN201810873793 A CN 201810873793A CN 109102261 A CN109102261 A CN 109102261A
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刘卓
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Abstract

基于赛博钞票的去中心化、安全、省电的加密货币涉及区块链技术领域，特别是涉及一种加密货币。赛博钞票是一种具有固定面值的虚拟钞票，作为加密货币的载体，构成加密货币支付的最小单元。每张赛博钞票都有一个独一无二的数字标识，又各有一条区块链，用于记录自身的支付历史，当前所有者要将此赛博钞票付给他人时，就在此赛博钞票的区块链末端增加区块，记录这一支付行为，之后支付目标成为此赛博钞票新的所有者。只有当前所有者有权在区块链末尾增加支付的区块。基于赛博钞票的加密货币不再使用集中化的区块链账本，而是以所有赛博钞票的区块链分散地记录每张赛博钞票的支付历史，由此同时实现了加密货币的去中心化、安全、省电三大目标。

Description

基于赛博钞票的去中心化、安全、省电的加密货币
技术领域
本发明涉及区块链技术领域，特别是涉及一种加密货币。
背景技术
区块链是一种防止篡改数据的技术，其实现依赖哈希运算或某种功能相似的运算（为叙述简明，本段之内一律称之为哈希运算）。通常仅允许向区块链的最末端添加区块，在新的数据区块中加入前一个区块的哈希值，共同作哈希运算后得到本块的哈希值，新区块就添加好了。要添加下一个区块时同样要向数据中加入本区块的哈希值。哈希值可以验证哈希运算的输入数据，而输入数据包含了上一个区块的哈希值，因此可以验证上一个区块的哈希运算输入数据，进而验证上上个区块的哈希值……如此一直上溯到根区块，可以验证整条区块链上每个区块的输入数据。假如这条链上任何一个区块中的数据或哈希值遭到篡改，重作哈希运算时，得出的哈希值就会与下一个区块中早已保存的哈希值不同，验证者就能发现数据出了问题。
加密货币（英文：Cryptocurrency，又译密码货币，密码学货币）是一种使用密码学原理来确保交易安全及控制交易单位创造的交易媒介。加密货币是数字货币（或称虚拟货币）的一种。比特币在2009年成为第一个去中心化的加密货币，这之后加密货币一词多指此类设计。加密货币基于去中心化的共识机制，与依赖中心化监管体系的银行金融***相对。（本段引自***“加密货币”条）。
工作量证明（POW）是以比特币为代表的众多加密货币采用的一种竞争和共识机制。以比特币的竞争记账为例，目的是选出一个用户来记账，要求竞争者寻找这样一个数据，将之加入账本数据一同作哈希运算，使运算结果小于一个预设值。哈希运算的结果是难以预测的，因此无法通过简单计算获得所求的数据，只能不断使用不同的数据进行暴力测试，直到符合条件。第一个找到所求数据的人有权记录这个区块并获得奖励，未找到的人所做的努力都白费了。每记下一个区块的账目，众多竞争者都要执行很多次哈希运算，这个过程浪费了大量电力。
以比特币为代表的现行加密货币一直未能同时实现去中心化、安全、省电三项目标。就比特币而言，虽然在去中心化与安全上差强人意，但其使用的工作量证明机制会浪费大量能源。据日本共同社报道，国际会计事务所普华永道专家在学术杂志《焦耳》公布预测数据称，比特币交易耗电量最快将在2018年年底增至全球电力消耗的0.5%左右，相当于奥地利全国用电量。
而对于另一些采用其它方式达成共识的加密货币，降低能耗的代价是牺牲了去中心化这一重要指标。
深究其因，上述加密货币是将所有支付记录保存在同一条区块链上，由某一个用户将一段时间里所有交易记录保存成一个区块，添加到区块链末端。执行此项操作的用户可以得到一定金额的奖励（这是比特币惟一的创造途径），而且有机会作弊。因此，大家都想拥有记账的权力，不得不通过竞争确定记账的人选，记好之后若他人不认同账目，又要经过一套复杂的程序达成共识，费电的工作量证明机制在竞争记账与达成共识两方面都起到了关键作用。
说到底，将所有支付记录保存在同一条区块链上是一种依赖中心的思路，与“去中心化”的要求构成内在的矛盾。
发明内容
本发明的目的是针对现有技术的不足，提供一种基于赛博钞票的，同时实现去中心化、安全、省电三项目标的加密货币。
加密货币的计量及支付以赛博钞票为载体。赛博钞票是具有固定面值的虚拟钞票，代表一份指定金额的加密货币，构成加密货币支付的最小单元。
每张赛博钞票各有一个与众不同且永恒不变的数字标识，用于区分每张不同的赛博钞票，也可用于验证赛博钞票的固有信息，固有信息包括赛博钞票的面值，还可以包括赛博钞票的创建时间、创建人、创建依据等内容，任何人都可以凭赛博钞票的数字标识验证其固有信息。
每张赛博钞票各有一条区块链，用于记录这张赛博钞票的所有权转移的历史，区块链的尾部区块指明了赛博钞票的当前所有者，当前所有者有权以向区块链末尾添加区块的方式将该赛博钞票的所有权转交给他人。已添加的区块内容不能更改。每一笔加密货币的支付过程都体现为若干张赛博钞票之所有权的转移，分散记录在这些赛博钞票各自的区块链上。
