CN108989128A - Fault Locating Method and device based on networking structure - Google Patents

Fault Locating Method and device based on networking structure Download PDF

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Publication number
CN108989128A
CN108989128A CN201810929699.8A CN201810929699A CN108989128A CN 108989128 A CN108989128 A CN 108989128A CN 201810929699 A CN201810929699 A CN 201810929699A CN 108989128 A CN108989128 A CN 108989128A
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transmission device
failure
optical path
path information
node
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CN108989128B (en
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张召路
仇树卿
朱冰
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Beijing Tianyuan Creative Technology Ltd
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Beijing Tianyuan Creative Technology Ltd
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L41/00Arrangements for maintenance, administration or management of data switching networks, e.g. of packet switching networks
    • H04L41/06Management of faults, events, alarms or notifications
    • H04L41/0677Localisation of faults
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B10/00Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
    • H04B10/07Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems
    • H04B10/075Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal
    • H04B10/079Arrangements for monitoring or testing transmission systems; Arrangements for fault measurement of transmission systems using an in-service signal using measurements of the data signal
    • H04B10/0791Fault location on the transmission path

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention provides a kind of Fault Locating Method and device based on networking structure proposed by the present invention, if wherein method includes: the logout alarm information for receiving multiple physical equipments, based on the networking structure of each physical equipment region, the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet is determined;The corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information is obtained, and counts the frequency of occurrence of each optical path information, transmission device corresponding to the optical path information for being one using frequency of occurrence is as failure breakpoint;Using any failure breakpoint as starting point, transmission device binary tree is constructed based on networking structure, until the terminal of transmission device binary tree is next failure breakpoint, the transmission device binary tree is traversed, exports transmission device fault location result.The present invention gets the first line of a couplet transmission device of physical equipment using networking structure of the network, analyzes transmission device fault point, and the source of trouble can be oriented from topological level, solves to distribute a plurality of work order, the problem of work order fault location inaccuracy with failure.

Description

Fault Locating Method and device based on networking structure
Technical field
The present invention relates to communication network O&M technical fields, fixed more particularly, to a kind of failure based on networking structure Position method and device.
Background technique
Transmission device carries physical equipment, is linked together between transmission device by optical cable, cable, tail optical fiber etc., shape At a transmission network.With the scale sharp increase of transmission network, the complexity of number of devices and network increases severely, network O&M Workload also increaseing accordingly, mobile communication network operator faces the severe pressure of operation maintenance personnel lazy weight.
Conventional failure positioning is based on physical equipment analysis, the failure of physical equipment itself can be navigated to, as physics is set Standby failure, physical device ports failure.But the proximal end object for caused by the physical equipment failure of distal end is analyzed based on physical equipment Reason appliance services be obstructed or physical equipment between the scene be obstructed of business caused by route chain rupture and be not suitable for.
For large area equipment logout problem caused by transmission device node failure, due to positioning less than fault rootstock, out Alarm monitoring system after existing failure it is possible that distribute a plurality of work order for same failure, need to put into more manpower go into Row O&M.Also, since accurate fault rootstock can not be passed to a line operation maintenance personnel, a line operation maintenance personnel is caused to carry out event It is taken time and effort when barrier processing, inefficiency.Therefore, raising work order, which distributes accuracy rate and fault location accuracy rate, seems especially urgent It cuts.
Summary of the invention
The present invention provides a kind of one kind for overcoming the above problem or at least being partially solved the above problem and is based on networking knot The Fault Locating Method and device of structure.
According to the first aspect of the invention, a kind of Fault Locating Method based on networking structure is provided, comprising:
If receiving the logout alarm information of N number of physical equipment, the networking knot based on each physical equipment region Structure determines the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet;Wherein, N is the positive integer more than or equal to preset threshold;
The corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information is obtained, and counts the occurrence out of each optical path information Number, using transmission device corresponding to optical path information of the frequency of occurrence for one as failure breakpoint;
Using any failure breakpoint as starting point, transmission device binary tree is constructed based on the networking structure, until institute The terminal for stating transmission device binary tree is next failure breakpoint, traverses the transmission device binary tree, output transmission device event Hinder positioning result.
