CN108883977A - The building glass and related system and method for heat enhancing - Google Patents

Abstract

A kind of building glass of enhancing or the method and system of glass ceramics sheet material or product and building glass or glass ceramics sheet material or product for manufacturing the enhancing are provided.The method includes cooling down the building glass piece sufficiently long time by contactless heat transfer with the surface compression and center tension of the fixation sheet material.The method produces the building glass piece of heat enhancing, can be incorporated into one or more panes in single pane or more pane windows.

Description

The building glass and related system and method for heat enhancing

Technical field

The application according to Patent Law require on October 2nd, 2015 U.S.Provisional Serial 62/236296 submitted with And the U.S.Provisional Serial 62/288851 submitted on January 29th, 2016 and the U.S. submitted on January 29th, 2016 face When patent application serial numbers 62/288669 benefit of priority, and require according to Patent Law the benefit of priority of following item：2015 The Application U.S. Serial No 14/ that the Application U.S. Serial No 14/814232 and on July 30th, 2015 that July 30 submitted are submitted The Application U.S. Serial No 14/814293 and the beauty submitted on July 30th, 2015 that on July 30th, 814274 and 2015 submits Application U.S. Serial No 14/814363 that state's patent application serial numbers 14/814303 and on July 30th, 2015 submit and 2015 The Application U.S. Serial No 14/ that the Application U.S. Serial No 14/814319 and on July 30th, 2015 that July 30 submitted are submitted 814335, the full content of the application is the foundation of this paper, and is integrally incorporated by reference herein.

Background technique

The disclosure relates generally to the building glass of thermal conditioning, and more particularly to the hot building glass enhanced and is related to using In the correlation technique and system that carry out hot enhancing to building glass (especially for thin building glass piece).

In heat (or " physics ") enhancing of building glass piece, the vitrifying that building glass piece is heated to above glass is turned Then sheet surface is quickly cooled down (" quenching ") by the high temperature of temperature, the interior zone of sheet material is at the same time with more slow rate It is cooling.Interior zone is more slowly cooling, because they are isolated by the thickness of building glass and rather low thermal conductivity.It is dispar Cooling generates residual compressive stress in glass surface region, is put down by the tensile residual stresses in building glass central area Weigh the residual compressive stress.

The heat enhancing of glass is different from the Chemical enhancement of glass, by changing near-surface region in the Chemical enhancement In the Chemical composition that (pass through such as ion spread method) of glass generate bearing stress.Expanded some based on ion In scattered method, can by the way that larger ion is changed into the exterior section compared with small ion come reinforcing glass near glass surface, So as on the surface or surface is applied around compression (also referred to as negative tensile stress).Compression is construed to limit crack initiation And/or it propagates.

The heat enhancing of glass is also different from the glass enhanced by the following method：Pass through two types of combination in the method The glass of type enhances or arranges the exterior section of glass.In such method, the glass combination with different heat expansion coefficient The layer of object combines or laminated together when hotter.For example, by the molten glass layers with relatively low thermel expansion coefficient (CTE) Between sandwich the melten glass with higher CTE, when glass is cooling, the positive tension in inner glass compresses outer layer, thus again The secondary compression that formed on the surface is to balance positive tensile stress.This bearing stress provides enhancing.

The building glass of heat enhancing has the advantage that relative to non-reinforced building glass.With non-reinforced building glass phase Than the surface compression of the building glass of enhancing provides bigger resistance to fracture.Intensity increase usually with the amount of bearing stress It is proportional.If sheet material has enough heat enhancings horizontal relative to its thickness, if that sheet material is damaged, then usually it will It is divided into fractionlet without being divided into big fragment or elongated chips with sharp edges.As limited by the various standards established , the glass for being divided into sufficiently small fragment or " stripping and slicing " can be described as safety glass or " complete tempering " glass, or sometimes referred to as For " tempering " glass.

Because enhancing degree depends on the glass sheet surface during quenching and the temperature difference between center, more thin glass is needed Will more high cooldown rate to reach given applied stress.Moreover, more thin glass usually requires higher bearing stress value and center Stress value so as to fracture when realize stripping and slicing at little particle.Therefore, if not can not if, with a thickness of about 3mm or more Realize that desired temper level is very challenging in small glass.

All aspects of this disclosure be also generally related to for enhance the stress distribution of its exterior section building glass or Glass ceramics.Building glass and glass and ceramic product (such as building glass piece) can be used for being widely applied.The reality of these applications Example include in building, family, hotel, office and other similar building body building window, single pane and more pane windows, Indoor and outdoors window, vacuum thermal insulation glass window and safety glass window.

Summary of the invention

Disclosure part is related to highly reinforcing thin building glass piece and product, and is related in past unconsummated thickness Lower method, process and the system for realizing surprising sheet glass height heat enhancing.In various embodiments, it is believed that the disclosure Process and method be more than conventional convection air heat Enhancement Method provided by building glass thickness limitation and rate of heat transfer, without It needs to contact building glass with liquid or solid radiator.In such system and method, during quenching, building glass only with Gas contact.Disclosed system and method can realize heat enhancing in the thin building glass piece of thickness as little as at least 0.1mm, Including reaching " complete tempering " or stripping and slicing behavior；(in the embodiment of at least some considerations) and in some embodiments In, this enhancing is provided in thin building glass piece, the thin building glass piece is during quenching due to lacking liquid or solid It contacts and also there is low roughness and high flat degree.In various embodiments, compared with conventional convection glass tempering system, this A little advantageous building glass sheet material forms are provided by the significant lower system and method for quenching power requirement.

One embodiment of the disclosure is related to the method for heat enhancing building glass material.The method includes providing The product formed by building glass material.The method includes product is heated to the glass transition temperature of building glass material More than.The method includes the product of heating is moved in cooling stations.The cooling stations include radiator, the heat dissipation utensil The gas gap for having the spreader surface for the product for facing heating and separating the product of spreader surface and heating, so that dissipating Hot device surface does not contact the product of heating.The method includes the part coolings that will be heated to the temperature for being lower than glass transition temperature Degree, so that generating bearing stress and center tensile stress in product.By the convection current across the gap, by by thermal energy from institute It states product and is transmitted to the radiator to cool down the product, so that being more than the heat of 20% product for leaving the heating It can be received across the gap and by the radiator.

Another embodiment of the disclosure is related to a kind of system for heat enhancing building glass piece.The system comprises Heating station, the heating station includes the heating element that heat is delivered to the sheet glass, and sheet glass includes the first main table Thickness between face, the second main surface and the first main surface and the second main surface.The system comprises cooling stations, the cooling Station includes opposite the first spreader surface and the second spreader surface, first spreader surface and the second spreader surface Channel is defined therebetween so that during cooling, the sheet glass is located in the channel.The system comprises gas bearing, Gas-pressurized is delivered to the channel so that the sheet glass is supported in the channel, without contacting by the gas bearing First and second spreader surfaces, and gas bearing limits interval area.Gas bearing by gas delivery into channel so that For square metre interval area, into channel total gas mass velocity be greater than zero and be less than 2k/gC_p, wherein k is thermally conductive The thermal conductivity of gas in the channel assessed on direction, g are the distance between sheet glass and spreader surface, and C_pIt is in channel The specific heat capacity of gas.

Another embodiment of the disclosure is related to the building glass or glass and ceramic product of enhancing.Product includes first main Surface, second main surface opposite with the first main surface and the inner area between the first main surface and the second main surface Domain.The average thickness that product includes between the first main surface and the second main surface is less than 4mm.Product includes at least 70 weight % Silica.At least part of ion concentration and chemical component and interior zone of first main surface and the second main surface At least part of ion concentration is identical with chemical component.First main surface and the second main surface are under compression and inside Region is under tensile stress, and compression is greater than 150MPa.The surface roughness of first main surface is between 0.2 and 1.5nm R_a Between roughness.

Another embodiment of the disclosure is related to building glass or glass-ceramic layer in building window.In embodiment In, window includes the first layer and the second layer based on glass based on glass.In embodiments, first based on glass layer include First main surface and the second main surface, the first main body formed by the first glass material and the first outer edge.In embodiment In, second based on glass layer include the first main surface and the second main surface, by the second main body that the second glass material is formed with And second outer edge.Second based on glass layer with first distance with first based on glass interlayer separate, and be arranged to First distance is arranged essentially parallel to the first layer based on glass.In embodiments, second based on glass layer include being located at the Two interior zones between the first main surface and the second main surface of layer based on glass.In embodiments, second it is based on glass The layer of glass includes：At least part of ion concentration and chemical component and interior zone of first main surface and the second main surface At least part of ion concentration is identical with chemical component.In embodiments, the first main surface and the second main surface are in pressure Under stress and interior zone is under tensile stress, and compression is greater than 150Mpa.In embodiments, second it is based on glass Layer the first main surface surface roughness between 0.2 and 2.0nm R_aBetween roughness.

Another embodiment of the disclosure is related to building glass or glass-ceramic layer in the window of building body.In embodiment party In case, window includes the first layer and the second layer based on glass based on glass.In embodiments, the first layer packet based on glass Include the first main surface and the second main surface, the first main body formed by the first glass material and the first outer edge.In embodiment party In case, second based on glass layer include the first main surface and the second main surface, the second main body formed by the second glass material And second outer edge.The first main surface and the second main surface of second layer based on glass are separated by thickness t.Second is based on glass The layer of glass with first distance with first based on glass interlayer separate, and be arranged to be arranged essentially parallel to first with first distance Layer based on glass.In embodiments, along any 50mm or smaller of the second first main surface of layer based on glass Profile, the first main surface are flat in the degree of 100 μm of total instruction bounce (TIR).In embodiments, it second is based on The layer of glass includes glass material, and the glass material has the low-temperature linear CTE α indicated with 1/ DEG C^S _CTE, indicated with 1/ DEG C The linear CTE α of high temperature^L _CTE, by elastic modulus E that GPa is indicated, by DEG C as unit of the strain temperature T that indicates_StrainWith by DEG C as unit of The softening temperature T of expression_Softening.In other embodiments, second based on glass layer the first main surface have it is a certain thermotropic Bearing stress, the thermotropic bearing stress are less than 600MPa and are greater than

As unit of MPa；

Wherein P₁It is provided by the following formula

P₂It is provided by the following formula

And h is greater than or equal to 0.020cal/scm²·℃。

Another embodiment of the disclosure is related to building glass or glass-ceramic layer in building window.In embodiment In, window includes the first glass plate and the second glass plate.In embodiments, the first glass plate includes that the first main surface and second are main Surface, the first main body formed by the first glass material and the first outer edge.In embodiments, the second glass plate includes the One main surface and the second main surface, the second main body formed by the second glass material and the second outer edge.Second glass plate with First distance is spaced apart with the first glass plate, and is arranged to be arranged essentially parallel to the first glass plate with first distance.Implementing In scheme, along any 50mm or smaller profile of the first main surface of the second glass plate, the first main surface is total at 100 μm It indicates to be flat in the degree of bounce (TIR).In embodiments, the second glass plate includes glass, the glass have with DEG C for unit indicate softening temperature T_SofteningWith by DEG C as unit of the annealing temperature T that indicates_AnnealingWith the first master in the second glass plate Measured on surface by DEG C as unit of indicate when the surface fictive temperature that is indicated by Tfs.In embodiments, the second glass plate With by (Tfs-T_Annealing)/(T_Softening-T_Annealing) the dimensionless surface fictive temperature parameter θ s that provides.In embodiments, parameter θ s exists In the range of 0.20 to 0.9.

Other feature and advantage will illustrate in detailed description below, and by describing, in these feature and advantage Part those skilled in the art will be apparent, or can also by practice this paper written description and its claim Book and attached embodiment described in figure and recognize the part in these feature and advantage.

It will be appreciated that the two outlined above and described below is exemplary only and is intended to provide for understanding the power The summary or frame of property and feature that benefit requires.

It is further understood and the attached drawing is incorporated to and in this specification and is constituted the one of this specification including attached drawing with providing Part.Detailed description of the invention one or more embodiment and principle and the behaviour for being used to explain various embodiments together with the description Make.

Detailed description of the invention

Fig. 1 (prior art) is the curve graph depending on blower power needed for thickness of glass " complete tempering ".

Fig. 2 (prior art) is to depend on thickness of glass for aging method or machine O and compared with new method or machine N The curve graph of blower power needed for " complete tempering ".

Fig. 3 (prior art) is scaled to match the curve graph of Fig. 1 and the old curve O of Fig. 2 superposed thereon and new The curve graph of curve N.

Fig. 4 is according to the building glass or glass and ceramic product of exemplary implementation scheme or the perspective view of sheet material.

Fig. 5 is the diagram partial cross section according to the building glass piece of the heat enhancing of Fig. 4 of exemplary implementation scheme.

Fig. 6 is the estimation tensile stress relative thickness of the building glass or glass and ceramic product according to exemplary implementation scheme Graphical representation.

Fig. 7 shows a part of glass or glass and ceramic product according to the fracture of exemplary implementation scheme.

Fig. 8 is the curve graph of the fragmentation every square centimeter depending on the positive tensile stress from experiment.

Fig. 9 is the curve graph of the negative tensile stress magnitude in surface depending on the initial hot zone temperature from experiment, shows realization The threshold value of stripping and slicing.

Figure 10 is for the fictive temperature obtained by means of the present invention with one or more embodiments of system The curve graph of dimensionless surface fictive temperature parameter θ s.

Figure 11 is the curve graph of the bearing stress calculated for different glass composition by simulation, is for shown What the drawability parameter Ψ of various compositions having been proposed that was drawn.

Figure 12 and Figure 13 is two parameter P of the function depending on heat transfer coefficient h₁And P₂Curve graph.

Figure 14 is the song of the glass sheet surface compression (as unit of MPa) depending on sheet thickness t (in millimeters) Line chart shows through one or more embodiments of the system and method for the disclosure performance zones newly opened.

Figure 15 is to show to depend on thickness for what the selected exemplary implementation scheme of the tempered glass piece of the disclosure was drawn Compression curve graph.

Figure 16 is the flow chart for showing some aspects according to disclosed method.

Figure 17 is the flow chart for showing some aspects of another method according to the disclosure.

Figure 18 is the curve graph of Fig. 3, indicates region R and point A, B, A' and B' thereon to show disclosed method and system Allow the region (compared with prior art) operated.

Figure 19 is another expression of the region R and point A, B, A' and B' of Figure 18, but the minification copy of neighborhood graph 2 (and positioning relative to ratio) is shown.

Figure 20 (prior art) is the curve graph of heat transfer coefficient required needed for the tempering depending on thickness of glass.

Figure 21 be according to exemplary implementation scheme by conduction rather than the diagram of sheet glass that is cooled down by convection current Section.

Figure 22 is the schematic sectional view according to the conduction enhancing system of exemplary implementation scheme.

Figure 23 is another embodiment according to the system similar with the system of Figure 22 of exemplary implementation scheme The perspective sectional view.

Figure 24 is the perspective sectional view according to the alternate embodiment of the insertion feature of Figure 23 of exemplary implementation scheme.

Figure 25 is the perspective according to another alternate embodiment of the insertion feature of Figure 23 of exemplary implementation scheme Cross-sectional view.

Figure 26 is the flow chart for showing some aspects of another method according to exemplary implementation scheme.

Figure 27 is the perspective view according to the building with building glass window of exemplary implementation scheme.

Figure 28 is the perspective view of the display on the work top according to exemplary implementation scheme.