如果用户需要特定面值的赛博钞票，可以将一张或多张赛博钞票冻结起来，作为创建依据，创建若干指定面值的赛博钞票，称为次生赛博钞票。次生赛博钞票流通期间，作为创建依据的赛博钞票处于冻结状态，不能流通，直至用户收回全部次生赛博钞票并销毁之，创建依据才可解冻。在冻结期间，用户可以销毁部分自己创建的次生赛博钞票，也可以在所有次生赛博钞票总面值不超过创建依据的前提下增发新的次生赛博钞票。冻结、解冻、发行与销毁操作同样以向赛博钞票的区块链末端添加区块的方式执行。
向赛博钞票的区块链上添加区块时可以写入此操作的执行条件，符合条件才执行。
可以将多个支付关联在一起，关联起来的支付只能同时完成或者同时取消，不能一部分完成而另一部分取消。
基于赛博钞票的加密货币有如下创建方案：
1、最简单的方案是，在初创时期批量创建若干赛博钞票，此后不再创建。每个节点记住那些初创赛博钞票的数字标识，只认为这些赛博钞票有效，即使有人造出新的赛博钞票，数字标识也必不同，不会被其它节点接受。这种方式的优点是无损于去中心化、安全、省电三项目标且易于实施，缺点是会带来明显的通缩预期。
2、另一种方案是，在初创时期批量创建若干赛博钞票，此后依照预设程序自动创建及自动分配。其运行效果取决于预设程序的设计水平。如果预设程序永不变更，容易被攻击者找到漏洞；而如果预设程序可变更，程序的更新者就会成为一个关键人，影响了去中心化的要求。
3、另一种方案是，由任意用户以工作量证明方式创建赛博钞票，赛博钞票的面值体现工作量的大小。缺点是耗电较多，好处是加密货币的创建数量可以灵活地适应市场需要，利于币值稳定。应该注意电是浪费在创建赛博钞票的过程，支付过程没有浪费，不创建新币也可以支付，与比特币每次记账都需要大量费电仍然大不相同。
4、最后一种方案是，由任意用户转入其它形式的财富创建赛博钞票。这种方案的优点是易于与现存的经济体系对接，缺点是需要一个中心机构来执行兑换工作，适用于不要求去中心化的场合。
本发明的有益效果是：每张赛博钞票的区块链各自记载了自身的所有支付记录，所有赛博钞票的记录构成了以之为载体的加密货币的所有支付记录，不再需要如现有加密货币那样的惟一的中心化区块链，实现了彻底的去中心化。而对于每张赛博钞票的区块链，在每个状态下，每种新增区块只有一个用户有权添加，不会有竞争。又由于每个区块只涉及一张赛博钞票的支付，与他人的账目无关，无须与他人寻求共识。所以，基于赛博钞票的加密货币的流通过程不需要工作量证明之类的机制，可以省电而快速地互相支付。另一方面，这些改变无损于区块链本身提供的安全性。因此，基于赛博钞票的加密货币同时实现了去中心化、安全、省电三项目标，使加密货币真正有希望成为社会经济的基石。
附图说明
图 1 是新创建的赛博钞票示意图：上面的六边形部分为其固有信息，下面的每个梯形是它的区块链上的一个区块，创建者向区块链添加了第一个区块，将这张赛博钞票转给了用户 A，现在只有 A 有权将它转给他人。
图 2 是用户 A 向图 1 的赛博钞票的区块链上增加了一个区块的示意图：通过增加区块，A 将这张数字标识为 SF4sjf9sK8f 的赛博钞票转给了用户 B。此后 B 也可以用同样的方式转给他人。
具体实施方式
实施例 1
如图 1 至图 2，描述了一个最简单的赛博钞票支付过程，图 1 的赛博钞票的区块链最末一个区块表明此赛博钞票属于用户 A，所以 A 有权增加一个区块，用自己的私钥对区块签名，将这张赛博钞票转给用户 B，并向全网广播此赛博钞票的区块链的更新。B 收到广播，先以此赛博钞票的数字标识验证它的面值等固有信息，再验证此赛博钞票的区块链中的所有区块，如有异常即向整个网络广播报警。
实施例 2
与现金钞票类似，如果 A 须向 B 支付 7 元虚拟货币，但手上没有 7 元面值的赛博钞票，可以向 B 支付一张 5 元和一张 2 元的赛博钞票，也可以向 B 支付一张 10 元的赛博钞票并要求 B 找回 3 元。
实施例 3
A 想送给爱人一张面值为 521 元的赛博钞票，他冻结了三张面值为 200 元的赛博钞票，以此为创建依据，创建出一张 521 元的赛博钞票。凭上述创建依据，他还可以再创建总面值为 79 元的赛博钞票，可以创建一张也可以分成多张，可以一次创建也可以分成多次。
实施例 4
如果加密货币的初始设定允许用户以工作量证明的方式创建赛博钞票，条件是：生成的赛博钞票的数字标识的（二进制）前 10 位都是 0，则此赛博钞票的面值可以是 1 元；前13 位都是 0,面值可以是 8 元。用户即可不断向固有信息中添加冗余数据，计算数字标识，直到满足条件。当创建赛博钞票消耗的电力价格少于生成的赛博钞票面值，就会有人创建新的赛博钞票，从而阻止了赛博钞票的币值被炒得太高。
实施例 5
支付操作可以分为两步或多步进行。例如 A 将一张赛博钞票支付给 B，由 A 先向赛博钞票的区块链中添加一个转出区块，指明转给 B，B 可以选择接受或是拒绝这张赛博钞票。如果拒绝，A 仍可再次将此赛博钞票转出给 B 或他人。当 B 超过一定时间没有回应，A有权取消此次转出。转出、接受、拒绝、取消同样以向区块链末端添加区块的方式执行。
实施例 6
支付时可以写入执行条件。例如，条件是：24小时之后，如果支付者拥有的赛博钞票总额超过100元就支付，否则取消。
实施例 7
支付时可以将多个支付关联在一起。例如，A 向 B 支付 10 元，要求 B 找零 3 元，可以将这两个支付关联在一起，要求它们只能同时完成或者同时取消，不能一个完成而另一个取消。