According to the second aspect of the invention, a kind of fault locator based on networking structure is provided, comprising:
Determining module, if the logout alarm information for receiving N number of physical equipment, based on where each physical equipment The networking structure in region determines the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet;Wherein, N is more than or equal to preset threshold Positive integer;
Fault location module for obtaining the corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information, and counts each described The frequency of occurrence of optical path information, using transmission device corresponding to optical path information of the frequency of occurrence for one as failure breakpoint;
Output module, for constructing transmission device based on the networking structure using any failure breakpoint as starting point Binary tree traverses the transmission device binary tree until the terminal of the transmission device binary tree is next failure breakpoint, defeated Transmission device fault location result out.
According to the third aspect of the present invention, a kind of electronic equipment is provided, comprising:
At least one processor;And
At least one processor being connect with the processor communication, in which:
The memory is stored with the program instruction that can be executed by the processor, and the processor calls described program to refer to Order is able to carry out method provided by any implementation in the various possible implementations of above-mentioned first aspect.
According to the fourth aspect of the present invention, a kind of non-transient computer readable storage medium, the non-transient meter are provided Calculation machine readable storage medium storing program for executing stores computer instruction, and the computer instruction makes the computer be able to carry out above-mentioned first aspect Various possible implementations in method provided by any implementation.
A kind of Fault Locating Method and device based on networking structure proposed by the present invention, is obtained using networking structure of the network To the first line of a couplet transmission device of physical equipment, transmission device fault point is analyzed, is packaged under transmission device failure and transmission device and hangs Physical equipment failure can orient the source of trouble from topological level, solve to distribute a plurality of work order with failure, work order fault location is not Accurate problem.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the flow diagram for the Fault Locating Method based on networking structure that one embodiment of the invention provides;
Fig. 2 is the networking structure schematic diagram provided according to one embodiment of the invention;
Fig. 3 constructs the schematic diagram for the transmission device binary tree completed to provide according to one embodiment of the invention;
According to Fig. 4 another embodiment of the present invention provides the fault locator based on networking structure functional block diagram;
According to Fig. 5 another embodiment of the present invention provides electronic equipment structural schematic diagram.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawings and examples, specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail.Implement below Example is not intended to limit the scope of the invention for illustrating the present invention.
In order to overcome the above problem of the existing technology, the embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of failure based on networking structure Localization method, inventive concept are to utilize net for large area physical equipment logout problem caused by transmission device node failure Network networking structure gets the first line of a couplet transmission device of physical equipment, analyzes the transmission device failure of the physical equipment first line of a couplet, finds event Hinder point, connection relationship binary tree is set up using fault point as beginning and end and according to transmission device networking structure, later will Transmission device failure and physical equipment failure in connection relationship binary tree merge, be packaged transmission device failure and Physical equipment failure is hung under transmission device, failure cause is identified as transmission device fault point, the advantages of this arrangement are as follows, it can be with The source of trouble is oriented from topological level, solves to distribute a plurality of work order, the problem of work order fault location inaccuracy with failure.
As shown in Figure 1, the process signal of the Fault Locating Method based on networking structure provided for one embodiment of the invention Scheme, the executing subject of method provided by the embodiment of the present invention is alarm monitoring system, and alarm monitoring system is in communication network The First Line of operation and maintenance is mainly used for monitoring the alarm that the network equipment reports, is verified warning information, screens announcement Alert validity, positioning failure root distribute real-time work order, supervisor's alarming processing.As shown, this method comprises:
If S101, the logout alarm information for receiving N number of physical equipment, the group based on each physical equipment region Web frame determines the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet;Wherein, N is the positive integer more than or equal to preset threshold.