Figure 29 is the decomposition perspective view according to the device including glass or glass and ceramic product of exemplary implementation scheme.

Figure 30 is according to the glass or glass and ceramic product of exemplary implementation scheme or the perspective view of sheet material.

Figure 31 is the building window that the outside of slave building body according to an embodiment is seen.

Figure 32-33 is the periphery edge according to the double window lattice window of exemplary implementation scheme seen along the line 1-1 of Figure 31 Cross-sectional view.

Figure 34 is cuing open according to the periphery edges of the line 1-1 along Figure 31 of the exemplary implementation scheme three pane windows seen View.

Figure 35 is the front view according to exemplary hollow heat-intercepting glass (VIG) window of exemplary implementation scheme.

Figure 36 is the periphery edge according to the double window lattice VIG window of exemplary implementation scheme seen along the line 1-1 of Figure 35 Cross-sectional view.

Figure 37 is the short distance cross-sectional view of exemplary glass bump spacer.

Figure 38 is the cross-sectional view of the periphery edge for the three pane VIG windows seen along the line 1-1 of Figure 35, three pane VIG window has intermediate layer based on glass, wherein two surfaces of projection of glass spacer layer based on glass formed between In.

Figure 39 is the cross-sectional view of the periphery edge for the exemplary three panes VIG window seen along the line 1-1 of Figure 35, described three Pane VIG window have be formed in rear portion based on glass layer rather than between second group of projection of glass in intermediate layer based on glass Spacing body.

Figure 40 is the cross-sectional view of the periphery edge for the exemplary three panes VIG window seen along the line 1-1 of Figure 35, described three Pane VIG window, which has, is formed in front and rear layer rather than first group of glass in intermediate layer based on glass based on glass Bump spacer and second group of projection of glass spacer.

Specific embodiment

Applicants have realized that needing in the method and system of the building glass for heat enhancing and in resulting heat The heat treatment of building glass is improved in terms of building glass piece of enhancing itself.For example, relatively thin but height optical quality builds glass Glass sheet material (for example, building glass pane) and product including such building glass piece be for many applications it is useful, it is described Using window, the building window of the inside and outside single pane and more panes for including building, family, office and similar structures The layer or pane of family, vacuum insulated glass building (VIG) window etc..It will be appreciated that the compressibility of glass is very strong, but to resistance to surface It is relatively weak in terms of power.By providing compression at sheet surface, (compression passes through at the center of not exposed surface Power balances), the useful intensity of building glass piece dramatically increases.Although however, relative to alternative Enhancement Method (for example, changing Learn enhancing, the enhancing based on lamination), traditional hot building glass enhancing is usually cheaper and more rapidly, but thin for enhancing builds Build glass (for example, 2-3mm or smaller building glass piece), it is known that traditional hot building glass enhancing is not effective.It passes The hot glass strengthening method of system is typically considered to be limited to thicker sheet glass, because enhancing is horizontal depending on during process for quenching The temperature difference generated between glass sheet surface and center；And because of the heat conduction rate limitation of traditional Enhancement Method, due to usually sending out The raw relatively uniform cooling on entire thin glass sheet, therefore, it is difficult to realize between thin building glass piece surface and center The significant temperature difference.

On the other hand, enhanced by ion exchange thin building glass may be it is time-consuming and troublesome, such as need to extend The period of building glass chemical bath.Directly different types of building glass is laminated to may need complicated manufacturer each other Method is such as related to double overflow slot fusion draw.

Therefore, it is necessary to have cause enhancing to building glass with for various uses (such as window, work top, Used in device etc.) particular stress distribution building glass or glass and ceramic product, the building glass or glass ceramics system Resource density is lower and/or more unpainful method is made by being compared with the traditional method for product.Specifically, it is discussed herein Method and system forms the building glass product with the stress distribution of exterior section of enhancing building glass, and then is used to subtract Light cracking and destruction, while allowing various other required building glass quality (for example, geometry, surface quality, visible light Transmissivity, flexibility etc.) so as to the use that facilitates in the application of various building glass.

This specification provide for using heat enhancing come produce highly reinforcing building glass material (and especially height Enhancing thin building glass piece) improved method and system.Method and system solves the various of routine building glass strengthening method Limitation, thus allow thickness be less than about 3mm, less than 2mm, less than 1.5mm, less than 1.0mm, less than 0.5mm, be less than about High-caliber enhancing is realized in 0.25mm and building glass piece less than about 0.1mm.Specifically, applicant develop provide it is non- The often system and method for high heat conduction rate, thus formed between building glass piece surface and center the sufficiently large temperature difference so as to Enhancing or tempering are provided in very thin building glass piece.

The summary and limitation of conventional thermal tempering technology

Conventional commercial method for hot-reinforced glass includes：(or two kinds of technologies are used in radiation energy furnace or convection furnace " integrated mode " furnace) in sheet glass is heated to predetermined temperature, then typically via by being blown against or along glass surface The convection current of a large amount of surrounding airs is sent to carry out gas cooling (" quenching ").This method for gas cooling is mainly convection current, is thus led to The mass motion (collective motion) of fluid is crossed to be conducted heat (by diffusion and advection), because gas is by heat from hot glass sheet It takes away.

In conventional tempering method, certain factors can limit in sheet glass (especially thin glass sheet) and be typically considered to possibility Enhancing amount.Be partially present limitation because the compression amount on finished sheet directly with the sheet surface realized during quenching Temperature difference size between center is related.However, a possibility that temperature difference during quenching is bigger, and glass ruptures during quenching is got over Greatly.For given cooling rate, rupture can be reduced by quenching since higher initial glass temperature.In addition, more High initial temperature allows generally for tempered glass piece to realize the whole enhancing potentiality provided by high cooldown rate.However, quenching Increasing sheet temperature when beginning also has the shortcomings that its is potential.For example, higher initial glass temperature may cause sheet material because of it Become softer and excessive deformation, to limit the practical achievable temperature difference.

In conventional tempering method, sheet thickness also applies significant limitation to the temperature difference achievable during quenching.For Given cooling rate during quenching, sheet material is thinner, and the temperature difference between surface and center is with regard to smaller.This is because for will in The heart and the thickness of glass that surface is insulated are smaller.Therefore, the heat enhancing of thin glass usually requires higher cooling rate (with thicker glass The hot reinforced phase ratio of glass), and therefore remove heat more quickly from glass outer surface and usually require significant energy consumption, with Just the enhancing for generating the temperature difference between the inside and outside of sheet glass is horizontal.

For example, Fig. 1, which is shown, is used to blow enough surrounding airs and carry out " complete tempering " soda-lime glass (" SLG ") Air blower needed for power (by kilowatt/every square metre of sheet glass area as unit of), depend on glass in millimeters Glass thickness, based on the hot Enhancement Method of professional standard developed before 35 years.As used glass is thinning, required power is in finger Increase severally.Therefore, the sheet glass of about 3mm thickness is the commercial glass of most thin complete hot tempering available for many years.

In addition, sheet material is thinner, a possibility that glass deformation, is bigger under given pliability (that is, in given viscosity).Cause This, reduced thickness directly reduces the achievable temperature difference, and because the risk of sheet material deformation increases and tends to reduce using more Machine of the high sheet temperature to obtain whole benefits of more high cooldown rate and prevent the glass as caused by more high cooldown rate from rupturing Meeting.Therefore, in conventional convection gas glass strengthening method, higher cooling rate is accomplished by the following way：Increase empty Gas velocity reduces air jet orifice to the distance of glass sheet surface, increases the temperature (when beginning to cool) of glass, and appoint The temperature of selection of land reduction cooling air.

As nearest example, the performance curve of Fig. 2 (prior art) is to enhance equipment using the glass heat of the prior art Publication.This improved equipment continues to use traditional air blowing convective methods to cool down glass, but by least in heating Support the systematic substitution of glass for supporting the roller of glass during heating during final stage using air.It is connect in no roller In the case where touching, glass can be heated to higher temperature (and higher pliability/lower viscosity) before quenching, It is reported that allow to produce the complete tempered glass of 2mm thickness.As shown in Fig. 2, compared with using roller (curve O), using empty Gas come support glass (curve N) to realize higher temperature under, the blower power reported needed for enhancing the sheet material of 2mm thickness from 1200kW/m²It is reduced to 400kW/m²。

Although it indicates the process for being able to produce the 2mm heavy sheet glass of complete tempering, such as shown in Fig. 3 (prior art), The old curve O and new curve N of Fig. 2 is scaled to match the ratio of Fig. 1 and exemplify and (scheme by the convection current toughening method of state of the art Shown in 2) realize performance improvement it is relatively small and only to sheet glass convection current enhancing in energy requirement first feed-forward nets in Progressive change.In Fig. 3, the old curve O and new curve N of Fig. 2 is scaled to match the curve graph of Fig. 1 and be covered on it (wherein old curve O is in 240kW/m²Top be truncated in order to check new curve N).From figure 3, it can be seen that working as thickness of glass When being reduced to 2mm from 3mm, the technology indicated by curve N only slightly changes the performance curve of convection gas process for quenching.Height behaviour Make point (for 2mm glass, blower power 400kW/m²) show and handled by this method compared with power needed for thin glass Still there is great increase.Air-flow sharply increases, therefore required power shows, it is difficult to enhance using conventional convection gas Method reaches while producing full tempered glass lower than the thickness of 2mm (as engineering practice and economic problem).In addition, Required very high air-flow it is also possible that thin slice shape distortion.Therefore, in order to realize thickness less than 2mm glass it is complete Tempering or in order to thermal expansion coefficient (" CTE ") be lower than using hot tempering soda-lime glass thermal expansion coefficient glass in The complete tempering of 2mm is realized, applicant have determined that needing using another toughening method/system.

Also the hot Enhancement Method of substituted type of current commercial convection type gas enhancing is had attempted to, but every kind of method is in convection current Gas enhancing aspect has certain disadvantages.Specifically, realizing that the typical alternative hot Enhancement Method of more high cooldown rate is logical It often requires at least some liquid or solids to contact with glass surface, rather than is only contacted with gas.This with sheet glass contacts The uniformity of glass surface quality, glass flatness and/or Enhancement Method may be negatively affected.These defects sometimes can be by Human eye is discovered, when especially watching in reflected light.As described in more detail below, at least in some embodiments, originally Disclosed thermally conductive tempering system reduce or eliminate it is such with contact relevant defect.

Contact enhancing using liquid (in the form immersed in liquid bath or working fluid and in spraying form) Enhance higher cooling rate than convection gas to realize, but has and cause excessive thermal change on sheet material during cooling means The shortcomings that change.During immersion or class immersion in liquid are sprayed or flow, due to the spontaneous production in liquid bath or liquid flow Larger thermal change may occur in smaller area for raw convection current.In finer be sprayed, discontinuous spray droplet Significant thermal change is also generated with the effect of nozzle spray pattern.Excessive thermal change is tended to increase in the heat contacted by liquid Glass is caused to rupture during strong, this can mitigate by limitation cooling rate, but limitation cooling velocity is also reduced and be can be achieved Gained intensity.In addition, the necessary processing of sheet material (is located or is maintained in liquid bath or liquid flows or liquid spray In) also due to being physically contacted with sheet material and leading to physical stress and excessive thermal change, to also tend to cause during enhancing It ruptures and limits cooling velocity and gained is slight.Finally, some liquid cooling methods (such as pass through oil immersion and various spraying skills The high cooldown rate of art quenches) glass surface can be changed in this cooling period, thus it requires being moved later from glass sheet surface Except glass material to generate satisfactory finish.

The enhancing of solid contact heat is comprising contacting the surface of hot glass with the colder surface of solids.Enhance as liquid contacts Equally, excessive thermal change may be easy to produce in quenched period, as seen in liquid contact enhancing.Sheet glass Surface smoothness, any defect of the consistency of hardened face or sheet thickness all can cause the bad of some region of sheet material to connect Touching, and this bad contact may cause larger thermal change, tend to rupture glass and such as chankings during processing Material may also lead to undesirable birefringent if surviving.Additionally, hot glass sheet is made to contact can lead to solid objects to be formed Surface defect, chip, check, cracking, crackle, scratch etc..With the increase of sheets of sizes, in the whole surface of sheet glass Upper realization good physical contact may also become more and more difficult.Physical contact with the surface of solids can also during quenching machine Sheet material is suppressed to tool, to increase a possibility that destroying sheet material during the method.In addition, start contact when hypervelocity temperature Degree changes the rupture that can lead to during thin slice processing, and therefore the contact cooling of thin glass substrate is commercially infeasible 's.

The heat enhancing building glass of applicant and the general introduction of related conductive cooling procedure and method

The disclosure surmounts above-mentioned conventional method and builds so that efficiently and effectively and uniformly underground heat enhancing is thin according to commercial size Build sheet glass, without generating common various defects in conventional method, for example, do not damage glass surface, do not cause it is double Reflect, non-uniform enhancing, and/or do not lead to unacceptable rupture etc..One disclosed herein or more can be passed through A embodiment produces the relatively thin hot tempering that can not have previously obtained/enhancing building glass piece.The system and method being discussed herein This point is completed by providing very high rate of heat transfer in a precise way, wherein carrying out good physics control to building glass System and soft processing.In specific embodiments, the method and system being discussed herein utilizes small in cooling/quenching part Gap gas bearing, applicant have determined that the cooling/quenching part allows to handle in cooling start with higher relative temperature Thin building glass piece, it is horizontal so as to cause higher heat enhancing.As described below, this small―gap suture gas bearing cooling/quenching portion Divide through the heat transfer across the gap to radiator rather than is realized very using the convection current cooling moved based on upper air current High rate of heat transfer.By the way that building glass to be supported in the gas bearing in gap, realize that this high rate of heat transfer is led, simultaneously Building glass and liquid or solid material are not made.As described below, applicant has also been determined that, at least some embodiments In, the method and system being discussed herein forms heat enhancing building glass (the especially hot increasing with one or more peculiar properties Strong thin building glass).

By being had according to some embodiments of disclosed method and/or the building glass piece of system processing than previous Known higher levels of permanent thermotropic stress.In the case where without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that realize level Thermotropic stress can combination due to and obtain.The high homogeneity of heat transfer in method detailed in this article, which reduces or eliminates, to be built Build the physics in glass and undesirable thermal stress, thus allow building glass piece with higher rate of heat transfer carry out tempering without Rupture.In addition, this method can execute under lower building glass piece viscosity (begins with higher initial temperature in quenching Degree), while required building glass flatness and shape are still kept, this provides bigger temperature in cooling means and changes, from And it is horizontal to increase the hot enhancing realized.

Hot tempering building glass piece

As described above, applicant, which has developed, is used to form heat enhancing building glass piece (especially thin building glass piece) System and method, and as this section is discussed, the heat formed as discussed herein, which enhances thin building glass piece, to be had One or more peculiar properties that previously cannot achieve by conventional thermal tempering method or other toughening methods and/or property group It closes.

The structure snd size of hot tempering building glass piece

With reference to Fig. 4 and Fig. 5, shown according to exemplary implementation scheme with high bearing stress and/or high center tension Heat enhancing building glass piece.Fig. 4 shows the perspective view of heat enhancing building glass or glass and ceramic product or sheet material 500, and Fig. 5 It is the diagram partial cross section according to the heat enhancing building glass piece 500 of one or more embodiments.Sheet material 500 can also be at this It is referred to as pane in text or as layer based on glass.

