CN109098661B - Bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for river valley of hydropower station - Google Patents
Bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for river valley of hydropower station Download PDFInfo
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- E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
- E21B7/04—Directional drilling
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
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Abstract
The invention discloses a bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for a hydropower station valley. It comprises an inclined hole arrangement; designing a drilling structure; selecting a drilling device; installing an inclined hole directional drilling machine; a trajectory control system; the track control system is the key step and core of the new process; the directional drilling is a drilling method which utilizes the natural bending rule of a drill hole and an artificial deflecting tool to drill the drill hole to a preset target according to the design requirement; the trajectory control system analyzes the bending mechanism of the drill hole, designs the form and the axis of the drill hole trajectory, comprehensively adopts various inclination measuring and orienting instruments and measuring technologies, and reasonably utilizes various orienting drilling tool processes to control the drill hole trajectory so as to meet the target trajectory; determining drilling tools and drilling processes; a mud system; safety and drilling accident scenarios; engineering management and economic and technical analysis. The invention has the advantages of safety, high efficiency, low cost and strong operability.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering, construction, geological monitoring and scientific drilling, in particular to a bidirectional paired drilling method, and more particularly to a bidirectional paired drilling method for drilling and surveying the geological conditions of water bodies such as rivers and lakes or other non-solid terrains (such as swamps) and the bottom strata of buildings (such as dams) which are not easy to damage.
Background
The geological conditions of the bottoms of buildings such as rivers, lakes, dams and the like are complex, and the strata of water resources such as rivers, lakes and the like are commonly broken, faulted, wrinkled, landslides and other unfavorable geological problems, so that the exploration work of the strata is indispensable. In order to find out the geological condition of the stratum, the exploration technology mainly comprises a cross-river exploration drilling ship, a cross-river exploration adit and a cross-river exploration inclined hole; the exploration work of water bodies such as rivers and lakes and the like or the stratums at the bottom of buildings (such as dams) which are not easy to damage and are not solid landforms (such as swamps) is greatly influenced by the environment and has bad construction conditions; the cross-river exploration drilling ship is easily influenced by water flow and has high cost; the cross-river exploration footrill has the defects of high construction difficulty, long period and high danger; the existing cross-river exploration inclined hole is only a conventional common single inclined hole, can only detect the geological condition of one bank (side), and cannot form three-dimensional geological description.
According to the drilling importance of exploration of geological conditions of the bottom of a water body or other non-solid terrains (such as swamps) and stratums of buildings (such as dams) which are not easy to destroy, a safe, efficient, low-cost and high-operability drilling method is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for a hydropower station valley, which has the advantages of safety, high efficiency, low cost, strong operability and the like, is high in applicability, is suitable for exploration and drilling of the geological conditions of the stratum of a building (such as a dam) which is not easy to damage and is not suitable for the bottom of a water body or other non-solid terrains (such as marsh), can effectively find out the characteristics of the geological conditions of the stratum, such as spatial distribution, scale, material composition, engineering characters and the like, avoids the safety risk caused by adopting conventional processes of river bottom river-crossing flat hole construction and the like, and has extremely high practical and popularization values.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme of the invention is as follows: the bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for the river valley of the hydropower station is characterized in that: the method comprises the following steps:
step 1: arranging inclined holes;
step 2: designing a drilling structure;
and step 3: selecting a drilling device;
and 4, step 4: installing an inclined hole directional drilling machine;
and 5: a trajectory control system; the trajectory control system analyzes the bending mechanism of the drill hole, designs the form and the axis of the drill hole trajectory, comprehensively adopts various inclination measuring and orienting instruments and measuring technologies, and reasonably utilizes various orienting drilling tool processes to control the drill hole trajectory so as to meet the target trajectory;
step 6: determining drilling tools and drilling processes;
and 7: a mud system;
and 8: safety and drilling accident scenarios;
and step 9: engineering management and economic and technical analysis.
In the technical scheme, in the step 1, the inclined hole arrangement refers to that inclined holes which are arranged in pairs and have opposite directions are arranged at the water body part in combination with nearby buildings by considering factors that a drilling site is safe in environment, easy to level the drilling site and not easily influenced by river water rising during drilling from the characteristic purposes of exploring space distribution, scale, material composition and engineering properties of regional unfavorable geological conditions for the development of the water body part, and designing the orifice position of the inclined hole nearby the riverbed part or nearby the unfavorable geological conditions to control the whole water body part without leaving a neutral position; the inclined holes are two or more, and the tail ends of the inclined holes are crossed and overlapped for a certain length.
In the technical scheme, in the step 2, the design of the drilling structure refers to meeting the basic requirements of engineering geology and reasonably designing the drilling structure for the purpose of inclined hole engineering geology; the drilling structure refers to the change of the depth and the caliber of each hole section in the drilling section from the opening to the final hole.
In the above technical solution, in step 3, the drilling equipment selection means that the type of the drilling equipment is determined according to natural conditions of a construction area, formation conditions, a drilling depth, a drilling inclination angle, and a drilling method, and the type of the drilling equipment includes specifications and numbers of a drilling machine, a mud pump, a power machine, a drilling tower, a pipe screwing machine, a mud mixer, mud purification equipment, and a lighting generator, and the performance and parameters of main equipment are grasped.
In the above technical solution, in the step 4, the installation of the directional drilling machine for inclined holes means that the base of the drilling machine and the guide drilling tool are pre-buried and fixed after the position and the orientation of the inclined holes are determined.
In the above technical scheme, in step 6, the drilling tool and the drilling process partially research and select the selection of the bidirectional paired drilling method, the drilling tool combination and the content of the drilling parameters according to the principles of geological pore-forming requirements, coring requirements and the like, and then complete bidirectional paired drilling with high quality.