Specifically, physical equipment refers to the equipment for being responsible for Base communication business in network, such as base station.Transmission device refers to It is responsible for the equipment of link transmission function.Transmission device information includes the identification information of transmission device, such as the title of transmission device.
When alarm monitoring system receives the logout alarm information that multiple physical equipments issue, logout physics is first determined whether Whether the number of equipment is more than or equal to preset threshold, if the number of logout physical equipment is more than or equal to preset threshold, starts base The transmission device information of each logout physical equipment first line of a couplet is determined in the networking structure of the approximate region where logout physical equipment.
Networking structure is able to reflect the up and down relationship between physical equipment and transmission device and the connection between transmission device is closed System.As shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 2 intermediate cam shape symbology physical equipment, circle represents transmission device for networking structure schematic diagram.Such as Fruit has determined physical equipment information, then the transmission device information of the physical equipment first line of a couplet can be found based on networking structure.In advance If threshold value can be configured according to the complex situations of the networking structure of network.
S102, the corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information is obtained, and counts going out for each optical path information Occurrence number, using transmission device corresponding to optical path information of the frequency of occurrence for one as failure breakpoint.
Specifically, optical path information refers to the optical path title of transmission device two sides connection, such as optical cable title.It obtains each described The corresponding optical path information of transmission device information is the corresponding optical path information of each transmission device for obtaining the logout physical equipment first line of a couplet.
The purpose for counting the frequency of occurrence of each optical path information is, if transmission device A, B have connection relationship, Optical path information between transmission device A and transmission device B can be counted twice namely the Calculation of Optical Path result is 2.Only when one It, should when to have a transmission device in the corresponding transmission device in optical path information both ends be not the transmission device of the logout physical equipment first line of a couplet The count results of optical path information are 1, illustrate that optical path corresponding to the optical path information has been likely to occur problem, and the optical path is caused to connect The supreme interlink point of transmission device, fault point is likely located on transmission device corresponding to the optical path information.
The transmission device for traversing all logout physics first line of a couplet, completes the counting of all optical path informations, and by frequency of occurrence Transmission device corresponding to optical path information for one is as failure breakpoint.
S103, using any failure breakpoint as starting point, based on the networking structure construct transmission device binary tree, directly Terminal to the transmission device binary tree is next failure breakpoint, traverses the transmission device binary tree, and output transmission is set Standby fault location result.
Specifically, the optical path between the transmission device and transmission device between failure breakpoint is possible fault bit It sets, it is therefore necessary to store the transmission device between failure breakpoint.It is realized using the data structure of binary tree to event The connection relationship of transmission device between barrier breakpoint is saved, and is advantageous in that, has both been facilitated storage or has been facilitated traversal.
Process based on networking structure building transmission device binary tree is as follows:
Using any failure breakpoint as starting point, sequentially takes out in the networking structure and connect pass with the failure breakpoint The transmission device information of system.
Then, using the failure breakpoint as present node, using any next stage transmission device of present node as working as The left child node of front nodal point, using with the transmission device of present node peer as the right child node of present node, and by the left side Child node is as next present node;
Above-mentioned binary tree building process is repeated, until left child node is next failure breakpoint.
As shown in figure 3, the schematic diagram for the transmission device binary tree completed for building.
If there is more than two failure breakpoints, then two transmission device y-bends can at least be constructed based on networking structure Tree.
Finally, traversing the transmission device binary tree, transmission device fault location result is exported, wherein the transmission is set The physical equipment failure hung under multiple transmission device failures included in standby binary tree and transmission device.That is alarm monitoring system System merges transmission device failure with lower extension physical equipment failure, and failure cause is identified as transmission device fault point, is then packaged It is pushed to WorkForm System.
A kind of Fault Locating Method based on networking structure proposed by the present invention, gets physics using networking structure of the network The first line of a couplet transmission device of equipment analyzes transmission device fault point, is packaged extension physics under transmission device failure and transmission device and sets Standby failure, can orient the source of trouble from topological level, solve to distribute a plurality of work order with failure, work order fault location inaccuracy Problem.