As shown in figure 4, enhancing building glass or glass and ceramic product 500 (such as sheet material, beam, plate) include the first main table Face 510, the second main surface 520 (to the dotted line of the back side of sheet material 500, can be translucent as disclosed herein ) and the main body 522 that extends therebetween.Second main surface 520 is in the side opposite with the first main surface 510 of main body 522 On, so that enhancing building glass or the thickness t of glass ceramics piece 500 are defined as the first main surface 510 and the second main surface 520 The distance between, wherein thickness t is also the size of depth.Enhancing building glass or the width w of glass ceramics piece 500 are defined as The first size orthogonal with thickness t of one of first main surface 510 and the second main surface 520.Enhance building glass or glass pottery The length l of tile 500 is defined as the orthogonal with thickness t and width w of one of the first main surface 510 and the second main surface 520 Second size.

In an exemplary embodiment, the thickness t of building glass piece 500 is less than the length l of building glass piece 500.At it In his exemplary implementation scheme, the thickness t of building glass piece 500 is less than the width w of building glass piece 500.It is other other In exemplary implementation scheme, the thickness t of building glass piece 500 is less than both the length l and width w of building glass piece 500.Such as figure Shown in 5, building glass piece 500 has permanent thermotropic also at the first main surface 510 and the second main surface 520 and/or nearby Compression region 530 and 540 passes through permanent thermotropic center tensile stress (i.e. tension) region 550 in sheet material central part To balance.

Method and system can be used to form the enhancing building glass piece with various thickness range.In various embodiment party In case, the range of the thickness t of building glass piece 500 be from 0.1mm to 5.7mm or 6.0mm, other than end point values, including 0.2mm, 0.28mm, 0.4mm, 0.5mm, 0.55mm, 0.7mm, 1mm, 1.1mm, 1.5mm, 1.8mm, 2mm and 3.2mm.Consider Embodiment includes heat enhancing building glass piece 500, and the range of thickness is as follows：From 0.1mm to 20mm, from 0.1mm to 16mm, From 0.1mm to 12mm, from 0.1mm to 8mm, from 0.1mm to 6mm, from 0.1mm to 4mm, from 0.1mm to 3mm, from 0.1mm to 2mm, from 0.1mm to less than 2mm, from 0.1mm to 1.5mm, from 0.1mm to 1mm, from 0.1mm to 0.7mm, from 0.1mm to 0.5mm and from 0.1mm to 0.3mm.

In some embodiments, using with a thickness of 3mm or smaller building glass piece.In some embodiments, it builds Building thickness of glass is about (for example, add deduct 1%) 8mm or smaller, about 6mm or smaller, about 3mm or smaller, about 2.5mm or more Small, about 2mm or smaller, about 1.8mm or smaller, about 1.6mm or smaller, about 1.4mm or smaller, about 1.2mm or smaller, about 1mm Or smaller, about 0.8mm or smaller, about 0.7mm or smaller, about 0.6mm or smaller, about 0.5mm or smaller, about 0.4mm or smaller, About 0.3mm or smaller or about 0.28mm or smaller.

In some embodiments, heat enhancing building glass piece is with high aspect ratio-that is, the ratio of length and width and thickness Rate is larger.Because of air of the hot tempering method being discussed herein independent of high pressure or large volume, it is possible to by using this The gas bearing and high heat transfer rate system that text discusses keep various building glass piece performances after tempering, and (such as surface is thick Rugosity and flatness).Similarly, the hot tempering method being discussed herein allows heat while keeping expectation or necessary shape to increase Strong high aspect ratio building glass piece is (that is, length and what the ratio of thickness was higher or the ratio of width and thickness is higher or both build Build sheet glass).Specifically, length and thickness ratio and/or width and thickness ratio (" aspect ratio ") can be enhanced about extremely Few 10:1, at least 20:It 1 and is up to and more than 1000:1 sheet material.In the embodiment of consideration, aspect ratio can be enhanced It is at least 200:1, at least 500:1, at least 1000:1, at least 2000:1, at least 4000:1 sheet material.

According to exemplary implementation scheme, the length l for enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 is greater than or equal to width w, Twice of all such as larger than width w, five times greater than width w, and/or 50 times no more than width w.In some such embodiment party In case, the width w for enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 is greater than or equal to thickness t, and twice of all such as larger than thickness t, big Five times in thickness t, and/or 50 times no more than thickness t.

In some embodiments, it is such as applied disclosed in Figure 27-30 for discussed below, for example, building glass Glass or the length l of glass ceramics piece 500 are at least 1cm, such as at least 3cm, at least 5cm, at least 7.5cm, at least 20cm, at least 50cm, and/or it is not more than 50m, such as no more than 10m, no more than 7.5m, no more than 5m.In some such embodiments, build The length w for building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 is at least 1cm, such as at least 3cm, at least 5cm, at least 7.5cm, at least 20cm, At least 50cm, and/or it is not more than 50m, such as no more than 10m, no more than 7.5m, no more than 5m.With reference to Fig. 4, building glass or Glass ceramics is in the form of sheet material 500, and the thickness t of the sheet material 500 is less than 5 centimetres, such as 2.5cm or smaller, 1cm or more Small, 5mm or smaller, 2.5mm or smaller, 2mm or smaller, 1.7mm or smaller, 1.5mm or smaller, 1.2mm or smaller, Huo Zhe Even 1mm or smaller in the embodiment of consideration, such as 0.8mm or smaller；And/or thickness t is at least 10 μm, such as at least 50 μm, at least 100 μm, at least 300 μm.

In the embodiment that other consider, building glass or glass and ceramic product may be sized to herein Disclosed difference.In the embodiment of consideration, length l, width w and/or the thickness t of building glass or glass and ceramic product It can change relative to each other, such as more complicated geometry (referring generally to Figure 30), wherein size disclosed herein At least it is suitable for each side of corresponding building glass or glass and ceramic product defined above with length l, width w and thickness t Face.

In some embodiments, at least one of the first surface 510 of building glass piece 500 or second surface 520 With relatively large surface area.In various embodiments, the area of first surface 510 and/or second surface 520 is at least 100mm², such as at least 900mm², at least 2500mm², at least 5000mm², at least 100cm², at least 900cm², at least 2500cm², at least 5000cm², and/or it is not more than 2500m², such as no more than 100m², be not more than 5000cm², be not more than 2500cm², be not more than 1000cm², be not more than 500cm², be not more than 100cm².In this way, building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 can With relatively large surface area；Except through method disclosed herein and system, it is likely difficult to or hot can not enhances, especially It is the thickness simultaneously with the building glass piece being discussed herein, surface quality and/or strain uniformity.In addition, except through this Method and system disclosed in text, not against ion exchange or building glass type change, it may be difficult to or can not Realize the negative tensile stress part of stress distribution, especially stress distribution (referring generally to Fig. 6).

Heat enhancing building glass piece compression and tensile stress

As indicated above, the heat enhancing building glass piece being discussed herein can have unexpected high bearing stress (for example, in region 530,540 shown in Fig. 5), unexpected high center tensile stress are (for example, region shown in Fig. 5 In 550) and/or unique stress distribution (see Fig. 6).In the low thickness for considering building glass piece 500 as discussed herein And/or other specific physical properties are (for example, low-down roughness, high flat degree, various optical properties, fictive temperature property Deng) in the case where, this is especially true.

The compression of the building glass formed by method disclosed herein and system is (for example, region shown in Fig. 5 530, in 540) thickness of glass t can be depended on and changed.In various embodiments, with a thickness of 3mm or smaller building glass The compression (for example, bearing stress) of glass (such as building glass piece 500) is as follows：At least 45MPa, at least 60MPa, at least 80MPa, at least 100MPa, at least 150MPa, at least 200MPa, at least 250MPa, at least 300MPa, at least 350MPa, at least 400Mpa and/or be not more than 1GPa.In the embodiment of consideration, such as with a thickness of the compression of 2mm or smaller building glass Under：At least 45MPa, at least 60MPa, at least 80MPa, at least 100MPa, at least 150MPa, at least 175MPa, at least 200MPa, At least 250MPa, at least 300MPa, at least 350MPa, at least 400Mpa and/or be not more than 1GPa.In the embodiment of consideration In, the compression with a thickness of 1.5mm or smaller building glass is as follows：At least 45MPa, at least 60MPa, at least 80MPa, at least 100MPa, at least 150MPa, at least 175MPa, at least 200MPa, at least 250MPa, at least 300MPa, at least 350Mpa and/or No more than 1GPa.In the embodiment of consideration, the compression with a thickness of 1mm or smaller building glass is as follows：At least 45MPa, at least 60MPa, at least 80MPa, at least 100MPa, at least 150MPa, at least 175MPa, at least 200MPa, at least 250MPa, at least 300Mpa and/or be not more than 1GPa.In the embodiment of consideration, with a thickness of 0.5mm or smaller building glass The compression of glass is as follows：At least 45MPa, at least 60MPa, at least 50MPa, at least 80MPa, at least 100MPa, at least 150MPa, At least 175MPa, at least 200MPa, at least 250Mpa and/or be not more than 1GPa.

In some embodiments, pass through method disclosed herein and system (for example, in region 550 shown in Fig. 5) Thermotropic center tension in the building glass of formation can be greater than 30MPa, can be greater than 40MPa, greater than 50MPa, be greater than 75MPa, it is greater than 100MPa.In other embodiments, thermotropic center tension can be less than 300MPa or be less than 400MPa.One In a little embodiments, thermotropic center tension be can be from about 30MPa to about 300MPa, about 50MPa to about 300MPa, about 60MPa To about 200MPa, about 70MPa to about 150MPa or about 80MPa to about 140MPa.In some embodiments, heat enhancing building Sheet glass has higher thinness, is extremely thin.Because can be applied by the system and method being discussed herein very high Rate of heat transfer, it is possible to significant fuel factor is generated in SLG piece of the thickness less than 0.3mm (for example, at least 10MPa or very To at least center tension of 20MPa).It is in fact possible to which heat enhances very thin sheet material (being at least as thin as the sheet material of 0.1mm). Be described in further detail herein realized with it is achievable, be considered specific thermal stress depending on thickness and its dependent variable It is horizontal.

With reference to Fig. 6, the enhancing building glass of Fig. 4 or the concept stress curve 560 of glass ceramics piece 500 are (at 25 DEG C of room temperature With normal atmosphere depress) show under positive tensile stress enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 interior section 550, with And under negative tensile stress (for example, positive compression) enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 except interior section 550 And the part 530,540 of adjacent interior section 550.It is applicant's understanding that by limitation across building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 Cracking beginning and/or propagation, negative tensile stress at least partly strengthens enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500.

It is believed to be specific to the technology of the present invention, as disclosed herein, in given enhancing building glass or glass ceramics In the case where the relatively large surface area and/or lower thickness of piece 500, the tensile stress in stress distribution 560 is in interior section 550 Positive tensile stress and except interior section 550 and between the negative tensile stress of the part 530,540 of adjacent interior section 550 sharply Ground transformation.This transformation sharply is construed as the rate of change (i.e. slope) of tensile stress, can be represented as stress Size (for example, the peak value of 100MPa, 200MPa, 250MPa, 300MPa, 400MPa, i.e., positive tensile stress+σ and negative tensile stress-σ Difference) divided by the distance (distance of such as 1mm, such as 500 μm, 250 μm, 100 μm of distance) of the thickness to change, (its It is the distance for quantifying rate of change, can be a part of products thickness, and be not necessarily the size of product geometry). In some such embodiments, the change of tensile stress is not passed through 7000MPa divided by 1mm, such as no more than 5000MPa divided by 1mm.In the embodiment of consideration, the difference of the peak value of positive tensile stress and negative tensile stress is at least 50MPa, such as at least 100MPa, at least 150MPa, at least 200MPa, at least 250MPa, at least 300MPa, at least 400MPa, at least 500Mpa and/ Or it is not more than 50GPa.In the embodiment of consideration, the size of the negative tensile stress of the peak value of building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 It is at least 50MPa, such as at least 100MPa, at least 150MPa, at least 200MPa, at least 250MPa, at least 300MPa, at least 400MPa, at least 500MPa.It is considered indicating by the sharply tensile stress profile changeover that the system and method being discussed herein generate：Needle The ability, and/or the thinner building glass of manufacture of the negative tensile stress of higher size are realized at building glass piece surface to given thickness Glass product is to realize the abilities of higher levels of negative tensile stress (the fragmentation potentiality such as to realize stripping and slicing as disclosed herein). Conventional hot tempering method may cannot achieve such sharply tensile stress curve.

According to an exemplary implementation scheme, the high rate that changes of tensile stress is stretched in the thickness direction of stress distribution 560 At least one of lasting above-mentioned magnitude or greater value in exhibition, i.e. at least 2% thickness of building glass piece 500, such as extremely Few 5% thickness, at least 10% thickness, at least 15% thickness or at least 25% thickness.In the embodiment of consideration In, enhancing in depth extends in enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500, so that changing the thickness of rate with high tensile stress The stretching, extension of degree direction concentrates on the depth between 20% and 80% of the thickness apart from first surface, this can for example further area Divide chemical tempering.

In the embodiment of at least some considerations, enhances building glass or glass and ceramic product includes it in ion concentration The composition change of aspect, the dotted line 562 being conceptually shown as in Fig. 6.More specifically, enhancing is built in such embodiment The composition for building glass or glass and ceramic product 500 includes the ion for influencing exchange or the injection of stress distribution 560.It is some this In class embodiment, the ion of exchange or injection does not extend completely through enhancing building glass or glass ceramics under negative tensile stress The part 530,540 of product 500, because the tensile stress that is negative is also the result of hot tempering disclosed herein.

Therefore, the curve with the increased tensile stress distribution 560 of ion exchange intensity is in curve tangent line discontinuous or prominent Becoming includes discontinuous or mutation 564 in different directions from each other on 564 either side.Mutation 564 is located at portion under negative tensile stress In points 530,540, so that tensile stress is close to being negative on discontinuous or mutation 564 either side.Discontinuous or mutation 564 can be right Should be in the depth of different ions content, however the portion in some such embodiments, in terms of ion concentration, under negative tensile stress Dividing 530,540 other parts still has composition identical with the part 550 under positive tensile stress.

In other words, at least some enhancing building glass or glass and ceramic product 500, be with or without ion exchange or In the case where implantation, (it is at negative at least part in the part 530,540 of enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 Under stress and except interior section 550 and adjacent interior section 550) composition and interior section 550 at least one Composition partially (under positive tensile stress) is identical.In such embodiment, at least some negative tensile stress of stress distribution with The change for enhancing the composition (for example, ionic composition) of building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 is unrelated.This structure can lead to Offer sufficient intensity is crossed not have to simplify the composition of enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 at least to a certain extent And/or it is less frequently utilized chemical tempering.Further, since discontinuous/change in composition, this structure can reduce the enhancing Stress in building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 is concentrated, so as to reduce layering that composition is discontinuously located and/or cracking Possibility.

Hot tempering building glass piece ruptures performance

If storing enough energy in tensile stress region 550, building glass can be as safety when sufficiently being damaged Glass or " stripping and slicing " equally rupture.As used herein, when area is 25cm²Building glass piece be broken into 40 pieces or more When, it is believed that by building glass piece stripping and slicing.In some embodiments, stripping and slicing is used as indicating building glass piece by " complete tempering " Observational measurement (that is, for 2mm or thicker building glass, wherein building glass piece has at least compression of 65MPa or extremely The edge compression of few 67MPa).In various embodiments, building glass piece 500 has enough in tensile stress region 550 Tensile stress, so that one piece of 25cm²Building glass piece 500 be broken into 40 or more.