In the technical scheme, in the step 8, the safety and drilling accident plan is to analyze and summarize the reasons of similar accidents of various different types of in-hole accidents, particularly complex stratum accidents, which are frequently encountered in the drilling process, so as to form a series of accident prevention measures and procedures, thereby reducing the occurrence of in-hole accidents to the maximum extent, and once an accident occurs, rapid decision and operation can be carried out according to the past successful experience so as to reduce the accident loss to the minimum.
In the above technical solution, in step 9, the engineering management and economic analysis part includes construction organization management, project cost and contract management, construction site and project quality management, project progress management, HSE, project expense accounting and payment, internal audit assessment and cashing of the project, and economic and social benefit analysis.
The invention has the following advantages:
(1) the method is safe, cheap, efficient, low in cost and strong in operability; the bidirectional paired drilling process ensures that the drilling machine can carry out drilling construction on the shore and the river levee, and the traditional engineering reconnaissance machine can meet the construction conditions, so that the drilling operation on the water is avoided, and the high cost, high risk and low efficiency of the water drilling are avoided, so that the bidirectional paired drilling process has the advantages of safety, cheapness, high efficiency and low cost;
(2) the method can effectively find out the characteristics of geological condition space distribution, scale, material composition, engineering characters and the like of the stratum, form three-dimensional geological description, avoid the safety risk brought by adopting conventional processes such as river bottom drift construction and the like, and have extremely high practical and popularization values;
(3) the invention has strong applicability, and is suitable for exploration and drilling of the geological conditions of the water bottom or other non-solid terrains (such as swamps) and buildings (such as dams) which are not easy to damage; the bidirectional paired drilling process is suitable for bidirectional paired river-crossing inclined hole drilling at a large vertex angle, is not limited to the large vertex angle, can be flexibly applied, for example, the bidirectional paired drilling holes can be sequentially distributed along the axis direction of a river, can adopt a plurality of groups of forms in space to form various forms such as a belt shape, a plum blossom shape and the like, and meets the drilling and exploration requirements of geological conditions of water bodies such as various rivers and lakes and the like or other non-solid terrains (such as swamps) and bottom strata of buildings (such as dams) which are not easy to damage.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the technical composition structure of the present invention.
Figure 2 is a schematic view of a drilling configuration according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a type XAD-75 salvageable eccentric wedge configuration used in an embodiment of the present invention.
In the figure, 1-inclined hole, 1.1-first inclined hole, 1.2-second inclined hole, 2-drilling equipment, 2.1-first drilling equipment, 2.2-second drilling equipment, 3-directional joint, 4-directional key, 5-deflector body, 6-wedge body, 7-wedge iron, 8-baffle plate and 9-fixing screw.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, which are not intended to limit the present invention, but are merely exemplary. While the advantages of the invention will be clear and readily understood by the description.
With reference to the accompanying drawings: the bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex angle inclined hole drilling method for the river valley of the hydropower station comprises the following steps which are executed in sequence,
step 1: the method comprises the following steps of arranging inclined holes, wherein the left side and the right side of a near water bank of two banks of a regional river fault developed in a hydropower station valley are respectively provided with inclined holes 1 which are opposite in direction and arranged in pairs, and each inclined hole 1 is composed of a first inclined hole 1.1 and a second inclined hole 1.2; the first inclined hole 1.1 and the second inclined hole 1.2 are respectively arranged at the left side and the right side of the two banks of the water body near the water bank, and the ends of the first inclined hole 1.1 and the second inclined hole 1.2 are crossed and overlapped for a certain length;
step 2: designing a drilling structure; designing a reasonable drilling structure according to the requirement of the engineering geology target of the inclined hole and the basic requirement of the engineering geology;
and step 3: selecting drilling equipment 2, and determining the type of the drilling equipment according to natural conditions, stratum conditions, drilling depth, drilling inclination angle and drilling method of a construction area; mastering the performance and parameters of the equipment; because the inclination of the drill hole is larger, the hole depth is deeper, the drilling resistance is large, a large-weight large-gravity-center large-torque geoid drill is selected, and therefore an XY-4 type core drill is selected; selecting a BW160 slurry pump; other matched tools and equipment are an alloy single-tube drilling tool, a diamond double-tube drilling tool, a drilling accident handling tool and other necessary drilling tool equipment;
and 4, step 4: installing an inclined hole directional drilling machine, wherein the drilling equipment 2 comprises first drilling equipment 2.1 and second drilling equipment 2.1, respectively installing the first drilling equipment 2.1 and the second drilling equipment 2.2 on the first inclined hole 1.1 and the second inclined hole 1.2, and pre-embedding and fixing bases of the first drilling equipment 2.1 and the second drilling equipment 2.2 and a guide drilling tool so as to avoid deviation of an inclination angle and an azimuth angle in a hole opening stage;
and 5: designing a track control system; the method comprises the steps of analyzing a bending mechanism of a drilling hole, designing the form and the axis of a drilling track, comprehensively adopting various inclination measuring and orienting instruments and measuring technologies, reasonably utilizing various orienting drilling tool processes, and controlling the drilling track to meet a target track; when the eccentric wedge, the continuous whipstock and the hydraulic screw drill are used for manual bending, the manual bending requires the manual bending tool to be directionally installed in the hole, so that the drill hole is whipled in a preset direction;
the main contents of the design of the drilling track comprise:
1) selecting and determining a drill hole for inclined hole construction;
2) determining the structure type of the bottom of the directional hole of the target area and the type of a construction technical method;
3) selecting and determining a cross section type of the inclined hole body;
4) the geology gives a tapping point coordinate or a tapping range, a target point coordinate, a target area range, a mineral penetration meeting layer angle, a distance from the target point to a final hole point and a mineral layer inclination angle;
5) selecting or determining a deflecting point;
6) selecting the deflecting strength of each deflecting hole section;
7) calculating hole profile parameters including the top angle, azimuth angle, length, vertical depth and horizontal displacement of each hole section as well as the target hole depth and final hole depth in the directional drilling; when the position of the opening is not fixed, the position of the opening, the top angle and the azimuth angle of the opening are also calculated;
8) drawing a designed hole body profile track;
9) determining a drilling structure;
in order to ensure the engineering quality, certain inclination increasing, inclination reducing and inclination correcting measures are matched in the constructionThe specific embodiments are as follows；
When the equation below the borehole or the degree of upward drifting is found to be insufficient, the following inclination increasing measures are taken:
1) shortening the core tube to 2/3-1/2 of the normal length;