Based on the above embodiment, described to obtain the corresponding light of each transmission device information as a kind of alternative embodiment Road information, and the frequency of occurrence of each optical path information is counted, transmission corresponding to the optical path information for being one by frequency of occurrence Equipment is specifically included as the step of failure breakpoint:
Using the transmission device of each physical equipment first line of a couplet as node, by the corresponding optical path information of the transmission device under Attribute of the physical equipment information of connection as node, establishes failure network element list;
The number that each optical path information occurs in the failure network element list is counted, it, will using each optical path information as node Attribute of the corresponding count results of the optical path information as node, establishes optical path information list;
The optical path information list is traversed, is not existed corresponding to the node for being one by attribute value in the optical path information list Transmission device in failure network element list is as failure breakpoint.
Above-mentioned steps are illustrated in conjunction with Fig. 2, it is assumed that logout has occurred in physical equipment a, b, c, d, e, f, g, i, Then it is determined that transmission device A, B, C, D, E, F, G, I is each node in fault network list, obtains transmission device A respectively, The corresponding optical path information of B, C, D, E, F, G, I counts the number that each optical path information occurs, as can be seen from Figure 2, transmission device A institute The count results of corresponding optical path information are 1, and another transmission device corresponding to the optical path information is J, then the optical path is believed The corresponding transmission device J not in fault network list of breath is as failure breakpoint.Using J as failure breakpoint rather than A Purpose is, transmission device J can be not only included in fault location result, the light that can also will may occur between A and J Road failure is also contained in fault location result.Similarly, transmission device K is also failure breakpoint.
Based on the above embodiment, if the logout alarm information for receiving N number of physical equipment, is set based on each physics The networking structure of standby region, before the step of determining the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet, further includes:
Obtain the connection relationship data between the up and down relation data and transmission device between physical equipment and transmission device.
When realizing, need to obtain in advance between the up and down relation data and transmission device between physical equipment and transmission device Connection relationship data.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the embodiment of the present invention also provides a kind of device, and referring to fig. 4, Fig. 4 shows this The functional block diagram for the fault locator based on networking structure that inventive embodiments provide, the device is for realizing in aforementioned each reality Apply the Fault Locating Method described in example based on networking structure.Therefore, the description in the method in foregoing embodiments and Definition, can be used for the understanding of each execution module in the embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in figure 4, the device includes:
Determining module 401 is based on each physical equipment if the logout alarm information for receiving N number of physical equipment The networking structure of region determines the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet;Wherein, N is more than or equal to default The positive integer of threshold value;
Fault location module 402 for obtaining the corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information, and counts each institute The frequency of occurrence for stating optical path information, using transmission device corresponding to optical path information of the frequency of occurrence for one as failure breakpoint;
Output module 403, for being set based on networking structure building transmission using any failure breakpoint as starting point Standby binary tree traverses the transmission device binary tree until the terminal of the transmission device binary tree is next failure breakpoint, Export transmission device fault location result.
A kind of fault locator based on networking structure provided in an embodiment of the present invention, is obtained using networking structure of the network To the first line of a couplet transmission device of physical equipment, transmission device fault point is analyzed, is packaged under transmission device failure and transmission device and hangs Physical equipment failure can orient the source of trouble from topological level, solve to distribute a plurality of work order with failure, work order fault location is not Accurate problem.
Based on the above embodiment, the fault location module 402 is specifically used for:
Using the transmission device of each physical equipment first line of a couplet as node, by the corresponding optical path information of the transmission device under Attribute of the physical equipment information of connection as node, establishes failure network element list;
The number that each optical path information occurs in the failure network element list is counted, it, will using each optical path information as node Attribute of the corresponding count results of the optical path information as node, establishes optical path information list;
The optical path information list is traversed, is not existed corresponding to the node for being one by attribute value in the optical path information list Transmission device in failure network element list is as failure breakpoint.