Claims (7)

1.一种基于赛博钞票的加密货币，其特征是：加密货币的支付以赛博钞票为载体，每张赛博钞票有一个面值，代表一份指定金额的加密货币，每张赛博钞票各有一条区块链，可用于记录这张赛博钞票的所有权的转移历史。
2.如权利要求 1 所述的基于赛博钞票的加密货币，其特征是，每张赛博钞票各有一个与众不同且永恒不变的数字标识，用于区分不同的赛博钞票，也用于验证赛博钞票的固有信息，固有信息包括赛博钞票的面值，还可以包括赛博钞票的创建时间、创建人、创建依据等内容。
3.如权利要求 1 所述的基于赛博钞票的加密货币，其特征是，每张赛博钞票的区块链中的记录指明了此赛博钞票的当前所有者，当前所有者有权以向此赛博钞票的区块链末尾添加区块的方式将该赛博钞票的所有权转交给他人，每一笔加密货币的支付都体现为若干张赛博钞票之所有权的转移，分散记录在这些赛博钞票各自的区块链上。
4.如权利要求 1 所述的基于赛博钞票的加密货币，其特征是，创建赛博钞票的方案有以下几种：方案之一是在初创时期批量创建若干赛博钞票，此后不再创建；方案之二是在初创时期批量创建若干赛博钞票，此后依照预设程序自动创建及自动分配；方案之三是由任意用户以工作量证明的方式创建赛博钞票；方案之四是由任意用户转入其它形式的财富创建赛博钞票。
5.如权利要求 1 所述的基于赛博钞票的加密货币，其特征是，用户可以冻结一张或多张赛博钞票，以之为创建依据，自行创建若干张次生赛博钞票，冻结的赛博钞票不能流通，直到该用户收回并销毁所有以之为创建依据而创建的次生赛博钞票之后，才能解冻。
6.如权利要求 1 所述的基于赛博钞票的加密货币，其特征是，支付可以带有执行条件。
7.如权利要求 1 所述的基于赛博钞票的加密货币，其特征是，多个支付可以关联在一起，关联起来的支付只能同时完成或者同时取消，不能一部分完成而另一部分取消。
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