2) a tower-shaped drilling tool is adopted, but in drilling, because the upper friction torque and the lower friction torque of the tower-shaped drilling tool are different, the azimuth is often deviated, and the tower-shaped drilling tool needs to be considered when in use; the method is not suitable for soft and broken stratums;
(2) when the drill hole is found to be seriously floated to make it droop, the following inclination reducing measures are adopted:
the bit pressure is properly reduced, and the rotating speed of the drill bit is reduced; when necessary, a hydraulic hammer can be adopted for drilling; a drilling tool adopting the following structure:
1) adopting a short core tube and a drill collar; because the drill collar is connected to the middle lower part of the drilling tool, the gravity center of the large-diameter drilling tool moves downwards, which is beneficial to the droop of the drilling tool;
2) the drilling tool structure of the same-diameter and different-diameter inclination reducing drilling tool enables the drilling tool and the center of an original hole to form an included angle due to the liner function of an upper supporting joint and the self weight of a lower drilling tool, generates a correcting force on a drill bit and gradually reduces the top angle of a drill hole in the drilling process;
3) an upper reamer and a lower reamer are adopted, or the wall thickness of a core barrel is properly increased, so that the rigidity of the drilling tool is increased; or a long gauge bit is adopted, so that the contact area between the outer diameter of the bit and the hole wall is increased, and the upward drift of the bit is reduced;
4) the centralizer is added on the large-diameter drilling tool, so that the stress state of the upper end of the large-diameter drilling tool is changed, the upper end of the large-diameter drilling tool is lifted, a correcting force is generated on a drill bit, and the drill hole is gradually sagged in the drilling process; the distance between the centralizer and the core barrel is preferably 1/2 which is half the wavelength of the drill rod;
other bending conditions
When the drilling direction is seriously bent along the rotation direction of the drilling tool, the reversal drilling is adopted to correct the inclination and watch out the over-sharp azimuth angle, and the drift of the apex angle is over-gentle, the reversal drilling of the tower shape is adopted to correct the inclination; when the azimuth angle and the apex angle change slowly at the same time, a tower-shaped drilling tool is adopted for correcting the inclination;
step 6: determining drilling tools and drilling processes; according to the principles of geological pore-forming requirements, coring requirements and the like, the selection of a bidirectional paired drilling method, the contents of a drilling tool assembly and drilling parameters are researched and selected in a targeted manner, and then bidirectional paired drilling is finished with high quality;
and 7: a mud system;
and 8: safety and drilling accident scenarios; the method is characterized in that the causes of various types of hole accidents frequently encountered in the drilling process, particularly the reasons of similar types of accidents of complex stratum accidents are analyzed and summarized to form a series of accident prevention measures and rules, so that the occurrence of the hole accidents is reduced to the maximum extent, and once the accidents occur, quick decision and operation can be carried out according to the past successful experience so as to reduce the accident loss to the minimum degree;
and step 9: engineering management and economic technology analysis; the method comprises the following steps of construction organization management, project cost and contract management, construction site and engineering quality management, project progress management, an HSE management system, project expense accounting and payment, internal audit assessment and cashing of a project, and economic, technical and social benefit analysis;
the device is suitable for exploration and drilling of the geological state of the bottom layer of a building which is not easy to damage and is at the bottom of a water body or other non-solid terrains; the water-soluble glass fiber reinforced plastic composite material is sequentially arranged along the axial direction of a river flow, and adopts a plurality of groups of forms in space to form a strip-shaped form and a plum blossom-shaped form.
Further, in the step 1, two or more inclined holes are provided, and the tail ends of the inclined holes are crossed and overlapped for a certain length; the cross overlapping length of the hole ends can be reasonably arranged according to geological requirements, and the cross length is usually required to be not less than three meters.
Further, in step seven, the slurry has the functions of cleaning the bottom of the hole, carrying and suspending debris; cooling the drill bit; protecting the hole wall and realizing balanced drilling; lubricating drilling tools and participating in rock breaking and the like; the stability of the inclined hole well wall is far inferior to that of a straight hole, and the chances of falling blocks and collapsing are high; the slag carrying capacity of the bottom of the inclined hole drilling hole is weakened, the inclined hole drilling hole is easy to deposit, a rock debris bed is formed, and the problem of efficiently and timely removing drilled rock debris in the inclined hole is solved; in the inclined hole drilling construction, the rotation resistance of a drilling tool is large, the rotating speed is not increased, the abrasion of a drill rod is serious, and the damage effect on the hole wall is increased; therefore, the following targeted measures should be taken for the slurry for inclined holes in terms of stability and slag carrying capacity of the drilled holes:
(1) the density, viscosity and shear force are improved, and the problem of slag carrying is solved while the stratum is balanced; in addition to the drilling process considerations, the chip-carrying effectiveness of the slurry is also not negligible; in order to improve the chip carrying capacity of the slurry, higher requirements on viscosity and shearing force are provided, and the static suspension capacity of the slurry is reflected on two parameters of phi 6 and phi 3;
(2) in engineering, under the condition of ensuring the safety of the hole wall, a larger pump displacement is provided, and the drilling cutting sedimentation bed is eliminated as much as possible;
(3) in the inclined hole, the motion form and the stress condition of the drilling tool in the hole forming are different from the conventional conditions, the friction resistance in the drilling process is larger, the pump pressure is high and exceeds the use load of an instrument, the loss of machines and equipment is serious, and the service life is reduced; therefore, the lubrication performance of the mud is very critical, and emulsified oil or emulsified aqueous solution can be used, such as saponified oil, for lubricating drilling tools and drill bits; for the stratum with larger leakage, the problems of large rotation resistance and abrasion of the drilling tool are solved by adopting a method of coating grease on a drill rod and injecting clear water or emulsified oil flushing fluid into a small-pump-amount annular gap;
(4) in inclined hole construction, the solid content, water loss and mud cake performance of mud have great influence on drill sticking, and good mud performance is low in solid content, small in filtration loss and thin and compact in mud cake thickness, so that the adhesion coefficient of a drill string and a hole wall is reduced; thereby reducing the active resistance of the drill string and the shearing yield force of the mud cake and prolonging the time that the drill string can be stationary; the effective mud cake can control solid-phase particles to enter the stratum, and simultaneously, the filtration loss is controlled in a smaller range; the method for adjusting the performance of the mud cake mainly uses a proper plugging agent and a proper fluid loss additive; if calcium carbonate or barite is adopted, the pore throat of the stratum with high permeability can be blocked, and the risk of sticking the stuck drill bit is reduced; the fluid loss additive is used, so that the fluid loss of slurry is reduced, the thickness of a mud cake is reduced, a thin and compact mud cake is formed, and the resistance of free movement of a drill string is reduced.