The output module 403 is specifically used for:
Using any failure breakpoint as starting point, sequentially takes out in the networking structure and connect pass with the failure breakpoint The transmission device information of system;
Using the failure breakpoint as present node, using any next stage transmission device of present node as present node Left child node, using with the transmission device of present node peer as the right child node of present node, and by the left child node As next present node;
Above-mentioned binary tree building process is repeated, until left child node is next failure breakpoint.
Fig. 5 show another embodiment of the present invention provides electronic equipment structural schematic diagram, as shown in figure 5, processor (processor) 501, memory (memory) 502 and bus 503;
Wherein, processor 501 and memory 502 complete mutual communication by bus 503 respectively;Processor 501 is used In calling the program instruction in storage 502, to execute the Fault Locating Method provided by above-described embodiment based on networking structure, If for example, the logout alarm information for receiving N number of physical equipment, the networking knot based on each physical equipment region Structure determines the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet;Wherein, N is the positive integer more than or equal to preset threshold;It obtains The corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information, and the frequency of occurrence of each optical path information is counted, by frequency of occurrence Transmission device corresponding to optical path information for one is as failure breakpoint;Using any failure breakpoint as starting point, it is based on institute Networking structure building transmission device binary tree is stated, until the terminal of the transmission device binary tree is next failure breakpoint, time The transmission device binary tree is gone through, transmission device fault location result is exported.
The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of non-transient computer readable storage medium, the non-transient computer readable storage medium Matter stores computer instruction, which makes computer execute the failure based on networking structure provided by above-described embodiment Localization method, for example, if receiving the logout alarm information of N number of physical equipment, be based on each physical equipment location The networking structure in domain determines the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet;Wherein, N is more than or equal to preset threshold Positive integer;The corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information is obtained, and counts the frequency of occurrence of each optical path information, Transmission device corresponding to the optical path information for being one using frequency of occurrence is as failure breakpoint;Using any failure breakpoint as rise Point constructs transmission device binary tree based on the networking structure, until the terminal of the transmission device binary tree is next event Hinder breakpoint, traverse the transmission device binary tree, exports transmission device fault location result.
The apparatus embodiments described above are merely exemplary, wherein unit can be as illustrated by the separation member Or may not be and be physically separated, component shown as a unit may or may not be physical unit, i.e., It can be located in one place, or may be distributed over multiple network units.It can select according to the actual needs therein Some or all of the modules achieves the purpose of the solution of this embodiment.Those of ordinary skill in the art are not paying creative labor In the case where dynamic, it can understand and implement.
Through the above description of the embodiments, those skilled in the art can be understood that each embodiment can It realizes by means of software and necessary general hardware platform, naturally it is also possible to pass through hardware.Based on this understanding, on Stating technical solution, substantially the part that contributes to existing technology can be embodied in the form of software products in other words, should Computer software product may be stored in a computer readable storage medium, such as ROM/RAM, magnetic disk, CD, including several fingers It enables and using so that a computer equipment (can be personal computer, server or the network equipment etc.) executes each implementation The method of certain parts of example or embodiment.
Finally, it should be noted that the above embodiments are merely illustrative of the technical solutions of the present invention, rather than its limitations;Although Present invention has been described in detail with reference to the aforementioned embodiments, those skilled in the art should understand that: it still may be used To modify the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments or equivalent replacement of some of the technical features; And these are modified or replaceed, technical solution of various embodiments of the present invention that it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution spirit and Range.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of Fault Locating Method based on networking structure characterized by comprising
If receiving the logout alarm information of N number of physical equipment, based on the networking structure of each physical equipment region, really The transmission device information of fixed each physical equipment first line of a couplet;Wherein, N is the positive integer more than or equal to preset threshold;
The corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information is obtained, and counts the frequency of occurrence of each optical path information, it will Transmission device corresponding to the optical path information that frequency of occurrence is one is as failure breakpoint;
Using any failure breakpoint as starting point, transmission device binary tree is constructed based on the networking structure, until the biography The terminal of transfer device binary tree is next failure breakpoint, traverses the transmission device binary tree, and output transmission device failure is fixed Position result.