With reference to Fig. 7, have as disclosed herein about the property of building glass or glass ceramics piece (such as sheet material 500) Building glass or glass and ceramic product 610 have been broken, such as using centre punch or other instruments and/or generally based on the U.S. National Standard Association (ANSI) Z97.1 (impact test) and 1048 standard of ASTM.According to exemplary implementation scheme, building glass Or glass and ceramic product 610 has been enhanced to the degree that stripping and slicing occurs in fracture, to form multiple little particle blocks 616 (for example, fragment, piece).In some embodiments, apply impact with hammer or formed punch wherein to cause building glass to crack At in the fragmentation test of sheet of particles, thermotropic stress possessed by building glass or glass and ceramic product 610 is enough in building glass Or generation is not less than 40 multiple particulate mass 616 in the region of the 50mmx50mm of glass and ceramic product 610.Showing has about The standard office room drawing pin 612 of the metallic pin length 614 of 1cm is for reference.

According to the embodiment of various considerations, although the thinner thickness of building reinforcing glass or glass and ceramic product 610, Stress distribution (referring generally to Fig. 6) assigns high fragmentation potentiality to enhancing building glass or glass and ceramic product 610, so that being broken When, enhance building glass or glass and ceramic product 610 is broken into especially small particulate mass 616, the particulate mass is in first surface Or the area on any surface in second surface is less than 90mm², all such as less than 50mm², all such as less than 20mm², it is all such as less than 10mm², all such as less than 5mm², and/or at least 10 μm².In some such embodiments, enhance building glass or glass ceramics When the fragmentation potentiality of product 610 are such that in enhancing building glass or glass and ceramic product fracture, at least the 20% of particulate mass 616 (for example, at least 50%, at least 70%, at least 95%) has at least one in the first surface or second surface of one of above-mentioned amount A area.

It is answered at least partially due to technology of the invention can be used in some embodiments by disclosed herein Power enhances building glass or glass ceramics come the building glass manufactured or the extremely thin geometry of glass and ceramic product 610 The rupture potentiality of product 610 make in fracture, enhance building glass or glass and ceramic product 610 is broken into special low volume Particulate mass, the fast volume of the particle are less than 50mm³, all such as less than 40mm³, all such as less than 30mm³, all such as less than 25mm³, and/ Or at least 50 μm³Volume.

It is answered at least partially due to technology of the invention can be used in some embodiments by disclosed herein Power enhances building glass or glass and ceramic product come the building glass manufactured or the king-sized area of glass and ceramic product 610 610 broken potentiality make in fracture, enhance building glass or glass and ceramic product 610 is broken at least 100 volumes extremely It is less 50 μm³Particulate mass 616, such as at least 200, at least 400, at least 1000, at least 4000 volumes are at least 50μm³Particulate mass 616.

Referring now to Fig. 8 and Fig. 9, experiment is executed on the sheet glass of 1.1mm thickness, the glass for constituting the sheet glass includes By weight at least 70% silica, and/or by weight at least 10% sodium oxide molybdena, and/or by weight at least 7% Calcium oxide, and enhanced using apparatus and methods disclosed herein.As shown in Figure 8, it has been found that glass every square centimeter Size of the quantity of the particulate mass 616 of glass usually with the positive tensile stress at the center of corresponding glass or glass and ceramic product 610 has It closes.Similarly, as shown in figure 9, the ruler based on the gap between the glass sheet surface and radiator/gas bearing during quenching Very little and based on gas used in gap thermal conductivity also found the broken potentiality of corresponding glass or glass and ceramic product 610 with Below in connection with：The temperature (for example, see Figure 21, Figure 22 and Figure 23) of glass in hot-zone and effectively apply during quenching To glass surface calculating expection heat transfer coefficient (h) (with cal/cm²S DEG C of (metric unit watt/m²° K) be unit).

Hot tempering building glass piece fictive temperature

In various embodiments, formed by the system and method that are discussed herein heat enhancing building glass piece (for example, Building glass piece 500) there is high fictive temperature.It will be appreciated that in various embodiments, the building glass material being discussed herein The high fictive temperature of material is related to the high temper level of building glass piece 500, high center tensile stress and/or high bearing stress. Surface can be determined by any suitable method (including differential scanning calorimetry, brillouin spectroscopy or Raman spectroscopy) Fictive temperature.

According to exemplary implementation scheme, a part of building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 is (such as in first surface 510 And/or at or near second surface 520) have extra high fictive temperature, such as at least 500 DEG C, such as at least 600 DEG C or Even at least 700 DEG C (such as soda-lime glass) in some embodiments of person.According to exemplary implementation scheme, building glass Or a part (such as at or near first surface 510 and/or second surface 520) of glass ceramics piece 500 is relative to identical The annealed glass of Chemical composition that have extra high fictive temperature, such as at least 10 DEG C or more, at least 30 DEG C or more, at least 50 DEG C or more, at least 70 DEG C or more or even at least 100 DEG C or more.High imagination may be implemented by presently disclosed inventive technique Temperature, this is at least partly since the fast transition from hot-zone to cooling zone in enhancing system is (for example, with reference to Figure 21, Figure 22 And Figure 23).Applicant thinks that high fictive temperature can correspond to the increase of glass anti-destructive or the increasing with glass anti-destructive Add correlation.

In the certain methods for determining surface fictive temperature, it may be necessary to which breaking glass is caused with mitigating by hot Enhancement Method " tempering stress " so as to reasonable accuracy measurement fictive temperature.It is well known that being surveyed by Raman spectrum analysis method The feature structure band of amount is deviated relative to fictive temperature and relative to the applied stress in silicate glass in a controlled manner. If tempering stress be it is known, which can be used for non-destructively measuring the fictive temperature of hot-reinforced glass piece.

General reference Figure 10, the determination of the fictive temperature of several exemplary building glass products of toughening method.In D.R " the The effects of tensile stress on the Raman of Tallant, T.A.Michalske and W.L.Smith Stress is reported to two in spectrum of silica glass " J.Non-Cryst.Solids, 106 380-383 (1988) The influence of the Raman spectrum of silica glass.Commercial glass with 65 weight % or higher silica has substantially phase Same response.Although the stress response reported is for simple stress, in uniaxial stress state (such as in tempered glass The stress state observed) in the case where, σ_xx=σ_yy, it is contemplated that the offset of the peak value is expected by simple stress Twice of offset.1090cm in soda-lime glass and glass 2^-1Neighbouring peak value, which corresponds in quartz glass, to be observed 1050cm^-1Peak value.Stress is to the 1050cm in silica^-1Peak value influence and to SLG and other silicate glasses In the influence of correspondence peak value can pass through equation a) ω (cm^-1)=1054.93-0.00232 σ is expressed as unit of MPa Stress σ function.

Calibration curve is generated according to Raman band position, the letter as SLG and the fictive temperature of another glass (glass 2) Number.The heat treatment of different time is carried out to glass sample, the time ratio is long by the structural relaxation time that τ=10* η/G is calculated 2-3 times, wherein η is viscosity and G is modulus of shearing.After the heat treatment, by glass in water sudden fire so as to by fictive temperature It is frozen in heat treatment temperature.Then, in 200-1800cm^-1In the range of using the laser of 442nm, 10-30s time for exposure and 100% power measures glass by micro Raman spectra analytic approach under the magnifying power of 50x and 1-2 μm of spot size Surface.In this case, 1000-1200cm is matched using computer software (Renishaw WiRE 4.1 editions)^-1Under peak It is worth position.Pass through equation b) ω (cm^-1)=1110.66-0.0282Tf, which gives, to be measured in the SLG of air side 1090cm^-1Raman peak values it is good fit (as fictive temperature Tf (by DEG C as unit of) function).For glass 2, pass through Formula c) ω (cm^-1)=1102.00-0.0231Tf gives good fit.

By using equation a), b) and c) in the relationship established, the fictive temperature of building glass can be expressed as measuring Raman peak values position and the correction factor as caused by bearing stress function.The compression stress ot of 100MPa_cMake Raman spectrum band position Offset is set, about 15 to 20 degrees Celsius of reduction of fictive temperature is equivalent to.

Following formula is suitable for SLG：

Equation suitable for glass 2 is：

In these equatioies, ω is for 1090cm^-1The measurement peak value wave number of neighbouring peak value, σ_cIt is by any suitable Technology measurement bearing stress, thus generate by DEG C as unit of fictive temperature stress correct measured value.As with really The demonstration of the relevant increased anti-destructive of fixed fictive temperature, is prepared for four pieces of glass sheet samples, passes through conventional tempering method Soda-lime glass (SLG) piece of two 6mm is prepared as to the bearing stress (CS) of about 70MPa and 110MPa, and is passed through herein The SLG piece of two 1.1mm is prepared as the CS of roughly the same level by disclosed method and system.Two additional sheet materials conducts pair According to each sheet material has respective thickness.Bear standard Vickers impression in the surface of each test sheet.Apply different level Power, it is for 15 seconds every time, and after waiting 24 hours, check respectively for impression.As shown in Table I, 50% is determined for each sample (par for being defined as occurred cracking is two points for tending to cause in four points of the pressure head of cracking to cracking threshold value Load).

Table I indicates that the Vickers crack initiation threshold value of the SLG handled by conventional convection gas tempering (is reflected in the piece of 6mm In material) it is essentially identical with the Vickers crack initiation threshold value of annealing or the SLG piece that will be delivered, i.e., between zero Niu Yuyi ox (N) About one N is risen to less than two Ns.This and surface fictive temperature (T_fsOr Tf_Surface) relative to the glass by conventional tempering offer Change transition temperature (T_g=550 DEG C, for SLG, it is defined as η=10^12-13.3Pool) about 25 DEG C to 35 DEG C of rather moderate rise phase It closes.In contrast, tempering is carried out by using this method and system, Vickers crack initiation threshold value is increased to greater than 10N, than passing through The Vickers anti-destructive of conventional tempering imparting increases 10 times.In the glass embodied, T_fsSubtract T_gIt is at least 50 DEG C or at least 75 DEG C or at least 90 DEG C or in the range of from about 75 DEG C to 100 DEG C.Even if including the implementation of lower level heat enhancing In scheme, the glass embodied still can for example provide increased resistance (level of such as 5N).In the implementation of certain considerations In scheme, 15 seconds Vickers crack initiations test after 50% cracking threshold value can be equal to or more than 5N, 10N, 20N or 30N。

Dimensionless fictive temperature parameter θ below can be used for the hotter Enhancement Method in terms of generated fictive temperature Relative performance.In this case, it is provided in terms of the fictive temperature θ s of surface：

θ s=(T_fs-T_Annealing)l(T_Softening-T_Annealing) (3)

Wherein Tfs is surface fictive temperature, T_Annealing(viscosities il=10^13.2Glass temperature under pool) it is annealing point, and T_Softening (viscosities il=10^7.6Pool under glass temperature) be sheet material glass softening point.Figure 10 is depending on the heat in two different glass The curve graph of the θ s of the surface fictive temperature of the measurement of the rate of heat transfer h applied during enhancing.As shown in Figure 10, two kinds of different glass The result of glass is relatively closely to superimposed each other.This means that parameter θ provides the fictive temperature for directly comparing different glass Means, to produce they needed for rate of heat transfer h it is related.The vertical range of result under each h corresponds to when quenching starts Initial temperature T₀Value variation.In embodiments, parameter θ s include from about (for example, add deduct 10%) 0.2 to about 0.9, Or 0.21 to 0.09 or 0.22 to 0.09 or 0.23 to 0.09 or 0.24 to 0.09 or 0.25 to 0.09 or 0.30 to 0.09 or 0.40 to 0.09 or 0.5 to 0.9 or 0.51 to 0.9 or 0.52 to 0.9 or 0.53 to 0.9 or 0.54 to 0.9, Or 0.54 to 0.9 or 0.55 to 0.9 or 0.6 to 0.9 or even 0.65 to 0.9.

Hot tempering building glass piece drawability parameter

In various embodiments, formed by the system and method that are discussed herein heat enhancing building glass piece (for example, Building glass piece 500) there is high drawability and/or heat transfer number." the specific thermal stress " of glass is given by：

Wherein α is the elasticity modulus that glass (low-temperature linear) CTE, E is glass material, and μ is the pool of glass material Loose ratio.The value is used to indicate the stress level for giving in bearing temperature gradient and generating in glass composition.It is also used as The estimator of hot " drawability ".However, compared under high heat transfer rate (such as in about 800W/m²K or more), the high temperature of glass Or " liquidus curve " CTE starts to influence tempering performance.Therefore, under such conditions, based on the CTE value to the variation on viscograph Integral approximation, discovery drawability parameter Ψ be useful：

Wherein α^S _CTEBe with 1/ DEG C (DEG C^-1) indicate low-temperature linear CTE (be equivalent to glass from 0-300 DEG C of average linear The coefficient of expansion), α^L _CTEBe with 1/ DEG C (DEG C^-1) indicate the linear CTE of high temperature (be equivalent to observation glass transition point and softening The somewhere high temperature plateau value to be occurred between point), E is that (its permission is (immeasurable for the glass modulus that is indicated with GPa (non-MPa) Guiding principle) parameter Ψ value range usually between 0 and 1), T_StrainIt is with DEG C strain point of glass temperature (viscosities il=10 indicated^14.7 Glass temperature under pool), and T_SofteningIt is with DEG C glass softening point (viscosities il=10 indicated^7.6Glass temperature under pool).

For with glass of different nature, hot Enhancement Method and resulting bearing stress are modeled to determine steel Change parameter Ψ.10^8.2Glass is modeled under the identical initial viscosity of pool and under different heat transfer coefficient.Table in Table II Show the property of various glass and 10^8.2The drawability parameter Ψ's of the temperature and every kind of glass of every kind of glass under pool Calculated value.

Table II

Glass	Modulus	CTE is low	CTE high	108.2Pool DEG C	Softening point DEG C	Strain point DEG C	Ψ
								SLG	72	8.8	27.61	705	728	507	0.76
2	73.3	8.53	20.49	813	837	553	0.77
								3	65.5	8.26	26	821	862	549	0.83
4	65	8.69	20.2	864	912	608	0.74
								5	63.9	10.61	22	849	884	557	0.84
6	58.26	3.5	20.2	842	876	557	0.49
								7	73.6	3.6	13.3	929	963	708	0.44
8	81.1	3.86	12.13	968	995	749	0.48

It is in Table II the result shows that the heat enhancing performance of Ψ and glass is proportional.This correlation is further shown in Figure 11 Property, this provides high heat transfer rate (2093W/m²K(0.05cal/s·cm²DEG C) heat transfer coefficient) and the sheet glass of only 1mm it is thick The specific example of degree.As shown, the variation of the gained compression of seven kinds of different glass is with the drawability parameter Ψ's of suggestion Change very related.

Hot tempering building glass piece heat transfer coefficient and the relationship with bearing stress and middle cardiac stress

In another aspect, it has been found that, for any glass, heat transfer coefficient h any given value (with cal/ cm²- s- DEG C of expressions) under, hyperbolic fit bearing stress (σ can be passed through_cs, as unit of MPa) and (t is relative thickness with mm Unit) (in the range of 0mm to 6mm) curve, wherein P₁And P₂It is the function of h, so that：

Or Ψ is substituted into expression formula, stress in compression sigma_csThe curve of (Glass, h, t) is given by：

Constant P in wherein above-mentioned (6) or (7)₁、P₂The individually continuous function of heat transfer number h, is given by：

And

In figure 12 and figure 13, constant P₁、P₂It is plotted as the function of h respectively.Therefore, by expression above (6) Or the P of given h is used in (7)₁Value and the identical h correspondence P₂, specify and correspond to the obtainable surface pressure at the h The curve of stress (CS), the function as thickness t.