In order to more clearly illustrate the advantages of the bidirectional paired cross-river large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for the hydropower station valley, compared with the cross-river exploration drilling ship, cross-river exploration footrill and cross-river exploration inclined hole drilling schemes in the prior art, the two technical schemes are compared by workers, and the comparison result is as follows:
from the above table, compared with the cross-river exploration drilling ship, the cross-river exploration footrill and the cross-river exploration inclined hole drilling scheme in the prior art, the bidirectional paired cross-river large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for the hydropower station valley has the advantages of higher safety, higher drilling efficiency, lower cost, strong operability, capability of finding out geological conditions and formation of three-dimensional geological description.
Examples
The two-way paired drilling method for crossing the large vertex angle inclined hole of the river valley of a certain hydropower station is taken as an embodiment for detailed description, and the method has a guiding effect on the two-way paired drilling of the geological conditions of the bottom strata of other water bodies such as rivers and lakes, or other non-solid terrains (such as swamps) and buildings (such as dams) which are not easy to damage.
The dam site area of a certain hydropower station belongs to a tectonic and denudation low-middle mountain landform area, the topography is generally high in the north, the south and the low in the east, the west and the north, and the principal dominant direction of the mountain ranges extends in the south-north direction; the elevation of the mountains at both sides near the river is 1000-1500 m, the gully is relatively developed, the valley is relatively V-shaped, and the elevation of the riverbed ground is 229-249 m; distributing fourth series of residual slope laminated clay and parent rock weathering chips or broken stones on most of the surface of the bank slope in the region, wherein the thickness is generally 3-25 m; covering a fourth series of washing layers on the riverbed, wherein the thickness is generally 11-50 m, the upper part is fine sand-medium fine sand, and the lower part is gravel pebble with floating stones; the underburden stratum is crystal metamorphic rock of Mian Tanggula rock group (Pt2-3Nq) in the middle and upper Yuan-Gu world, part of the crystal metamorphic rock is exposed, most of lithology is granite gneiss, zonal yunnan schist is distributed on the part of the left bank, granite invaded at a very late time is distributed on the part of the right bank, and the rock is produced in a rock strain form; the dam site area is located in a copper wall closing fold bundle (II 23) in a Ongkiss-Mongolian Tanggula fold system (II) Boschulling-Gaoliogong mountain fold belt (II 2) on the structure of the big land; exposed bedrock slices have a Martensitic (schistosomiasis) trend of NNW-NE (355-15 degrees), a left inclination direction is near E, and an inclination angle is 65-80 degrees, wherein the boundary is the near bank on the east side of Enmei Kangjiang; the right inclination is near W, and the inclination angle is 70-80 degrees. In addition to regional embrocation fractures, fissured fractures and fissures are the main structural traces in the region.
The footrill plan of figure 2 is used as a comparison of the method of the present invention;
in fig. 2, B denotes an example cross-river exploration footrill drilling scheme; a refers to a bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex angle inclined hole drilling scheme in the embodiment of the invention;
the numerical values of the lateral coordinates in fig. 2 represent the width of the river bed in meters; e in FIG. 2 represents elevation; c represents a fault zone; d represents a riverbed; q a fourth series of strata; pt2-3Cn1 represents middle and upper ancient boundary (Pt2-3) crystalline metamorphic rock;
in fig. 2, in the drilling scheme of the bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex-angle inclined hole, the first inclined hole 1.1 and the second inclined hole 1.2 are respectively arranged on the left side and the right side of the two banks of the water body near the water bank, and the ends of the first inclined hole 1.1 and the second inclined hole 1.2 are crossed and overlapped for a certain length; the first inclined hole 1.1 and the second inclined hole 1.2 penetrate through the fault zone C.
The invention is applied to a drilling mode that regional river fault is developed in a valley of a certain hydropower station, and the drilling mode is bidirectional paired drilling of large-vertex-angle inclined holes crossing a river.
A bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for a certain hydropower station valley comprises the following steps:
step 1: the method comprises the following steps of arranging inclined holes, wherein the left side and the right side of a near water bank of two banks of a regional river fault developed in a valley of a hydropower station are respectively provided with inclined holes 1 which are opposite in direction and arranged in pairs, and each inclined hole 1 is composed of a first inclined hole 1.1 and a second inclined hole 1.2; the first inclined hole 1.1 and the second inclined hole 1.2 are respectively arranged at the left side and the right side of a near water bank at two banks of a water body (a regional down-river fault is developed in a valley of a hydropower station), and the ends of the first inclined hole 1.1 and the second inclined hole 1.2 are crossed and overlapped for a certain length;
step 2: designing a drilling structure; designing a reasonable drilling structure according to the requirement of the engineering geology target of the inclined hole and the basic requirement of the engineering geology;
and step 3: selecting drilling equipment 2, and determining the type of the drilling equipment according to natural conditions, stratum conditions, drilling depth, drilling inclination angle and drilling method of a construction area; mastering the performance and parameters of the equipment; because the inclination of the drilled hole is larger, the depth of the drilled hole is deeper, the drilling resistance is large, a large-weight large-gravity-center large-torque geoid drilling machine needs to be selected, and an XY-4 type core drilling machine is selected in the embodiment; BW160 slurry pump is selected for the embodiment; other matched tools and equipment are an alloy single-tube drilling tool, a diamond double-tube drilling tool, a drilling accident handling tool and other necessary drilling tool equipment;
and 4, step 4: installing an inclined hole directional drilling machine, wherein the drilling equipment 2 comprises first drilling equipment 2.1 and second drilling equipment 2.1, respectively installing the first drilling equipment 2.1 and the second drilling equipment 2.2 on a first inclined hole 1.1 and a second inclined hole 1.2, pre-embedding and fixing bases of the first drilling equipment 2.1 and the second drilling equipment 2.2 and a guide drilling tool (shown in figure 2), and further avoiding deviation of an inclination angle and an azimuth angle in a hole opening stage, so that the drilling success rate of the inclined hole with larger inclined hole depth in the hole opening stage can be ensured in the part;
and 5: designing a track control system; the method comprises the steps of analyzing a bending mechanism of a drilling hole, designing the form and the axis of a drilling track, comprehensively adopting various inclination measuring and orienting instruments and measuring technologies, reasonably utilizing various orienting drilling tool processes, and controlling the drilling track to meet a target track; in the embodiment, when the eccentric wedge, the continuous whipstock and the hydraulic screw drill are used for artificial bending, except that the directional installation of a whipstock tool in a hole is not required in a few cases such as the supplement of a rock core, the drilling of an accident drill bypassing the hole and the like, most of artificial bending including the drilling rectification and the directional hole construction requires the directional installation of the artificial bending tool in the hole, so that the drill hole is deflected according to a preset direction;
the main contents of the design of the drilling track comprise:
(1) selecting and determining a drill hole for inclined hole construction;
(2) determining the structure type of a directional hole bottom (single hole bottom drilling or multi-hole bottom drilling) and the type of a construction technical method (natural bending rule and artificial deflection by drilling) of a target area;
(3) selecting and determining a cross section type of the inclined hole body;
(4) the geology gives a tapping point coordinate or a tapping range, a target point coordinate, a target area range, a mineral penetration meeting layer angle, a distance from the target point to a final hole point and a mineral layer inclination angle;
(5) selecting or determining a whipstock (branch) point;
(6) selecting the deflecting strength of each deflecting hole section (several different values can be selected and then one deflecting strength is determined preferentially);
(7) calculating parameters of a hole body section (drilling track), including the top angle, the azimuth angle, the length, the vertical depth and the horizontal displacement of each hole section, and the target hole depth and the final hole depth in directional drilling; when the position of the opening is not fixed, the position of the opening, the top angle and the azimuth angle of the opening are also calculated;
(8) drawing a designed hole body profile track;
(9) determining a drilling structure;
borehole bending can be divided into two causes, geological and technical operations;
1) geological reason: large cracks, faults, broken zones, soft and hard interbedded layers, karst caves and the like can promote the drilled holes to bend and deviate from the original direction;
2) the technical reason is as follows: in the construction process, due to the fact that equipment is not well installed, the equipment and a drilling tool are not qualified, an operation method is not proper and the like, the drilled hole is bent;
after the reason and a certain rule of the hole inclination are mastered, the following corresponding measures can be taken for prevention:
1) the foundation is firm, the base wood is laid flat and buried, the drilling machine is installed horizontally, and the foundation screws are tightened;
2) the return water is led out of the drilling site and does not flow along with the ground to cause foundation settlement;
3) a drilling machine which can not use the rotary device to move and the vertical shaft part to be seriously abraded;
4) during drilling, the angle of the vertical shaft needs to be correct, the drill rod needs to be clamped in the center of the chuck, and a box closing screw needs to be screwed tightly;
5) the orientation pipe is buried under the orientation pipe; the center of the directional pipe, the center of the vertical shaft and the hoisting tackle are in the same straight line;
6) when drilling, the locking mechanism of the oil pressure drilling machine needs to be aligned and locked with the drill hole and cannot be loosened on the track;
7) the drilling tool needs to be straight, and a core tube needs to be lengthened when drilling in a complex stratum;
8) when changing the diameter or expanding the hole, a guide drilling tool is used;
9) the rotating speed, water supply quantity and sand throwing quantity during drilling of drill grains are adapted to the characteristics of the stratum;
10) drilling in a complex stratum by using drill grains, wherein a drill bit with double water gaps is used besides controlling the sand throwing amount;
11) the embedding quality of the hard alloy drill bit is improved, and the hard alloy can be used for drilling in a complex stratum, and the hard alloy can be used for drilling as much as possible;