2. the method according to claim 1, wherein the frequency of occurrence of each optical path information of the statistics, Transmission device corresponding to the optical path information for being one using frequency of occurrence as the step of failure breakpoint, specifically:
Using the transmission device of each physical equipment first line of a couplet as node, by the corresponding optical path information of the transmission device and the second line of a couplet Attribute of the physical equipment information as node establishes failure network element list;
The number that each optical path information occurs in the failure network element list is counted, it, will be described using each optical path information as node Attribute of the corresponding count results of optical path information as node, establishes optical path information list;
The optical path information list is traversed, not in failure corresponding to the node for being one by attribute value in the optical path information list Transmission device in network element list is as failure breakpoint.
3. being based on the method according to claim 1, wherein described using any failure breakpoint as starting point The networking structure constructs transmission device binary tree, until the terminal of the transmission device binary tree is next failure breakpoint Step, specifically:
Using any failure breakpoint as starting point, sequentially taking out in the networking structure has connection relationship with the failure breakpoint Transmission device information;
Using the failure breakpoint as present node, using any next stage transmission device of present node as a left side for present node Child node, using with the transmission device of present node peer as the right child node of present node, and using the left child node as Next present node;
Above-mentioned binary tree building process is repeated, until left child node is next failure breakpoint.
4. the method according to claim 1, wherein if the logout alarm for receiving N number of physical equipment disappears Breath, based on the networking structure of each physical equipment region, determines the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet The step of before, further includes:
Obtain the connection relationship data between the up and down relation data and transmission device between physical equipment and transmission device.
5. the method according to claim 1, wherein the transmission device fault location result specifically includes: institute State the physical equipment failure hung under multiple transmission device failures and transmission device included in transmission device binary tree.
6. a kind of fault locator based on networking structure characterized by comprising
Determining module is based on each physical equipment region if the logout alarm information for receiving N number of physical equipment Networking structure, determine the transmission device information of each physical equipment first line of a couplet;Wherein, N is just more than or equal to preset threshold Integer;
Fault location module for obtaining the corresponding optical path information of each transmission device information, and counts each optical path The frequency of occurrence of information, using transmission device corresponding to optical path information of the frequency of occurrence for one as failure breakpoint;
Output module, for constructing transmission device y-bend based on the networking structure using any failure breakpoint as starting point Tree traverses the transmission device binary tree until the terminal of the transmission device binary tree is next failure breakpoint, and output passes Transfer device fault location result.
7. device according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the fault location module is specifically used for:
Using the transmission device of each physical equipment first line of a couplet as node, by the corresponding optical path information of the transmission device and the second line of a couplet Attribute of the physical equipment information as node establishes failure network element list;
The number that each optical path information occurs in the failure network element list is counted, it, will be described using each optical path information as node Attribute of the corresponding count results of optical path information as node, establishes optical path information list;
The optical path information list is traversed, not in failure corresponding to the node for being one by attribute value in the optical path information list Transmission device in network element list is as failure breakpoint.
8. device according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the output module is specifically used for:
Using any failure breakpoint as starting point, sequentially taking out in the networking structure has connection relationship with the failure breakpoint Transmission device information;
Using the failure breakpoint as present node, using any next stage transmission device of present node as a left side for present node Child node, using with the transmission device of present node peer as the right child node of present node, and using the left child node as Next present node;
Above-mentioned binary tree building process is repeated, until left child node is next failure breakpoint.
9. a kind of electronic equipment characterized by comprising
At least one processor;And
At least one processor being connect with the processor communication, in which:
The memory is stored with the program instruction that can be executed by the processor, and the processor calls described program to instruct energy Enough execute method as claimed in claim 1 to 5.
10. a kind of non-transient computer readable storage medium, which is characterized in that the non-transient computer readable storage medium is deposited Computer instruction is stored up, the computer instruction makes the computer execute method as claimed in claim 1 to 5.
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