In some embodiments, by the way that class can be used simply by the compression predicted under identical conduction divided by 2 As expression formula come the center tension (CT) (especially thickness is equal to or less than 6mm) and heat of pre- calorimetric enhancing building glass piece Carry-over factor (such as 800W/m²K or more).Therefore, it is contemplated that center tension can be given by：

Wherein P_1CTAnd P_2CTIt provides as follows：

D and

In some embodiments, for given heat enhancing Physical Examples, h and h_CTIt can have identical value.However, In some embodiments, they can change, and provide independent variable and the variation between them is allowed to allow (describing In performance curve) capture 2:The invalid example of the typical ratios of 1CS/CT.

One or more embodiments of presently disclosed method and system all rates of heat transfer shown in Table III It is worth (h and h_CT) under produce heat enhancing SLG piece.

Table III

In some embodiments, heat transfer number rate (h and h_CT) can be from about 0.024 to about 0.15, about 0.026 to about 0.10 or about 0.026 to about 0.075cal/scm²·℃。

Figure 14 shows the new opening as unit of MPa of the glass sheet surface compression depending on thickness t (as unit of mm) Performance space, by the figure of set point value C (h, the t) Ψ (SLG) of the h of 6-9 from the equations above, wherein Ψ (SLG) corresponds to The Ψ value of SLG in Table II.Indicate opposite by the maximum stress of the achievable SLG piece of gaseous exchange tempering labeled as the trace of GC The estimation range of thinness, i.e., from 0.02cal/scm²DEG C (or 840W/m²K 0.03cal/scm) is arrived²DEG C or 1250W/ m²K, it is assumed that in this process can be 10^8.2The heating glass viscosity of pool or about 704 DEG C are (higher than the energy of convection gas method Power) under it is horizontal using these heat transfer coefficients.

The example of highest report sheet material CS value based on gaseous exchange toughening method is by marking the triangle for being in legend Shape label is shown.Value 601 indicates the advertised product performance capability of business machine, and value 602 is based in glass processing meeting Verbal report.Indicate that the maximum stress for being estimated as that the SLG piece that tempering is realized can be contacted by liquid is opposite labeled as the trace of LC The curve of thinness, by 0.0625cal/scm²DEG C (or about 2600W/m²K rate of heat transfer h) is provided, it is also assumed that 10^8.2 It is handled under pool or about 704 DEG C of initial heating glass viscosity.Highest based on liquid contact toughening method reports sheet material CS The example of value is by marking the circles mark for being to show in legend.The higher person in two values under 2mm thickness is based on boron The tempering of silicate building glass piece is reported, and has passed through (Ψ_slg)/(Ψ_borosilicate) realized for figure scaling Stress is to zoom in and out direct comparison.

It indicates labeled as 704 trace in 0.20cal/s cm²DEG C (or about 8370W/m²K rate of heat transfer) and 704 DEG C initial temperature (i.e. will quenching before) under one or more embodiments by presently disclosed method and system can The stress of realization.Thus the stress level of achievable building glass on piece indicates almost the same with liquid toughening strength level Improvement threshold, because liquid toughening indicates the gaseous exchange tempering of the prior art.But the trace labeled as 704 is not the upper limit- It is feasible that embodiment, which has been illustrated as the value or more, because (in the relatively low viscosity of building glass under even higher temperature Under) to small―gap suture gas bearing heat enhancing shape and flatness good control.It shows labeled as 730 trace at 730 DEG C Pass through 0.20cal/scm under the SLG sheet material initial temperature of (closely or higher than building glass softening point)²DEG C (or about 8370W/m²K some additional enhancing performances that rate of heat transfer) is realized.Be achieved in compression significantly improve and it is thus real Significantly improving for existing building glass piece intensity, passes through especially by the combination and use of high heat transfer rate to closed gas axis The good processing and control of sheet flatness and shape in holding and the high initial temperature realized, and it is this improve in 2mm and Thickness below is particularly significant.

Figure 15 shows the trace in 2mm and above-mentioned Figure 14 below, but compression is as passing through the one of the disclosure The function for the thickness that the selected example for the tempered glass piece that a or multiple embodiments generate is drawn, it is shown that pass through disclosure reality The existing horizontal extreme combinatorial with thinness of heat enhancing.

Hot tempering building glass piece with low surface roughness and high flat degree

In various embodiments, there is heat enhancing building glass piece (such as sheet material 500) disclosed herein high heat to answer Power and low formation surface roughness.Process and method disclosed herein hot can enhance building glass piece without increasing shape At the surface roughness on surface.For example, before and after the treatments, being built by atomic force microscope (AFM) to the float glass process of entrance The glass surface for building the fusion forming of glass air side surface and entrance is characterized.For the sodium calcium of the 1.1mm of entrance Float glass process building glass, R_aSurface roughness is less than 1nm (0.6-0.7nm), and according to this method, R_aSurface roughness does not pass through Heat enhances and increases.Similarly, according to the disclosure, the R of the fusion forming building glass piece of 1.1mm is kept by heat enhancing_a Surface roughness is less than 0.3nm (0.2-0.3).Therefore, at least on 10 μm x10 μm of area, heat enhancing building glass piece exists Surface roughness (i.e. R at least on first surface_aRoughness) range be from 0.2nm to 1.5nm, 0.2nm to 0.7nm, 0.2nm to 0.4nm, or even such as 0.2nm to 0.3nm.It in an exemplary embodiment, can be on 10 μm x10 μm of area Surface roughness is measured, or in some embodiments, surface roughness can be measured on 15 μm x15 μm of area.

In the embodiment of some considerations, heat enhancing building glass piece disclosed herein had not only had high thermal stress but also had had There are low formed surface roughness and/or coating surface.Process and method disclosed herein hot can enhance building glass piece, Without increase building glass piece it is smooth formed or the surface roughness on delivered surface, and do not damage equally sensitive Low-emissivity coating or anti-reflection coating or other coatings.Before and after the treatments, by atomic force microscope (AFM) to entrance Float glass process building glass air side surface and entrance fusion forming glass surface characterized.R_aSurface roughness is small In 1nm (such as 0.6nm to 0.7nm) with enter in the air side for the sodium calcium float glass process building glass in 1.1mm and according to The obstructed overheat of the disclosure enhances and increases.R_aSurface roughness is less than 0.3nm, and (such as 0.2nm to 0.3nm) is in 1.1mm Fusion forming building glass sheet material on enter and increase also according to the enhancing of the disclosure obstructed overheat.Therefore, considering Embodiment in, according to the disclosure, heat enhancing building glass piece has within the scope of at least 0.2nm at least first surface Surface roughness and/or no more than 1.5nm (such as no more than 0.7nm, such as no more than 0.4nm or even such as no more than R 0.3nm)_aRoughness；Or there is hot reinforcing sheet, the hot reinforcing sheet has can apply before enhancing on it Type coating；Or the combination with these low roughness values and coating, it is to be built from as the corresponding of starting material What the method for the present invention that sheet glass is used together obtained.The understanding of applicant is this guarantor of surface quality and/or surface covering It deposits and previously needs using convection gas tempering or low heat transfer liquid toughening method may be needed, this is relative to passing through active procedure Limited hot enhancement effect is generated with the available total size of method.

In another embodiment, heat enhancing building glass piece described herein has high flat degree.In various implementations In scheme, the enhancing system being discussed herein supports building glass material using controlled air bearing during transport and heating Material, and in some embodiments, it can be used for assisting control and/or improve the flatness of building glass piece, so as to cause Than previously available higher flatness, especially for thin and/or highly reinforcing building glass piece.For example, can be with The enhancing at least sheet material of 0.6mm, while the flatness enhanced after improving.The flatness of the heat enhancing building glass piece embodied herein May include：It is jumped along 100 μm of any 50mm length of one of its first surface or second surface or smaller total indicator 300 μm or smaller TIR in dynamic (TIR), the 50mm length on one of first surface or second surface, in first surface or 200 μm or smaller TIR in 50mm length on one of second surface, 100 μm or TIR or 70 μm or smaller smaller TIR.In an exemplary embodiment, along any 50mm of building glass piece or smaller profile measurement flatness.Considering Embodiment in, the sheet material with thickness disclosed herein is in 20mm length on one of first surface or second surface Flatness is 200 μm or smaller TIR, and such as flatness is 100 μm or smaller TIR, and flatness is 70 μm or smaller TIR, flatness are 50 μm or smaller TIR.

According to the embodiment of consideration, the enhancing building glass or glass and ceramic product being discussed herein are (for example, shown in Fig. 4 Building glass piece or plate 500) have height dimension consistency so that along main body 522 1cm length direction stretching, extension its The change of thickness t is not more than 50 μm, such as no more than 10 μm, no more than 5 μm, no more than 2 μm.Since practical consideration is (such as cold But plate is directed at and/or may distort the surface irregularity of size), as disclosed herein, for given thickness, area And/or negative tensile stress size, it is not achievable that this dimensional uniformity may be by solid quenching.

According to the embodiment of consideration, the enhancing building glass or glass and ceramic product being discussed herein are at least one master Surface (for example, first surface 510 and second surface 520 for enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 in Fig. 4), is flat Smooth, so that the distribution of 1cm along its length is maintained in 50 μm of straight line, such as in 20 μm, 10 μm, 5 μm, 2 μm； And/or the distribution of the 1cm along its width direction is maintained within 50 μm of straight line, in such as 20 μm, 10 μm, 5 μm, 2 μm.Due to It is practical to consider (warpage or bending of the building glass such as enhanced in these methods due to the convection current of fluid and forces associated), As disclosed herein, liquid may be by for given thickness, area and/or negative tensile stress size, this high flat degree Body quenching is not achievable.

Heat enhancing building glass piece CTE

It on the other hand include low thermal coefficient of expansion (CTE) building glass piece of heat enhancing.As discussed above (for example, see Equation 7 and 10), hot enhancement effect significantly depend on the CTE for constituting the building glass of building glass piece.However, low CTE builds glass The heat enhancing of glass can provide the enhancing building glass composition with favorable property, such as increased resistance toization of the favorable property The property learned, or generated due to Lower alrali content preferably compatible with electronic device.CTE is 65,60,55,50,45,40 and very To 35x10^-6℃^-1And building glass piece below can have the break pattern (" stripping and slicing ") as safety glass, thickness Less than 4mm, it is less than 3.5mm, less than 3mm, even less than 2mm.Method described herein can be used to enhance CTE value and be 40x10^-6℃^-1And building glass below.Under same thickness, enhanced by the system and method for locating to discuss herein this Low CTE building glass can have the surface compression similar with the SLG piece enhanced by routine business (gaseous exchange) method.? In some embodiments, for the building glass piece with following thickness：No more than 1cm, no more than 5mm, no more than 3mm, no Greater than 2mm, no more than 1.5mm, no more than 1mm, no more than 0.75mm, no more than 0.5mm, no more than 0.3mm, be not more than 0.2mm is not more than 0.1mm, and the compression of low CTE building glass may include at least 50MPa, at least 100MPa, at least 125MPa, at least 150MPa, at least 200MPa, at least 250MPa, at least 300MPa or at least 400MPa.

There are a variety of applications according to the building glass piece that the disclosure is formed, such as in the window of single pane and more panes (such as building glass-interlayer-building glass laminated material used in building glass pane).Intensity can be produced more greatly and more Thin laminated material to mitigate weight and save the cost, and improves fuel efficiency.It is desirable that heat enhancing fine sheet can be by Clod wash and it is in turn laminated to the thicker building glass to be formed, to provide simple and reliable manufacturing method without fine sheet Any hot forming.

The Alpha of hot tempering building glass piece

Table IV below indicates the result (" method source " I is identified as in table) obtained by disclosed method and product Prime factor Alpha, the rough measurement as the heat exchange coefficient obtained in toughening method.Alpha is given by：

Wherein CS is physics compression (as unit of MPa), and t is thickness in millimeters, CTE be with DEG C^-1For list Position thermal expansion coefficient, and E be with (MPa) be unit glass elasticity, and the unit of output be DEG C/mm.

Table IV

Sample 1 and sample 3 are the repeatable values obtained from disclosed method, and sample 1 uses air as in method Gas and sample 3 uses helium as the gas in method.Sample 2 indicates " champion " value for using air in the method, I.e. unreliable so far repetition.The glass sample (sample 1-3) handled by disclosed method is all at 117 DEG C/mm More than Alpha.It is applicant's understanding that the slope of Alpha and thickness may have inherently inclining for reduction as thickness of glass reduces To.Alpha possessed by building glass disclosed herein is greater than 20t+77, and wherein t is the thickness of glass, in some embodiments In, as unit of mm.

Heat enhancing system and method

In various embodiments, the process for enhancing building glass piece includes by building glass piece (such as building glass Glass piece 500) at least part support or be directed to cooling or quenching area, sheet material is by fast quickly cooling in the cooling or quenching area But, to generate the enhancing building glass piece with the one or more properties being discussed herein.In various embodiments, it builds Sheet glass at least partially by the gas in the gap being delivered between building glass piece surface and one or more radiator stream Dynamic or pressure support.In general, the temperature of building glass piece is higher than turning for building glass when sheet material is moved in cooling zone Temperature, and in various embodiments, building glass piece is cold by convection current by thermally conductive cooling in cooling zone But.Conduction is the heat-transferring method that energy is transmitted by the interaction between adjacent molecule, and convection current be by fluid (for example, Air, helium etc.) movement transmit the heat-transferring method of energy, the fluid such as wherein heated removes from heat source and by colder Fluid substitution.Therefore, this system and the conventional glass strengthening based on convection current/tempering system are significantly different, in the routine The main heat transfer mode of the cooling period of sheet glass is convection current in system.

In some embodiments, it is included in hot-zone for enhancing the overall process of building glass piece and heats building glass Piece and the then cooling building glass piece in cooling zone.Transition temperature possessed by building glass piece is building glass viscosity number For η=10¹²-10^13.3The temperature of pool.Building glass is sufficiently heated to make building glass piece be higher than transition temperature, then will Building glass is moved in cooling zone.Optionally, building glass can be converted to cooling zone from hot-zone by limited proportionality.In cooling Qu Zhong, building glass piece surface are located near radiator, there is a radiator on the either side of building glass piece, wherein Respectively there is gap between one glass surface and the apparent surface of radiator.By multiple apertures in radiator by gas Body is delivered in gap, and in some embodiments, and the gas of the delivering forms air bearing, and the air bearing is dissipating Support building glass so that glass surface is not contacted with radiator between hot device.In cooling zone, building glass piece is logical It is cooling rather than cooling by convection current to cross conduction, and is sufficiently cooled to fix or generate the thermotropic surface compression and heat of sheet material Center tension is caused, increased intensity as discussed herein is provided.In various embodiments, by having in cooling zone Low-down gap size mainly passes through the cooling of conduction to realize, so that building glass piece is close but does not contact the phase of radiator To surface.