in order to ensure the engineering quality, certain inclination increasing, inclination reducing and inclination correcting measures must be matched in the construction;
(1) when the equation below the borehole or the degree of updrift is found to be insufficient, the following inclination enhancement measures can be taken:
1) shortening the core tube to 2/3-1/2 of the normal length;
2) a tower-shaped drilling tool is adopted, but in drilling, because the upper friction torque and the lower friction torque of the tower-shaped drilling tool are different, the azimuth is often deviated, and the tower-shaped drilling tool needs to be considered when in use; the method is not suitable for soft and broken stratums;
(2) when it is found that the borehole is severely drifted to allow it to sag, the following inclination reduction measures can be used:
the bit pressure is properly reduced, and the rotating speed of the drill bit is reduced; when necessary, a hydraulic hammer can be adopted for drilling; a drilling tool adopting the following structure:
1) adopting a short core tube and a drill collar; because the drill collar is connected to the middle lower part of the drilling tool, the gravity center of the large-diameter drilling tool moves downwards, which is beneficial to the droop of the drilling tool;
2) the drilling tool structure of the same-diameter and different-diameter inclination reducing drilling tool enables the drilling tool and the center of an original hole to form an included angle due to the liner function of an upper supporting joint and the self weight of a lower drilling tool, generates a correcting force on a drill bit and gradually reduces the top angle of a drill hole in the drilling process;
3) an upper reamer and a lower reamer are adopted, or the wall thickness of a core barrel is properly increased, so that the rigidity of the drilling tool is increased; or a long gauge bit is adopted, so that the contact area between the outer diameter of the bit and the hole wall is increased, and the upward drift of the bit is reduced;
4) the centralizer is added on the large-diameter drilling tool, so that the stress state of the upper end of the large-diameter drilling tool is changed, the upper end of the large-diameter drilling tool is lifted, a correcting force is generated on a drill bit, and the drill hole is gradually sagged in the drilling process; the distance between the centralizer and the core barrel is preferably 1/2 which is half the wavelength of the drill rod;
(3) other bending conditions
When the drilling direction is seriously bent along the rotation direction of the drilling tool, the reverse drilling can be adopted to correct the inclination and observe the azimuth angle to be increased too fast, and when the apex angle drifts over slowly, the tower-shaped drilling can be adopted to correct the inclination and advance in a reverse way; when the azimuth angle and the apex angle change slowly at the same time, a tower-shaped drilling tool can be used for correcting the inclination;
the deviation rectification of the drilling hole adopts a salvageable eccentric wedge, and is mainly used for the deviation of the bottom of the drilling hole which is being drilled; the XAD-75 type salvageable eccentric wedge (as shown in figure 3) is used as a convenience, the XAD-75 type salvageable eccentric wedge consists of a directional joint 3, an oblique guide device body 5, a wedge body 6 and a clamping device (comprising a wedge iron 7, a baffle plate 8 and a fixing screw 9), the total length is 2.5m, the wedge vertex angle is 2 degrees, the clamping device is in a dovetail block type, and the dovetail block is directly processed on the back of the bottom end of the wedge body and is matched with the wedge iron in an inclined plane of 8 degrees;
the upper end of the eccentric wedge is directly connected with a phi 71mm rope coring drill rod, a lead orientation key and a thin-wall inclined opening guide shoe for orientation are adopted, and double fixation of the eccentric wedge can be realized after orientation, firstly, the rope coring drill rod with the diameter of 71mm is used for lowering the eccentric wedge to a position 0.5m away from the bottom of a hole, then, an orientation instrument is lowered into the drill rod for orientation, after the orientation is finished, the instrument is lifted out from the drill rod, the eccentric wedge is lowered to the bottom of the hole, axial pressure is applied, and a wedge body downwards extrudes a wedge iron to generate radial movement and is in contact with and clamped with the hole wall;
when the guide inclined drilling is carried out, a drill rod with the diameter of 50mm and the diameter of about 4.5m is connected to the small first-stage drill bit, and the drill rod is cored from a rope to the wedge surface of the wedge body; before the inclined drill guide reaches the wedge surface, the lead directional key can be cut off; after the inclined guide drilling is finished, the inclined guide drilling tool is lifted out of the hole, and the eccentric wedge is lifted out of the hole through the rope coring drill rod;
when the eccentric wedge is used for correcting or deflecting the rope core drilling, as the drill rod connected with the eccentric wedge is clamped and fixed on the ground, the clamping is reliable, the orientation is accurate, and the deflecting success rate is high;
step 6: determining drilling tools and drilling processes; according to the principles of geological pore-forming requirements, coring requirements and the like, the contents of selection of a bidirectional paired drilling method, drilling tool combination, drilling parameters (drilling pressure, pumping pressure, rotating speed) and the like are researched and selected in a targeted manner, and then bidirectional paired drilling is finished with high quality;
and 7: a mud system; mud is an important component in drilling projects; the mud has the functions of cleaning the bottom of the hole, carrying and suspending rock debris; cooling the drill bit; protecting the hole wall and realizing balanced drilling; lubricating drilling tools and participating in rock breaking and the like; the stability of the inclined hole well wall is far inferior to that of a straight hole, and the chances of falling blocks and collapsing are high; the slag carrying capacity of the bottom of the inclined hole drilling hole is weakened, the inclined hole drilling hole is easy to deposit, a rock debris bed is formed, and the problem of efficiently and timely removing drilled rock debris in the inclined hole is solved; in the inclined hole drilling construction, the rotation resistance of a drilling tool is large, the rotating speed is not increased, the abrasion of a drill rod is serious, and the damage effect on the hole wall is increased; therefore, the following targeted measures should be taken for the slurry for inclined holes in terms of stability and slag carrying capacity of the drilled holes:
(1) the density, viscosity and shear force are improved, and the problem of slag carrying is solved while the stratum is balanced; in addition to the drilling process considerations, the chip-carrying effectiveness of the slurry is also not negligible; in order to improve the chip carrying capacity of the slurry, higher requirements on viscosity and shearing force are provided, and the static suspension capacity of the slurry is reflected on two parameters of phi 6 and phi 3;
(2) in engineering, under the condition of ensuring the safety of the hole wall, a larger pump displacement is provided, and the drilling cutting sedimentation bed is eliminated as much as possible;
