CN109072749B - 用于为内燃发动机的减排***控制还原剂喷射的方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
当内燃发动机(1)以低于一定阈值的低速率驱动时,在重复的允许循环和限制循环中允许和限制到达喷射器(5)的还原剂流。在所述允许循环过程中,设置控制器(12)以保持还原剂流量尽可能接近预定低点设定点值。在所述限制循环过程中,防止还原剂流。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种在用于为内燃发动机的减排***控制还原剂喷射的装置中使用的控制装置和方法。
背景技术
如今对内燃发动机如燃气发动机或柴油发电话机的排放要求非常严厉。所要求的NOx水平可能非常低。
已知的是使用减排***,例如SCR***(选择性催化还原)。SCR***借助于催化剂将氮氧化物(NOx)转换成氮气(N2)和水(H2O)。通常为氨或尿素的还原剂被添加至废气流并且被吸收在催化剂上。
为了正常地运行,减排***需要控制装置来实现所要求的NOx水平。添加在废气中的还原剂的量应该尽可能接近所需要的量。已经发现反馈控制***提供了良好的结果。这种反馈控制***遵循用于还原剂的设定值,这意味着向废气中添加的还原剂保持尽可能接近所述设定值。该设定值又依赖于发动机如何运行。例如,当内燃发动机以高负荷率运行时,所需要的还原剂量比发动机以较低负荷率运行时更高。
典型的反馈控制***具有从流量计到控制器的反馈线路。流量计测量从还原剂源到将还原剂喷射到废气内的喷射器的还原剂流量。废气与还原剂的混合物流入减排***内。控制器控制喷射器的阀以保持还原剂流量尽可能接近还原剂流量的设定值。由控制器使用的常用控制概念为PI或PID。
当内燃发动机以高速率或中等速率运行时,反馈控制***提供了非常好的控制特性。但是如果发动机以低速率运行(此时所需要的还原剂流量也较低),则流量计的精度不好。因此,来自于流量传感器的反馈也不准确,这意味着控制也不是准确的。因此,NOx水平可能上升到所要求的水平以上,并且可能发生还原剂逃逸(slip)。还原剂逃逸是指一部分还原剂经过SCR而没有发生反应。
发明内容
本发明的目的是消除以上所述的问题。该构思是,当内燃发动机以低于特定阈值的低速率驱动时,在重复的允许循环和限制循环中允许和限制到达喷射器的还原剂流。在所述允许循环过程中,控制器被设置成保持所述还原剂流尽可能接近预定低点设定点值。在限制循环过程中,防止所述还原剂流。
方便的是,所述阈值处于流量计正常工作的水平处。因此,当内燃发动机以高负荷率或中等负荷率运行即在阈值上或高于阈值运行时,控制精度由于正确的工作反馈***而保持在良好水平。当发动机以低速率运行时,即用于还原剂流的设定值低于阈值水平时,流量传感器的不精确不会影响控制,并且由于重复的允许循环和限制循环而能够将控制质量保持在良好水平。
附图说明
在下文中,将参照附图更详细地描述本发明,其中:
图1示出了根据本发明的控制装置的示例;
图2示出了在本发明中使用的还原剂流量水平的示例;以及
图3示出另外根据本发明的方法的流程图示例。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明的控制装置的示例。发动机1在运行时产生废气。该废气经过前排气管3、SCR***2和后排气管4导出到大气。SCR***在将废气导出之前净化来自NOx之类的杂质的废气。
SCR***需要的还原剂通过喷射器5喷射到前排气管3内。因此,SCR***2接收废气和还原剂的混合物。诸如氨或尿素之类的还原剂从还原剂源6通过管线7传输至喷射器5。还原剂源6可以是容纳还原剂的储罐,并且所述管线设有泵8,以将还原剂流导向喷射器5。另外,管线7还设有至少一个阀9。阀9为比例阀。在图1的实施方式中还有另一个阀11,但是出于实现原因它可以被取下。
控制装置还具有控制器12,该控制器12控制阀9,以将到达喷射器5的还原剂流保持在期望值。将该期望值作为设定点值给予控制器12。该设定点值与运行发动机的负荷率有关,该负荷率可以从发动机输出轴线测量,例如从速度测量值来测量。该设定点值还可以与废气中的NOx的测量值14有关。另外,发动机的其它参数也可能影响到设定点值。该控制器包括存储器13,以保存控制参数以及其它所需信息。