Equipment for realizing described process may include for building glass piece to be heated to transition temperature or more Temperature heating zone and building glass piece for cooling heating to provide the cooling zone of the building glass piece of enhancing.If Standby can include optional transition region between heating zone and cooling zone.Cooling zone may include radiator, the heat dissipation utensil The pair of opposing surfaces of limited fixed gap receives the building glass piece of heating in the gap.Cooling zone may include setting A pair of of gas bearing on opposite sides in the gap, is used to for building glass piece being supported in gap.Gap can be matched It is set to through conduction rather than cools down by convection current the building glass piece of heating.In some embodiments, gas bearing can To include for by multiple apertures of gas delivery to gap, and air bearing surface serves as radiator, can pass through conduction Rather than pass through building glass piece conduct heat away of the convection current from heating.

Enhancement Method and equipment (referring generally to Figure 21-25) disclosed herein allow hot tempering form through the invention Enhance building glass or glass and ceramic product (referring generally to Fig. 4-7 and Figure 27-30).The method allows precipitous tensile stress phase To thickness/depth curve (referring generally to Fig. 6), especially in the slope near building glass or glass and ceramic product surface Precipitous, this makes it possible to enhance building glass or glass and ceramic product to spy for the given thickness near corresponding product surface Not high-caliber negative tensile stress, without being enhanced by ion exchange or the different building glass of lamination.However, in some realities It applies in scheme, hot tempering method disclosed herein, which can be enhanced with ion exchange or be applied to glass-glass, to be laminated.Herein Disclosed hot tempering method to realize especially high-caliber enhancing, the large area in large area product (for example, sheet material) Product for the enhancing by conventional thermal tempering method may it is excessive, such as due to contact hardening equipment alignment limitation, The cooling rate of conventional convection system limits, and/or warpage associated with liquid hardening tempering damage.Side disclosed herein Method uniquely allows the high-caliber enhancing in extremely thin sheet material, and the fine sheet is for the increasing by conventional tempering method May be excessively thin for strong, such as due to thin building glass or glass and ceramic product during Enhancement Method rupture or fracture with And contact force associated with solid or liquid hardening susceptibility, and/or due to conventional convection hardening cooling rate limitation. However, in the embodiment that other consider, can by least some solids or liquid hardening (such as with it is disclosed herein solely Special Enhancement Method combines) manufacture building glass or glass and ceramic product disclosed herein.

An embodiment according to disclosed method is shown in the flow chart of Figure 16.Method or process 100 include Step 140, that is, the building glass piece that temperature is higher than building glass piece transition temperature is provided.Method or process 100 further include step 160, i.e., building glass piece is supported at least partially by gas (passing through gas flowing and pressure).Step 160 includes building While sheet glass is by air supporting, cooling sheet material：1) by conduction rather than by convection current (passing through gas to radiator), and And 2) it is enough to generate or fix the thermotropic bearing stress of sheet material and thermotropic center tensile stress under environment temperature.

According to the modification (being depicted as the method 100' in the flow chart of Figure 17) of the embodiment of Figure 16, method be can wrap Step 110 is included, i.e., sufficiently heating building glass piece is so that sheet material is higher than the transition temperature of building glass.As cooling step 160 a part or as its preparation, in the step 120, method 100' further includes providing to have the first spreader surface and the The radiator (no matter as single-piece or with separate pieces) on second radiator surface (referring generally to Figure 21-25), each radiator table Face has aperture wherein.In step 130A, method further includes the positioned across the first gap towards the first spreader surface One sheet surface, and in step 130B, method further includes second positioned across the second gap towards the second spreader surface Sheet surface.Spreader surface may include aperture and/or can be porous.In a step 160, method 100 ' can also wrap It includes by conduction rather than by convection current (by gas to corresponding spreader surface) come coldplate, it is sufficient to enhance building glass (for example, fully to generate or fix thermotropic bearing stress and thermotropic center tensile stress in sheet material).Step 160 may be used also To include by gas delivery by aperture or porous radiator to the first gap and the second gap, and in some such embodiment party In case, gas is delivered to be formed in the air bearing that radiator nearby supports building glass piece.In some embodiments, only lead to It crosses the aperture of radiator or only delivers gas by one or more holes of porous radiator and aperture.

These and other correlation techniques of the disclosure, as refrigerating mode is dominated rather than convection current, are violated by using conduction The gaseous exchange cooling technology of current dominant.Method described herein is not the heat using solid and gas (glass and air) Exchange, but use solid and solid (glass and radiator) heat exchange, by a small amount of gas (for example, glass surface and It is not physically contacted between radiator) it is reconciled in small―gap suture, to start and complete to generate the cooling of heat enhancing.Although in gas There are some convection current when body (for example, air bearing gas) flows into small―gap suture, but pass through gas and enter the direct of radiator Across gap conduction is leading refrigerating mode.Applicant have determined that relative to the cooling means based on convection current, the advantage of heat transfer Increase rate of heat transfer.

Because the conduction (or even across gap) of solid and solid allows heat flow more faster than convection current, relatively thin building glass Cooling rate increase needed for glass piece is not limited by gas velocity and volume.According to various embodiments, not usually by In the case where the constraint that gas flowing and gap size in contracurrent system apply, it can be selected for other purposes, control or excellent Change gas flowing and gap size, such as control the rigidity of the air cushion in gap, be used to support sheet material, for flattening or Otherwise make sheet forming, for optimize it is thermally conductive, for kept during heat enhancing sheet flatness and/or shape and/ Or for balancing sheet material ease of handling and high cooldown rate.For example, in some embodiments, because cooling is not by right Stream, so while the low-down gas flow rate of support gas bearing, helium become economically may be used in the system of the disclosure Capable air substitute, and in such embodiment, helium provides the thermal conductivity for being about five times in air.Even if price is assumed to be The several times of currently available price, helium also become economically feasible alternative solution under the low flow velocity of the system of the disclosure.

In addition, because the system of the disclosure reduces the volume (phase in the air of building glass on piece flowing during cooling For contracurrent system), so the system and method being discussed herein reduce typically by routine based in the tempering system of convection current The potential risk of required high speed, the thin building glass piece deformation of the caused heat of high volumes of air flowing.This also allows do not becoming Softer, higher temperature building glass piece is handled in the case where shape or minimal deformation, to be further improved achievable increasing Strong degree.Eliminate upper air current speed also mitigate sometimes in the following areas in the problem of seeing：It is (inverse that sheet material is transported to quenching chamber The dynamic movement of upper air current) and prevent high flowing, cooler air from entering and the adjacent part of the cooling furnace for heating plate.

Contact with conventional liq or solid contact quenching tempering correlation in addition, can be mitigated by use of the conduction of gas Contact damage, warpage, forming of connection etc..Using gas keeps adding by avoiding contact of the solid with solid as middle conductor The surface quality of work product.High conduction rate, which is reconciled, by gas also avoids liquid contact.Some type of liquid hardening can Cause undesirable deformation, the pollution of the spatial variations in tempering and glass surface.These embodiments mainly provide non- Contact the cooling of (in addition to gas) but very high speed.In other embodiments, as set forth above, it is possible to include that solid or liquid connect Touching.

The power consumption of hot tempering system/method

Another advantage of upper air current speed is avoided to be to conduct by using solid-gas-solid as main building The saving of power and energy that glass cooling body is realized.The point A and B of Figure 18 and Figure 19 indicates every square metre of building glass piece The high-end estimation (being supplied by the compressed air under relatively high flowing) that the peak power of air bearing uses.Compressed air Practical low side peak power using may as low as institute's indicating value 1/16.Point A and point B does not include the active cooling of radiator, however, It may include in some embodiments, especially in the case where machine is in continuous, quasi-continuous or high-frequency operation.

Referring again to Figure 18 and Figure 19, point A' and B' indicate when considering the active cooling of spreader surface in point A and The peak power level of the conservative estimation of air bearing operation at point B, it is assumed that by mechanical (or electricity) the efficiency ratio of heat-be 7.5 to 1 Active Cooling System come complete 300 DEG C be equivalent in building glass piece temperature of decline thermic load (for point A ' decline Within 2.1 seconds time limits and for point B ' in 1 second).(these points are approximately corresponding in equipment described herein by practical steel The building glass piece of change.)

Although four points in the region R of Figure 18 and Figure 19 show the improvement as obtained by disclosed method and system Importance (at least to a certain extent), it should be noted that because power demand be represented quantity, attached Whole incomes may be significantly underestimated in figure.For example, the peak power of air blower cannot effectively be beaten as represented by curve N It is open and close, it usually needs gate air flue is to stop big fan, the big fan still rotation (but load when not needing air Reduce).It usually can more effectively adapt to the fluid cooling system (such as cooling water factory) being for example easily achieved according to the disclosure Peak power requirements (being indicated by point A' and B'), and effective peak power will be significantly reduced, thus only close to complete Just close to A' and B' when continuous operation.Therefore, as shown, tendency is greater than peak value energy demand by the difference of total energy demand Difference.In some embodiments, peak power possessed by process as described herein is less than 120Kw/m², be less than 100Kw/m²、 Less than 80KW/m²So that heat enhancing is with a thickness of 2mm or smaller building glass piece.

The heat transfer from thin building glass piece during hot tempering

In general, in the system and method for the present invention, the heat transfer from thin building glass piece includes conducted component, right Flow component and radial component.It explains in detail as noted above and herein, the hot tempering system of the disclosure passes through utilization Heat transfer provides thin building glass tempering as the principal organ for quenching thin building glass piece.

It is understanding of the applicant to basic theory below.The those of ordinary skill in glass tempering technology field can be easy to Expect, wherein conduction effect is usually so small that in being typically ignored to be conducive to independent analysis convection current and radiation very much, is ask Whether ask by the conduction via gas (such as air) can actually realize thin building glass piece (such as at 2 millimeters and following) Sufficiently high cooling rate-and if so, if such rate can be realized under actual gap size.

Heat conduction amount under conditions of embodiment in the method using system described herein can be through being determined by the following.Firstly, Under the background for carrying out hot enhancing by conduction in such as disclosure, it is necessary to assess gap on the conduction orientation along hot slope The thermal conductivity of interior gas.High temperature air at or near the surface of the sheet material cooled down, which has, compares Cryogenic air significantly more High thermal conductivity, the room temperature compared with Cryogenic air such as at spreader surface or near it or close to the air of room temperature (the nominal thermal conductivity of (dry) air at room temperature (25 DEG C) is about 0.026W/mK).Using the air assumed on entire gap cold Approximation in two apparent surface's mean temperatures when but starting.In cooling start, building glass piece can be for instance in 670 DEG C temperature, and spreader surface can for example start at 30 DEG C.Therefore, the mean temperature of the air in gap will be 350 DEG C, dry air has the thermal conductivity of about 0.047W/mK at such a temperature；It is higher by 75% or more than its thermal conductivity at room temperature It and is the sufficiently high gap so as to the size in system through the invention to conduct a large amount of thermal energy, such as following institute As discussion, it is assumed that sheet material is finish-machined to surface and the consistency of thickness of reasonable altitudes.

In order to illustrate Q_cond, i.e., by distance be g gap heat transfer rate conducted component (with the gap On the vertical direction in the direction of distance g) (area possessed by the gap is A_g) can be given by：

Wherein k is the thermal conductivity of material (gas) in the gap assessed in heat transfer direction (or opposite direction), and Ts is The temperature of glass surface, and T_HSIt is the temperature of spreader surface (or being heat source surface in other embodiments).Such as with On refer to, Due Diligence k will need to merge the thermal conductivity of gas along (or opposition) conduction direction of heat flow, because of gas Thermal conductivity changes with temperature-but it is used as good approximation, in two surface temperatures Ts and T_HSAverage value under, k can be with It is counted as the k value of gas in gap.

As unit of heat transfer coefficient (by hot-fluid power/square metre/Kelvin as unit of) reconfigure equation (14) to Out：

So the effective heat transfer coefficient across gap conduction is the thermal conductivity of medium in gap (being in this case air) (as unit of W/mK) is divided by gap length (as unit of rice), to provide the temperature difference as unit of Watt/ square metres/degree Value.Table V indicate merely due to conduction gap size from 10 μm until 200 μm (each step-length be 10 μm) air-filled clefts and The heat transfer coefficient (k/g) in helium filling gap.

Table V

Figure 20 (prior art) show about 35 years before industrial standard curve (being added to the reference line under 2mm), thus steel Change method heat transfer coefficient (letter as the thickness as unit of mm needed for complete tempered glass piece under the conditions of certain hypothesis Number).As can be seen that about 40 μm of air-filled clefts can permit by conducting come complete steel from Table V is compared with Figure 20 Change the building glass of 2mm thickness.Although slightly less than 40 microns are fairly small gaps, the flat porous in conveyer application is empty Gas bearing usually can be down to reliably running under 20 microns of gap.Therefore, it is supplied for by the hole in spreader surface The air gap given can achieve 37 microns.In the feelings using helium (or hydrogen, with similar thermal conductivity) as gas Under condition, the building glass of about 200 μm of the next complete tempering 2mm thickness in gap can be used.For identical heat transfer coefficient, helium is used Gas or hydrogen allow about 5 times of big gap sizes as gas.In other words, use helium or hydrogen as gas in gap In the case of, under identical gap size, gap makes about 5 times of heat transfer coefficient increase that can be used for quenching.So even if in air In the case of, spacing is also not unpractical, and under the gas of high conductance, gap spacing is relatively easily realized, even if It is also such for the sheet thickness less than 2 millimeters.

Except being cooled down except through conduction rather than by convection current (passing through gas), another embodiment includes passing through It conducts rather than (or heating and/or cooling) is heated by convection current (passing through gas).About conduction and convection current relative contribution, Either for heating or cooling, the convective component Q of the rate of the heat transfer across gap (or multiple gaps)_convIt can be given by following formula Out：

Wherein m is the mass velocity of gas, and Cp is the specific heat capacity of gas, T_iIt is the gas entrance when gas flows into gap Temperature, and e is the heat between gas, sheet surface and the radiator/heat source surface (" wall " in gap) flowed in gap The validity of exchange.The value of e, which changes to 1 from 0 (indicating the heat exchange of zero surface-gas), (indicates that the temperature on surface is fully achieved in gas Degree).Such as e-NTU method can be used to calculate the value of e in the technical staff of field of heat transfer.

However, in general, if the gap very little between sheet surface and radiator/heat source surface, the value of e Very close it will be equal to 1, it means that gas almost heats-on average, temperature of equal to two surfaces on either side The average value-of degree is before it leaves gap.It is assumed that e=1 (slightly higher to estimate convective heat transfer rate), and gas by radiator/ The surface of heat source is supplied to gap, it can be assumed that the initial temperature of gas is identical as radiator/heat source surface temperature in gap (T_i=T_HS).Then the rate of the heat transfer due to caused by convection current can be reduced to：

Be typically used for building glass and similar material heat enhancing or heat treatment at a temperature of, from sheet material under treatment Outside radiant heat transfer is relatively small.In order to mainly cooled down by conducting (or heating, it is assumed that carry out the spoke of self-heat power when heated The amount of penetrating is not excessively high) sheet material (for example, sheet material 200 shown in Figure 21), gap (for example, gap 204a shown in Figure 21, In region 204b), therefore require nothing more than：

Q_cond> Q_conv (18)

It combines (18) gives the following conditions with equation (14) and (17)：

It will substantially ensure that when being kept in the gap area discussed, mainly cooled down by conducting (or add Heat) thin slice.Therefore, the mass velocity m of the interval area for every square metre, gas should be less than 2kA_g/gC_pOr 2k/gC_p.? In one embodiment, m<B(2kA_g/gC_p), wherein B is the cooling ratio cooling with conduction of convection current.As used herein, B is small In one and be greater than zero normal number, specifically have 2/3 or smaller or even 4/5 or 9/10 or smaller value.In general, m It should keep as low as possible, to meet using gas flowing to control building glass piece (for example, sheet material 200 shown in Figure 21 Relative to spreader surface) position of (for example, spreader surface 201b, 202b shown in Figure 21) or heat exchange surface itself The needs of position.The cooling ratio cooling with conduction of convection current can be from less than 1 to 1x10^-8Any value.In some embodiment party In case, B is less than 0.9,0.8,0.7,0.6,0.5,0.4,0.1,5x10^-2、1x10^-2、5x10^-3、1x10^-3、5x10^-4、1x10^-4、 5x10^-5、1x10^-5、5x10^-6、1x10^-6、5x10^-7、1x10^-7、5x10^-8Or 1x10^-8.In some embodiments, m is minimum Change, meets using gas flowing to support and control the needs of the sheet locations relative to spreader surface.In other embodiment party In case, it should select m to control position of the heat exchange surface relative to sheet material itself.