(3) in the inclined hole, the motion form and the stress condition of the drilling tool in the hole forming are different from the conventional conditions, the friction resistance in the drilling process is larger, the pump pressure is high and exceeds the use load of an instrument, the loss of machines and equipment is serious, and the service life is reduced; therefore, the lubrication performance of the mud is very critical, and emulsified oil or emulsified water solution can be used, such as saponified oil (added by 0.5%) for lubricating drilling tools and drill bits; for the stratum with larger leakage, the problems of large rotation resistance and abrasion of the drilling tool are solved by adopting a method of coating grease on a drill rod and injecting clear water or emulsified oil flushing fluid into a small-pump-amount annular gap;
(4) in inclined hole construction, the solid content, water loss and mud cake performance of mud have great influence on drill sticking, and good mud performance is low in solid content, small in filtration loss and thin and compact in mud cake thickness, so that the adhesion coefficient of a drill string and a hole wall is reduced; thereby reducing the active resistance of the drill string and the shearing yield force of the mud cake and prolonging the time that the drill string can be stationary; the effective mud cake can control solid-phase particles to enter the stratum, and simultaneously, the filtration loss is controlled in a smaller range; the method for adjusting the performance of the mud cake mainly uses a proper plugging agent and a proper fluid loss additive; if calcium carbonate or barite is adopted, the pore throat of the stratum with high permeability can be blocked, and the risk of sticking the stuck drill bit is reduced; the fluid loss additive such as CMC (sodium carboxymethylcellulose, CMC, Carboxymethyl sodium, Sodiumsaltof Carboxymethyl cellulose) is used to reduce the fluid loss of the slurry, reduce the thickness of the mud cake, form thin and compact mud cake, thus reduce the resistance of the free movement of the drill stem;
and 8: safety and drilling accident scenarios; the method is characterized in that the causes of various types of hole accidents frequently encountered in the drilling process, particularly the reasons of similar types of accidents of complex stratum accidents are analyzed and summarized to form a series of accident prevention measures and rules, so that the occurrence of the hole accidents is reduced to the maximum extent, and once the accidents occur, quick decision and operation can be carried out according to the past successful experience so as to reduce the accident loss to the minimum degree;
and step 9: engineering management and economic technology analysis; the method comprises the following steps of construction organization management, project cost and contract management, construction site and engineering quality management, project progress management, HSE (the HSE management system is short for a Health (Health), Safety (Safety) and Environment (Environment) management system, wherein the HSE management system is an organic whole formed by elements such as an organization, a responsibility, a practice, a program, a process and resources for implementing Health, Safety and Environment management of an organization, and the elements are organically fused together through advanced, scientific and system operation modes, are mutually associated and interacted to form dynamic management), project expense accounting and payment, project internal audit assessment and cashing, and economic, technical and social benefit analysis; the project management is the premise that the construction project can be smoothly developed, and is a necessary condition for acquiring the quality, benefit, progress and safety target of the project, and if the management work of the construction is well done, the project economy can be correspondingly improved; the technical economic analysis refers to calculation, comparison and demonstration of various technical schemes; is an important means and scientific method for optimizing various technical schemes; through analysis, the economic feasibility, rationality and profitability of the construction project are judged qualitatively and quantitatively, so that a basis is provided for investment decision-making.
And (4) conclusion: the invention has the advantages of safety, high efficiency, low cost and strong operability, can effectively find out the characteristics of geological condition space distribution, scale, material composition, engineering characters and the like of the stratum, and forms three-dimensional geological description.
Other parts not described belong to the prior art.
Claims (1)
1. The bidirectional paired river-crossing large-vertex-angle inclined hole drilling method for the river valley of the hydropower station is characterized in that: comprises the following steps of (a) carrying out,
step 1: the method comprises the following steps of arranging inclined holes, wherein the left side and the right side of a near water bank of two banks of a regional river fault developed in a hydropower station valley are respectively provided with inclined holes (1) which are opposite in direction and arranged in pairs, and each inclined hole (1) is composed of a first inclined hole (1.1) and a second inclined hole (1.2); the holes of the first inclined hole (1.1) and the second inclined hole (1.2) are not overlapped in a crossing way for a certain length;
step 2: designing a drilling structure; designing a reasonable drilling structure according to the requirement of the engineering geology target of the inclined hole and the basic requirement of the engineering geology;
and step 3: selecting drilling equipment (2), and determining the type of the drilling equipment according to natural conditions, stratum conditions, drilling depth, drilling inclination angle and drilling method of a construction area; mastering the performance and parameters of the equipment;
because the inclination of the drill hole is larger, the hole depth is deeper, the drilling resistance is large, a large-weight large-gravity-center large-torque geoid drill is selected, and therefore an XY-4 type core drill is selected; selecting a BW160 slurry pump; other matched tools and equipment are an alloy single-tube drilling tool, a diamond double-tube drilling tool, a drilling accident processing tool and other drilling tool equipment;
and 4, step 4: installing an inclined hole directional drilling machine, wherein the drilling equipment (2) comprises first drilling equipment (2.1) and second drilling equipment (2.1), respectively installing the first drilling equipment (2.1) and the second drilling equipment (2.2) on the first inclined hole (1.1) and the second inclined hole (1.2), and pre-embedding and fixing bases of the first drilling equipment (2.1) and the second drilling equipment (2.2) and a guide drilling tool so as to avoid deviation of an inclination angle and an azimuth angle in a hole opening stage;
and 5: designing a track control system; the method comprises the steps of analyzing a bending mechanism of a drilling hole, designing the form and the axis of a drilling track, comprehensively adopting various inclination measuring and orienting instruments and measuring technologies, reasonably utilizing various orienting drilling tool processes, and controlling the drilling track to meet a target track;