控制装置还设有还原剂流量计10,以便测量管线7中的还原剂流量。还原剂流量传感器向控制器2提供还原剂流量数据的反馈。
接下来,当描述在控制装置中使用的方法时利用图3的流程图、示出了还原剂流量水平示例的图2以及图1。用于控制内燃发动机1的减排***2的还原剂喷射的方法包括利用流量计10测量到达喷射器5的还原剂流量的测量步骤31以及基于所述测量的还原剂流量和设定点值22控制至少一个阀9以调节还原剂流量的控制步骤32。这些步骤提供可以利用PI或PID控制逻辑的反馈控制。当发动机以高速率或中等速率运行时,该反馈控制给出了良好结果。
在设定点值22低于预定阈值L1的情况33下,例如,在低于流量计10的精度水平的情况(其中流量计仍然精确地工作但是不低于该水平)下,所述方法具有如下步骤:确定步骤34,确定作为所述预定阈值L1或较高的L2的低模式设定点值LS;以及允许和限制步骤35,在重复的允许循环D1和限制循环D2中允许和限制还原剂流到达喷射器5。以如下方式利用允许和限制步骤35,即:在允许循环D1期间,在控制阀时使用低模式设定点值LS作为所述设定点,而在限制循环D2期间,防止还原剂流。允许循环D1和限制循环D2交替。
在图2中示出了交替的允许循环和限制循环。为了使还原剂流量平均为设定点值22,调节允许循环D1和限制循环D2的持续时间。例如,如果低模式设定点值LS等于预定阈值L1,并且设定点值22为L1的一半,则允许循环D1的持续时间等于限制循环D2。注意,在允许循环和重复循环期间控制器12也接收并利用来自于控制器12外部的设定点值22,但是当在允许循环过程中对阀9进行控制时使用低模式设定点值LS作为所述设定点。
在图2中,时间轴可以表示时间(例如以秒为单位),并且还原剂流量可以例如为ml/s或者为最大流量的百分比值。因此,当使用百分比值时,最大流量为100%。这样,由控制器12接收的设定点22可以是试剂流量或者相当于所需的试剂流量的另一个值。
如上所述,低模式设定点值LS可以是预定阈值L1或较高的L2。在图2中,较高的设定点值L2的示例以虚线示出,在这种情况下,在允许循环D1过程中将实现的阀9的设定点水平和还原剂流量较高。较高的允许循环也以虚线示出。还可能可行的是,调节允许循环的持续时间,该允许循环表示为更大的循环D3。因此,允许循环可以以许多方式形成,并且考虑它们的高度和宽度以便使还原剂流量平均为设定点值22。考虑允许循环和限制循环的区域,以便获得平均值即设定点值22。
允许循环和限制循环的持续时间可以通过物理***来确定。确定可由该装置使用的最小脉冲时间。允许循环和限制循环的总持续时间被确定为明显小于受控***的时间常数。
由于设定点值22因如何驱动发动机1的改变而改变,因此允许循环和限制循环的持续时间也改变,以便实现如图2中所示的改变的设定点值22。设定点值22以粗线标记,并且实际的还原剂流量以细线21标记。在预定阈值L1以上,还原剂流量21遵循设定点值22,但是当设定点值低于预定阈值L1时,还原剂流量21遵循允许循环和限制循环,即在允许循环过程中为低模式设定点值,而在限制循环过程中为零水平。在允许循环D1过程中,根据PI或PID控制逻辑使用低模式设定点值LS来控制阀9。
另外,在允许循环D1过程中,可以利用流量计10来测量还原剂流量。还可以测量平均流量,以便利用测量的该平均流量将根据设定点值22的还原剂流量实现为平均值。
待控制的阀9为比例阀。在限制循环D2开始时,将用于比例阀的控制值存储至存储器13,之后将用于比例阀9的控制值改变至零还原剂流量,并且将该控制值冻结为零还原剂流量,直到限制循环D2结束。在限制循环D2结束时从存储器13恢复该控制值。当所述控制装置利用一个阀时可以进行这些步骤。
如果所述控制装置还具有其它阀,例如,如果待控制的阀为比例阀9和开关阀11,则将在本发明中执行的步骤可以包括以下步骤:在限制循环D2开始时冻结用于比例阀9的控制值,直到该限制循环D2结束,并且关闭开关阀11;以及在该限制循环D2结束时打开开关阀11。