In various embodiments, compared with the conventional tempering system based on convection current, the disclosure based on the cold of conduction But the mass velocity m essence of the gas in system is lower.As discussed herein, the lower gas flow rate of this essence allows to pass Guiding systems are operated with the power use of substantive reduction.In addition, at least some embodiments, with conventional convection cooling system It compares, reduced gas flow rate degree also results in the more quiet cooling system of essence.In such embodiment, the reduction of noise can To increase behaviour using the needs of hearing protection by a possibility that reduction impaired hearing and even reducing or eliminating operator The safety of author.

As it will be appreciated, being supported on the reality in the air bearing between opposite heat sink surface in building glass material piece It applies in scheme, will occur from building glass piece two sides to the heat transfer of two spreader surfaces.Therefore, in such embodiment In, building glass piece have the first sheet surface and the second sheet surface, and by by the first sheet surface (for example, building The lower surface of sheet glass) the first spreader surface (for example, surface of lower radiator) is positioned adjacent to so that the first gap digit Between the first sheet surface and the first spreader surface and by by the second sheet surface (for example, building glass piece is upper Surface) the second spreader surface (for example, surface of upper radiator) is positioned adjacent to so that the second gap is located at the second sheet material Building glass piece is cooled down between surface and the second spreader surface.In such embodiment, allow to occur from first Sheet surface is to the first spreader surface and from the second sheet surface to the thermally conductive of the second spreader surface.In such embodiment party In case, the first gap has the length g across the first gap₁With the first interval area Ag₁, and the second gap has across between second The length g of gap₂With the second interval area Ag₂.In such embodiment, the first flowing of first gas to the first gap is provided, And provide the second flowing of second gas to the second gap.As it will be appreciated, first gas has heat similar to described above Hold C_p1With thermal conductivity k₁, and the first flowing is set as mass velocity m₁.In such embodiment, m₁Greater than zero and it is less than (2k₁A_g1)/(g₁C_p1).In addition, second gas has thermal capacitance C_P2With thermal conductivity k₂, and the second flowing is set as mass velocity m₂.In such embodiment, m₂Greater than zero and it is less than (2k₂A_g2)/(g₂C_p2).In such embodiment, the first flowing and the Two flowing contact building glass pieces, so that building glass piece is supported without contacting spreader surface.In this way, with certain Mode is by conduction rather than generates the bearing stress and center tension of sheet material come cooling sheet material by convection current.

Building glass including high conduction cooling zone enhances system

With reference to Figure 21, toughening method high conduction glass cooling/quenching station and by conduction rather than cooled down by convection current Sheet glass diagrammatic section.First (master) surface 200a and second (master) surface 200b of hot glass sheet 200 are across accordingly Gap 204a and 204b, respectively in face of corresponding first radiator 201a and the second radiator 202a corresponding first surface 201b and Second surface 202b.As indicated by the arrows, by first surface 201b and second surface 202b supply gas 230 to supply Gap 204a, 204b and help to maintain building glass piece it is placed in the middle or be positioned in other ways radiator 201a, 202a it Between.As indicated by the arrow 240, air or other gases may exit off, thus by the edge of radiator 201a, 202a.According to this Text discussion, by select gap 204a, 204b size and gas and gas 230 flow velocity, will by conduction rather than Building glass piece 200 is cooled down by convection current.In a particular embodiment, building glass is cooled down by radiator 201a and 202a Glass piece 200, so that (such as being built more than the 20%, heating product that leaves especially more than 50% and more specifically more than 80% Build sheet glass 200) thermal energy pass through gap (such as gap 204a and 204b) and by radiator 201a and 202a receive.

In some embodiments, gap 204a, 204b is configured to have enough thickness or distance across gap, makes Obtain through conduction rather than cool down by convection current the building glass piece of heating.As it will be appreciated, the size of gap 204a, 204b The distance between usually main glass surface and opposite heat sink surface.

In some embodiments, thickness possessed by gap 204a and 204b can be about (for example, add deduct 1%) 100 μm or bigger (for example, in following range：About 100 μm to about 200 μm, about 100 μm to about 190 μm, about 100 μm to about 180 μm, about 100 μm to about 170 μm, about 100 μm to about 160 μm, about 100 μm to about 150 μm, about 110 μm to about 200 μm, about 120 μm to about 200 μm, about 130 μm to about 200 μm or about 140 μm to about 200 μm).In other embodiments, gap 204a It can be about 100 μm or smaller (for example, in following range of (for example, add deduct 1%) with thickness possessed by 204b：About 10 μ M to about 100 μm, about 20 μm to about 100 μm, about 30 μm to about 100 μm, about 40 μm to about 100 μm, about 10 μm to about 90 μm, about 10 μm to about 80 μm, about 10 μm to about 70 μm, about 10 μm to about 60 μm or about 10 μm to about 50 μm).

Radiator 201a, 202a can be solid configuration or porous configuration.Suitable material includes but is not limited to aluminium, blueness Copper, carbon or graphite, stainless steel etc..The size of radiator can be designed as the size for being enough to handle building glass piece, and energy It enough efficiently and effectively conducts heat and does not have to significantly change radiator temperature.It is porous situation in radiator 201a and/or 202a Under, they can still include additional aperture for flowing gas or hole or porous structure can be used provide stream It is dynamic, or both.In some embodiments, radiator further includes that fluid is allowed to flow for controlling the logical of radiator temperature Road in Figure 23-25 and is described in more detail below.

The high gas flow for eliminating the prior art can make it possible for very small aperture or hole in radiator face 206, as shown in figure 21, to provide gas to gap.In some embodiments, aperture is in minimum direction (for example, in round hole Mouthful in the case where be diameter) on be measured when can be less than 2mm, less than 1.5mm, less than 1mm, less than 0.5mm, be less than 0.25mm, or it is less than or equal to 200 μm, 150 μm, 100 μm, 50 μm, 30 μm, 20 μm or 10 μm.In some embodiments, Aperture is from 10 μm of about (for example, add deduct 1%) to about 1mm, about 20 μm to about 1mm or about 50 μm to about 1mm.

When measuring from the edge-to-edge in aperture, the interval between adjacent aperture 206 can be from about (for example, add deduct 1%) 10 μm to about 3mm, about 20 μm to about 2mm or about 50 μm to about 1mm.Microstome or hole can be used as independent current limiter, from And high performance gas bearing type dynamics (rigidity and consistency of the height of such as sheet support) is provided with position sheet material and Control gap size, thus allow the high uniformity of hot enhancement effect to avoid or reduce stress birfringence.In addition, because can be with Using very small hole or aperture, so can towards the relative quantity of the solid matter at the spreader surface of sheet surface across gap To be maximized, thus increase conduction hot-fluid.

According to various embodiments, such aperture 206 is used to provide unique road of gas as to gap 204a, 204b Diameter, and desirably using the aperture 206 being located adjacent on the direction vertical with spreader surface 201b, 202b, it is ensured that it is empty Gas bearing type dynamics is optimised, and is not flowed or come from except through neighbouring sheet material 200 by the gas from larger aperture Spreader surface 201b, 202b except source gas flowing damage, or by other excessive laterals flow damage Evil.In other embodiments, gas can be provided to gap by other sources (such as other than aperture 206 or hole) 204a,204b.Therefore, all aspects of this disclosure are allowed to be flowed by using low gas and solid-gas-solid conduct to save Power and energy (such as relative to conventional convection toughening method).

Figure 22-25 shows the exemplary implementation scheme for enhancing system 300 according to the building glass of the disclosure.Figure 22, which is shown, is The schematic sectional view of system 300, wherein gas conduction to conductive heat spreader can be passed through by the heat from building glass piece In cool down building glass piece.Equipment includes hot-zone 310, cold-zone 330 and transition gas bearing 320.Transition gas bearing 320 will Building glass product (for example, building glass piece 400a) is mobile from hot-zone 310 or guides to cold-zone 330, so that building glass It is not in contact between bearing or is not in contact substantially.Hot-zone 310 has gas bearing 312, supplies from hot-zone pumping chamber 318 To each gas bearing 312, and bearing 312 is used for the cartridge heater 314 in hole is inserted by bearing 312 Hot-zone gas bearing 312 is heated to desired starting process temperature.Building glass piece (hot-zone) 400a is maintained at hot-zone gas It is long enough to reach desired precooled temperature (for example, being higher than transition temperature) between bearing 312.

In some embodiments, it can mainly be completed by making heat be conducted through thin barrier layer for gases from radiator Sheet material is heated in hot-zone.The conduction used in hot-zone can be similar with cooling means as described herein, still (for example, heat is pushed into building glass piece) on the contrary.

In some embodiments, the gap 316 between hot-zone gas bearing 312 and building glass piece 400a can be phase To biggish, about 0.05 " (1.27mm) to 0.125 " (3.175mm) or bigger, because building glass piece 400a can be by It will be relatively slowly heats and is sufficient to the purpose from hot gas bearing 312 to the heat radiation in building glass piece 400a.? In other embodiments, hot-zone gap size can be as small as 500 microns of 150 microns of every side or every side.In some embodiments, Small gap may be advantageous, because they enable bearing that there is better " rigidity "-to be in softening shape in glass Make the ability that building glass is placed in the middle and it is made to flatten when state.In some embodiments, this method can be for example by by gas Bearing 312 provide pressure come re-form building glass piece-make its flatten-in initial heating step.In some embodiment party In case, top and bottom hot-zone bearing to allow to change in a continuous manner gap width, or can replace on the actuator Dai Di, allow to bring into building glass when gap is larger hot-zone and then compression clearance so as to still soft in building glass When so that the building glass is flattened.

Process temperature depends on many factors, including building glass composition, building glass thickness, building glass property (CTE etc.) and desired enhancing are horizontal.In general, starting process temperature can be building glass transition temperature and Arthur D. Little Any value between softening point, or it is even higher in some embodiments.For example, system 300 will for SLG Building glass piece 400a be heated to about 640 DEG C of (for example, add deduct 1%) between about 730 DEG C or about 690 DEG C to about 730 DEG C Temperature.In some embodiments, building glass piece 400a is heated to certain temperature by system 300：From about (for example, adding deduct 1%) 620 DEG C to about 800 DEG C, about 640 DEG C to about 770 DEG C, about 660 DEG C to about 750 DEG C, about 680 DEG C to about 750 DEG C, about 690 DEG C To about 740 DEG C or about 690 DEG C to about 730 DEG C.

Building glass piece 400a is heated to its desired starting process temperature (for example, being higher than building glassization transformation temperature Degree), and it is then moved to cold-zone 330 from hot-zone 310 using any suitable means.In some embodiments, will Building glass piece 400a is moved to cold-zone 330 from hot-zone 310 and can be completed by following：Such as (1) tilts entire component So that the gravity for acting on building glass on piece compels to make it move to cold-zone, (2) block the leftmost side outlet from hot-zone 310 Air-flow (closed side in the present embodiment), thus force from all gas bearing issue all gas from cold-zone most The discharge of the right side outlet, so that cause fluid force to be applied on building glass piece 400a and cause to be moved into cold-zone 330, or Person (3) passes through the combination of (1) and (2).

Transition bearing pumping chamber 328 can supply gas to transition gas bearing 320.The surface of transition gas bearing 320 The solid material thickness at rear can be it is relatively thin, have low thermal mass and/or low heat conductivity, thus allow from hot-zone 310 to The heat transfer of cold-zone 330 is reduced.Transition gas bearing 320 may be used as thermal break or transition between the area Liang Ge 310 and 330, And it can be used for being transitioned into downwards the small―gap suture 336 of cold-zone 330 from the larger gap 316 of hot-zone.In addition, transition gas bearing 320 low thermal mass and/or low heat conductivity limitation heat output and therefore limitation building glass piece 400a are by transition gas The cooling being subjected to when bearing 320.

Once building glass piece (cold-zone) 400b moves into cold-zone 330 and enters in the 330a of channel, then pass through machinery Scotch or any other suitable blocking mechanism (being illustrated as stopping door 341) prevent it from leaving right-side outlet.Once building glass Glass piece 400b is cooled sufficiently that center has been subjected to building glassization transformation and (for example, in the case where the SLG of 1mm thickness, arrives low In about 490 DEG C, correspond to about 325 DEG C at surface in this example), then stopping door 341 can move, so that it is logical to unlock cold-zone Road 330a, and then can remove building glass piece 400b from system 300.If desired, building glass piece 400b It can stay in front of the removal in cold-zone 330 until some temperature close to room temperature.

As described above, building glass piece 400 is heated to above the building glass of building glass piece in hot-zone 310 The temperature of transition temperature.In the embodiment shown in Figure 22, cold-zone 330 includes channel 330a, is used for through the 330b that is open Receive building glass piece 400b, the transmission building glass piece 400b of heating and the cooling building glass piece 400b in cold-zone.? In one or more embodiments, channel 330a includes conveyer system, the conveyer system may include gas bearing, roller, Conveyer belt or other devices for passing through cold-zone for physical transportation building glass piece.As shown in figure 22, cold-zone 330 includes being increased The gas bearing 332 that pressure chamber 338 supplies, the pumping chamber 338 and hot-zone pumping chamber 318 and transition pumping chamber 328 separate.

As shown in figure 22, cold-zone 330 includes one or more radiators 331 of adjacent channel 330a setting.Utilizing two In the case where a radiator, such radiator be can be set on the opposite side of channel 330a, the face each other across path clearance 330a It is right.In some embodiments, radiator includes the multiple aperture 331a to form a part of gas bearing 332, and cold-zone The surface of 330 cold air bearing 332 is used as two spreader surfaces.Due to the lower air velocity in the 330a of channel and lead to The smaller size of road gap 330a, thus in cold-zone 330 mainly by since building glass piece, across gap and to solid Heat transfer in body radiator 331 cools down building glass piece 400b, and building glass piece 400b does not contact spreader surface.

In some embodiments, radiator and/or its surface can be segmented.As described above, in some embodiments In, radiator can be porous gas and in such embodiment, by its delivering for gas bearing 332 Aperture is the hole of porous radiator.Multiple aperture 332b, gas source and path clearance 330a can be in fluid communication.In some implementations In scheme, gas flows through aperture 331a to form air cushion, layer or bearing in path clearance 330a.Some embodiments Air cushion prevent building glass piece 400b contact radiator 331 surface.Gas also serves as building glass piece 400b therethrough The gas cooling rather than cooling by convection current by conduction.