when the eccentric wedge, the continuous whipstock and the hydraulic screw drill are used for manual bending, the manual bending requires the manual bending tool to be directionally installed in the hole, so that the drill hole is whipled in a preset direction;
the content of the drilling track design comprises the following steps:
(1) selecting and determining a drill hole for inclined hole construction;
(2) determining the structure type of the bottom of the directional hole of the target area and the type of a construction technical method;
(3) selecting and determining a cross section type of the inclined hole body;
(4) the geology gives a tapping point coordinate or a tapping range, a target point coordinate, a target area range, a mineral penetration meeting layer angle, a distance from the target point to a final hole point and a mineral layer inclination angle;
(5) selecting or determining a deflecting point;
(6) selecting the deflecting strength of each deflecting hole section;
(7) calculating hole profile parameters including the top angle, azimuth angle, length, vertical depth and horizontal displacement of each hole section as well as the target hole depth and final hole depth in the directional drilling; when the position of the opening is not fixed, the position of the opening, the top angle and the azimuth angle of the opening are also calculated;
(8) drawing a designed hole body profile track;
(9) determining a drilling structure;
in order to ensure the engineering quality, certain inclination increasing, inclination reducing and inclination correcting measures are matched in the construction;
(1) when the drift range on the drill hole is not enough, the following inclination increasing measures are taken:
1) shortening the core tube to 2/3-1/2 of the normal length;
2) a tower-shaped drilling tool is adopted, but the direction is deflected due to the difference of the upper and lower friction moments of the tower-shaped drilling tool during drilling;
(2) when the drill hole is found to be seriously floated to make it droop, the following inclination reducing measures are adopted:
the bit pressure is properly reduced, and the rotating speed of the drill bit is reduced; when necessary, a hydraulic hammer can be adopted for drilling; a drilling tool adopting the following structure:
1) adopting a short core tube and a drill collar; because the drill collar is connected to the middle lower part of the drilling tool, the gravity center of the large-diameter drilling tool moves downwards, which is beneficial to the droop of the drilling tool;
2) the drilling tool structure of the same-diameter and different-diameter inclination reducing drilling tool enables the drilling tool and the center of an original hole to form an included angle due to the liner function of an upper supporting joint and the self weight of a lower drilling tool, generates a correcting force on a drill bit and gradually reduces the top angle of a drill hole in the drilling process;
3) an upper reamer and a lower reamer are adopted, or the wall thickness of a core barrel is properly increased, so that the rigidity of the drilling tool is increased; or a long gauge bit is adopted, so that the contact area between the outer diameter of the bit and the hole wall is increased, and the upward drift of the bit is reduced;
4) the centralizer is added on the large-diameter drilling tool, so that the stress state of the upper end of the large-diameter drilling tool is changed, the upper end of the large-diameter drilling tool is lifted, a correcting force is generated on a drill bit, and the drill hole is gradually sagged in the drilling process; the distance between the centralizer and the core barrel is 1/2 which is half the wavelength of the drill rod;
(3) other bending conditions
When the drilling direction is seriously bent along the rotation direction of the drilling tool, the reverse drilling is adopted for correcting the inclination, so that the azimuth angle is excessively increased, and the top angle is slowly floated, the tower-shaped drilling is adopted for correcting the inclination in a reverse way; when the azimuth angle and the apex angle change slowly at the same time, a tower-shaped drilling tool is adopted for correcting the inclination;
step 6: determining drilling tools and drilling processes; according to geological pore-forming requirements and coring requirements, the selection of a bidirectional paired drilling method, the contents of a drilling tool assembly and drilling parameters are researched and selected in a targeted manner, and therefore bidirectional paired drilling is finished at high quality;
and 7: a mud system; the mud has the functions of cleaning the bottom of the hole, carrying and suspending rock debris, cooling the drill bit, protecting the hole wall, realizing balanced drilling, lubricating the drilling tool and participating in rock breaking; the following targeted measures are taken by the mud for inclined holes:
(1) the density, viscosity and shear force are improved, and the problem of slag carrying is solved while the stratum is balanced; the static suspension capacity of the slurry is reflected on two parameters of phi 6 and phi 3;
(2) in engineering, under the condition of ensuring the safety of the hole wall, a larger pump displacement is provided, and a drilling cutting sedimentation bed is eliminated;
(3) lubricating the drilling tool by emulsified oil or emulsified water solution;
(4) the method for adjusting the performance of the mud cake is to use a proper plugging agent and a fluid loss additive;
and 8: safety and drilling accident scenarios; the method is characterized in that the causes of various types of hole accidents frequently encountered in the drilling process are analyzed and summarized to form a series of accident prevention measures or regulations, so that the occurrence of the hole accidents is reduced, and once the accidents occur, quick decision and operation can be carried out according to the past successful experience so as to reduce the loss of the accidents to the minimum degree;
and step 9: engineering management and economic technology analysis; the method comprises the steps of construction organization management, project cost and contract management, construction site and engineering quality management, project progress management, an HSE management system, project expense accounting and payment, internal audit assessment and cashing of a project, and economic, technical and social benefit analysis.
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| CN110578468B (en) * | 2019-08-20 | 2021-03-26 | 中国地质大学（武汉） | Engineering geology exploration method adopting horizontal directional drilling |
| CN110644967B (en) * | 2019-10-24 | 2022-04-12 | 中国石油集团渤海钻探工程有限公司 | Trajectory control method for horizontal well target entering and fault crossing |
| CN111982657A (en) * | 2020-08-03 | 2020-11-24 | 西南石油大学 | Rock breaking test device of laser-assisted machine |
| CN113310829B (en) * | 2021-04-14 | 2022-10-25 | 西南石油大学 | Drillability testing device and experimental method for rock in impact mode |
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| 某工程下穿京广铁路段大角度斜孔施工技术;王昶宇等;《西北水电》;20170830(第4期);第110-114页 * |
| 某水电站坝址河床顺河断层穿江斜孔钻探实践;闵文;《人民长江》;20120930;第43卷(第17期);第32-34页 * |
| 某水电站坝址河床顺河断裂穿江深斜孔钻探实践;闵文等;《长江工程职业技术学院学报》;20121230;第29卷(第4期);第5-9页 * |
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