另外,所述方法可以进一步包括测量内燃发动机1的排放的测量步骤14以及在所测量的排放高于允许水平的情况下冻结设定点值22以及调节允许循环D1和限制循环D2的持续时间并且/或者改变低模式设定点值LS直到所测量的排放为允许水平或更低的步骤。
方便的是,预定阈值L1与流量计10的最小精度极限对应。这样,流量计的不精确工作区域不会影响还原剂喷射的控制质量。相反,在不精确工作区域中,使用允许循环和限制循环,这在发动机的低负荷范围内发生。交替的允许循环和限制循环提供了良好的控制,这满足了对于排放如NOx水平的要求。如果发生其它流量控制瑕疵,则利用允许循环和限制循环也是方便的。换言之,当运行时,所述交替的循环提供了足够好的控制质量,但是该控制质量可能不像反馈***的质量一样好。
本发明用于减排***如SCR***,以便减少内燃发动机的排放。对于操作窗口较大的燃气发动机来说,由于在不同负荷下NOx排放的巨大差异,获得了非常好的结果。从上述显见,本发明并不限于在该文本中描述的实施方式,而是可以在独立权利要求的范围内在许多其它不同的实施方式中实现。
Claims (6)
1.一种为内燃发动机(1)的减排***(2)控制还原剂喷射的方法,该方法包括如下步骤:
利用流量计(10)测量(32)到达喷射器(5)的还原剂流量;
基于测量的所述还原剂流量和设定点值(22)控制至少一个阀(9)来调节(32)还原剂流量,
其特征在于,在所述设定点值(22)低于预定阈值(L1)的情况(33)下:
将低模式设定点值(LS)确定(34)为所述预定阈值(L1)或比所述预定阈值(L1)高的值(L2);
以如下方式在重复的允许循环(D1)和限制循环(D2)中允许和限制(35)到达所述喷射器(5)的还原剂流,即:在所述允许循环(D1)过程中,当控制至少一个阀时,使用所述低模式设定点值(LS)作为所述设定点值,而在所述限制循环(D2)过程中,防止还原剂流,所述允许循环(D1)和限制循环(D2)交替;以及
调节所述允许循环(D1)和所述限制循环(D2)的持续时间以使所述还原剂流量平均为所述设定点值(22),
其中所述预定阈值(L1)与所述流量计(10)的最小精度极限对应。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述允许循环(D1)过程中,根据PI或PID控制逻辑来控制至少一个阀(9)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述允许循环(D1)过程中,利用所述流量计(10)测量所述还原剂流量,并且测量平均流量以便利用所测量的所述平均流量将根据所述设定点值(22)的所述还原剂流量实现为平均值。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,待控制的所述阀(9)为比例阀,并且在所述限制循环(D2)开始时,将用于所述比例阀的控制值存储至存储器(13),并且之后:
将用于所述比例阀的所述控制值改变至零还原剂流量;
将所述控制值冻结为所述零还原剂流量,直到所述限制循环(D2)结束;以及
在所述限制循环(D2)结束时从所述存储器(13)恢复所述控制值。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,待控制的阀为比例阀(9)和开关阀(11);并且
在所述限制循环(D2)开始时,冻结用于所述比例阀(9)的控制值,直到所述限制循环(D2)结束,并且关闭所述开关阀(11);以及
在所述限制循环(D2)结束时,打开所述开关阀(11)。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法进一步包括如下步骤:
测量(14)所述内燃发动机(1)的排放,并且在所测量的排放高于允许水平的情况下:
冻结所述设定点值(22)并且调节所述允许循环(D1)和所述限制循环(D2)的持续时间,并且/或者改变所述低模式设定点值(LS),直到所测量的排放为允许水平或更低。
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