Because cooling is substantially to be occurred by the solid across gap to solid conductive heat, it is possible that needing to solve right Flow the problem of being not present in prevailing cooling.For example, for the big fine sheet of tempering, (1) can quickly be introduced sheet material In cold-zone, optionally with speed more higher than speed used in the quenching based on convection current, and/or (2) with quasi-continuous mode behaviour Make the method, wherein multiple sheet materials are heated and cool down one by one in continuous flow, wherein the sky between the sheet material Between very little, and wherein radiator is therefore actively cooled so that it reaches thermal balance, so that the leading edge and rear of big sheet material With similar thermal history.

In some embodiments, the gas cooling radiator of aperture 331a is flowed through.In some embodiments, hole is flowed through Mouthful gas facilitate since thermally conductive building glass, across gap, into radiator, and also cooling radiator 331.? Under some cases, individual gas or fluid can be used to cool down radiator 331.For example, radiator 331 may include being used for Flow through cooling fluid wherein to cool down the channel 334 of radiator 331, as being more fully described relative to Figure 23.Channel 334 It can be closed.

Using two radiator (that is, the first radiator and second radiators), one or more can be used A gas source to provide gas to path clearance 330a.Gas source may include mutually the same gas or different gas.Cause This, path clearance 330a may include a kind of gas, the mixture of gas from gas with various source or identical gas source. Example gases include air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium or other inert gases, hydrogen nd various combinations thereof.When gas is Before starting conductively to cool down building glass piece 400b, gas can be retouched when entering channel 330a by its thermal conductivity It states.In some cases, thermal conductivity possessed by gas can be about (for example, add deduct ± 1%) 0.02W/ (mK) or more Greatly, about 0.025W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.03W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.035W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.04W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.045W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.05W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.06W/ (mK) or bigger, About 0.07W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.08W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.09W/ (mK) or bigger, about 0.1W/ (mK) Or bigger, about 0.15W/ (mK) or bigger or about 0.2W/ (mK) or bigger.

Method described herein and system allow high heat transfer rate, as discussed above, even if the high heat transfer rate exists Also allow to be formed the temperature difference of enhancing degree in very thin building glass piece.In the case where using air as gas, building Build between sheet glass and radiator that there are gaps, only by conduction, rate of heat transfer may be up to 350,450,550,650,750, 1000 and 1200kW/m²Or more.Using helium or hydrogen, 5000kW/m may be implemented²Or more heat transfer Rate.

The radiator 331 of one or more embodiments can be static, or can be moveable logical to modify The thickness of road gap 330a.The orientation of the thickness of building glass piece 400b can be about 0.4 times of the thickness of path clearance 300a To about 0.6 times, the thickness of the path clearance 300a is defined as the apparent surface of radiator 331 (for example, in the arrangement of Figure 22 In be radiator 331 upper and lower surfaces) the distance between.In some cases, path clearance is configured to have foot Enough thickness, so that passing through the building glass piece for conducting rather than cooling down by convection current heating.

In some embodiments, thickness possessed by path clearance can make logical by transmission as building glass piece 400b When crossing channel 330a or being located in the 330a of channel, the distance between main surface and spreader surface of building glass piece 400b (example Such as, gap size discussed above) it is about 100 μm of (for example, add deduct 1%) or bigger (for example, in following range：About 100 μm to about 200 μm, about 100 μm to about 190 μm, about 100 μm to about 180 μm, about 100 μm to about 170 μm, about 100 μm to about 160 μm, about 100 μm to about 150 μm, about 110 μm to about 200 μm, about 120 μm to about 200 μm, about 130 μm to about 200 μm or about 140 μm to about 200 μm).In some embodiments, thickness possessed by path clearance can to work as building glass piece 400b When being transmitted through channel, the distance between building glass piece and spreader surface (one or more gaps 336) are about (examples Such as, add deduct 1%) 100 μm or smaller (for example, in following range：About 10 μm to about 100 μm, about 20 μm to about 100 μm, about 30 μm to about 100 μm, about 40 μm to about 100 μm, about 10 μm to about 90 μm, about 10 μm to about 80 μm, about 10 μm to about 70 μm, about 10 μm to about 60 μm or about 10 μm to about 50 μm).The overall thickness of path clearance 330a depends on the thickness of building glass piece 400b Degree, but 2 times for being usually characterized as being distance between spreader surface and building glass piece add the thickness of building glass piece. In some embodiments, the distance between building glass piece and radiator or gap 336 may be unequal.In such embodiment party In case, the overall thickness of path clearance 330a can be characterized as being the total of the distance between building glass piece and each spreader surface With the thickness for adding building glass piece.

In some cases, the overall thickness of path clearance can be less than about 2500 μm of (for example, add deduct 1%) (for example, In following range：About 120 μm to about 2500 μm, about 150 μm to about 2500 μm, about 200 μm to about 2500 μm, about 300 μm to about 2500 μm, about 400 μm to about 2500 μm, about 500 μm to about 2500 μm, about 600 μm to about 2500 μm, about 700 μm to about 2500 μ M, about 800 μm to about 2500 μm, about 900 μm to about 2500 μm, about 1000 μm to about 2500 μm, about 120 μm to about 2250 μm, about 120 μm to about 2000 μm, about 120 μm to about 1800 μm, about 120 μm to about 1600 μm, about 120 μm to about 1500 μm, about 120 μm To about 1400 μm, about 120 μm to about 1300 μm, about 120 μm to about 1200 μm or about 120 μm to about 1000 μm).Some In the case of, the overall thickness of path clearance can be about 2500 μm or more (for example, in following range：About 2500 μm to about 10, 000 μm, about 2500 μm to about 9,000 μm, about 2500 μm to about 8,000 μm, about 2500 μm to about 7,000 μm, about 2500 μm extremely About 6,000 μm, about 2500 μm to about 5,000 μm, about 2500 μm to about 4,000 μm, about 2750 μm to about 10,000 μm, about 3000 μm to about 10,000 μm, about 3500 μm to about 10,000 μm, about 4000 μm to about 10,000 μm, about 4500 μm to about 10, 000 μm or about 5000 μm to about 10,000 μm).

Aperture 331a in radiator 331 can be positioned so that perpendicular to spreader surface or may be with 20 degree or smaller Angle positioning, such as at a distance of about 15 degree or smaller, about 10 degree of (for example, add deduct 1%) or more with the vertical line of spreader surface It is small or about 5 degree or smaller.

In some embodiments, the material at radiator (cold bearing 332) surface rear can be with high heat transfer rate Any suitable material, including metal (for example, stainless steel, copper, aluminium), ceramics, carbon etc..As shown in figure 22, with transition bearing 320 The material at surface rear compare, which can be relatively thick, and radiator is allowed easily to receive relatively large amount Thermal energy.In an exemplary embodiment, the material of radiator 331 is stainless steel.

Figure 23 is the section view aperspective cross section of the equipment similar with the equipment of Figure 22, although inverting from right to left, and is also wrapped Include the loading/unloading area 340 on the side of cold-zone 330 of system 300 comprising loading/unloading gas bearing 342 and disposed thereon Building glass piece 400c.Moreover, the equipment of Figure 23 is in hot-zone 310, transition bearing 320 and cold-zone 330 using closely logical Road gap (not shown).

Illustration in Figure 23 shows the alternate embodiment of cold-zone gas bearing 332a, wherein by supplying in gas bearing It is actively cooled gas bearing 322a to the coolant channel 334 between hole 333, wherein the surface of supply hole supply bearing 322a In hole.Cooling duct 334 is limited between radiator section 333b, and the radiator section 333b is assembled together with shape At radiator 331 and its in face of the surface of building glass piece 400b.

Cooling duct 334 can be oriented the table very close to radiator 331 in the solid material of gas bearing 332 Face, wherein in radiator/air bearing surface and coolant channel 334 closest to solid bearing existing between marginal surface The region of material has with coolant channel 334 closest to the identical width of marginal surface.Therefore, in some embodiments In, in the solid of coolant channel 334 and the 331/ gas bearing 332a of radiator between the surface of building glass 400b The region for not having section to reduce in material.This is different from the cooling equipment of typical convection gas, because high gas flow rate requires Significant space is arranged for air-flow evolution in the intermediate of gas nozzle array.Using active cooling, relative to most Close to the solid material of glass surface, 331/ gas bearing 332a of radiator has in the solid material that gas nozzle designs The region for thering is section to reduce.Section reduce region be conventionally positioned at active cooling fluid and processing in building glass piece it Between, to provide high volume path for a large amount of heat gas for returning from sheet material.

Figure 24 shows another alternate embodiment again of cold-zone gas bearing 332, the cold-zone with the illustration of Figure 23 Gas bearing is similar.In this embodiment, in gas bearing supply member 335 and gas comprising gas bearing supply hole 333 Body, which carries, forms coolant channel 334 between surface member 337a, this provides the building glass piece in face of the surface of gas bearing 332 400b.Figure 25 is shown and another alternative cold-zone gas bearing 332c, has the structure similar with the embodiment of Figure 24, But there is porous member 339 between bearing board member 337b and building glass piece 400b, so that 339 forming face of porous member To the surface of building glass piece 400b.

It should be understood that in various embodiments, can be used or operate the building described herein in regard to Figure 16-26 Glass strengthening method and system has feature, the characteristic, ruler for any building glass article embodiment being discussed herein to be formed Any combination of building glass or glass and ceramic product (such as building glass piece 500) of very little, physical property etc..

The building glass piece for being subjected to hot Enhancement Method as described herein can further be added by being subjected to ion exchange Work is to further enhance its intensity.In the embodiment of some such considerations, to heat enhancing building glass as described herein Surface carry out ion exchange and can make above-mentioned compression increase at least 20MPa, such as at least 50MPa, such as at least 70MPa, It is such as at least 80MPa, such as at least 100MPa, such as at least 150MPa, such as at least 200MPa, such as at least 300MPa, all As at least 400MPa, such as at least 500MPa, such as at least 600Mpa and/or be not more than 1GPa.

For thermal conditioning and/or the system and process of heating building glass piece

Other than heat enhances building thin glass sheet, method described herein and system can also be used for additional thermal conditioning Journey.Although specifically discussing cooling herein, the system and method can be used for transferring heat to by transmission method In building glass piece.Therefore, the additional embodiment of disclosed method including the gas by conduction rather than passes through convection current To heat.This process or method 700 are shown in the flow chart of Figure 26.

Method 700 includes two key steps.First step (step 710) includes providing the system at least one surface Product (such as building glass piece).Second step (step 720) includes that a part of product surface is heated or cooled, up to and including The whole surface of product.As shown in subdivision 720a, by conduction rather than convection current (passes through the gas of make a return journey heat source or heat sink source Body) to execute step 720, and execute step 720 sufficiently in subdivision 720b to complete to product or product surface portion The thermal conditioning divided, and the area in subdivision 720b for part is with high heat transfer rate (at least 450kW/m²) execute step The conduction of rapid 720 cooling/heating.

- be heated or cooled-for example, product can be thermally regulated pass through cooling or heating product surface a part it is (more Reach and the whole surface (part with area) including product), by conduction rather than by convection current, pass through radiator of making a return journey Or heat source gas rather than the conduction is reconciled by the contact of solid to solid, it is sufficient to complete product or product surface portion Point thermal conditioning, and during at least some times being heated or cooled at least 450,550,650,750,800,900, 1000,1100,1200,1500,2000,3000,4000 or even 5000 or more kW/ square metres of rates execute conduction.

Other than tempering, allowed by the high power delivery rate that the system and method being discussed herein provide all types of Heat treatment is adjusted, edge enhancing, ceramics, glass or other materials including heating and cooling, building glass during tempering Firing or sintering of material etc..Further, since mainly being extracted by conducting or delivery of heat, therefore in processed product Thermal history and heat distribution provide strict control, while keeping surface flatness and quality.Therefore, in the another aspect of the disclosure In, to the thermal history and heat distribution offer strict control in processed product, because mainly extracting or delivering by conducting Heat, also holding surface flatness and quality.Therefore, it is possible to use the system and method for the disclosure, so as in thickness direction and Intentionally change the stress distribution for carrying out self-strengthening method in the following manner on direction where sheet plane：Change gap, Change radiator/source materials, change radiator/heat source temperature, change admixture of gas-and it is all these can by Positioning along sheet path when sheet material is mobile, the positioning across sheet path or may at the same time not only by positioning and Change (for most number variable).

Device, product and structure comprising enhancing building glass piece

The building glass or glass and ceramic product and sheet material of enhancing as described herein are in the product of broad range, equipment, production Tool has been widely used in product, building body etc..In an exemplary embodiment, the building glass or glass of enhancing as described herein Ceramic and sheet material constitute a part or the entire pane of single pane, more panes and vacuum thermal insulation glass (VIG) window.

Referring to fig. 27, building body 1010 (building, house, office, carrier etc.) includes in window, wall (for example, table Face) the forms such as a part, dividing wall, decoration panel, mirror building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012.In other implementations In scheme, building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 can be included in cold sotrage door, oven door, similar appliances or other interiors and answer In.In expected embodiment, building glass or ceramic 1012 can be enhanced, so that building glass or ceramic 1012 have negative tensile stress on the surface thereof or nearby, this is balanced by its internal positive tensile stress, as disclosed herein. In addition, building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 can have a kind of composition, by with relatively high silica Content (silica of such as at least 70 weight % (such as at least 75 weight %)) can tolerate that may be present in outdoor environment Chemical substance and/or corrosion.

According to exemplary implementation scheme, building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 have the main surface vertical with its thickness (referring generally to shown in Fig. 4 500), wherein relative to the building glass for being used for other application (for example, lens, battery component etc.) Glass or glass and ceramic product, main surface have large area (for example, at least 5cm², at least 9cm², at least 15cm², at least 50cm²、 At least 250cm²).In the embodiment of consideration, when building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 have as disclosed herein When thickness, the wavelength by the total light transmission of building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 for about 300nm to about 800nm is At least about 50% (for example, at least 65%, at least 75%), such as following thickness of the thickness：Less than 5cm, less than 3cm, be less than 2cm, less than 1.75cm, less than 1.5cm, less than 1cm, less than 5mm, less than 3mm, less than 2mm, less than 1.75mm, be less than 1.5mm, be less than 1mm, be less than 0.8mm, be less than 0.6mm, be less than 0.5mm, be less than 0.4mm, be less than 0.2mm, and/or at least 10 it is micro- Rice, such as at least 50 microns.

Referring to Figure 31, building is shown from the outside of building body (for example, building, house, office, automobile, train etc.) Window 1400.Certainly, according to the disclosure, it is understood that there may be the window 1400 of various sizes and shape (for example, Figure 30).In embodiment In, window 1400 is mountable in building body 1010 as shown in figure 27.Window 1400 can be single pane, double window lattice, three pane windows, Or even four pane windows.At least one pane in pane in window 1400 can be to be manufactured as disclosed herein And/or the building with any combination of stress distribution as described herein, structure, surface roughness and/or other physical properties Glass or glass and ceramic product.In embodiments, all panes in window 1400 include being manufactured as disclosed herein Building glass or glass ceramics piece (for example, Fig. 4).In alternative embodiment, one or more in the pane in window 1400 A pane may include manufactured as disclosed herein and/or have any combination of stress distribution as described herein, structure, The layer based on glass (that is, heat enhancing wave or glass and ceramic product) of the building of surface roughness and/or other physical properties.

Referring to window 1400 shown in Figure 32 double window lattice embodiment example (along the peripheral edge of the window 1400 in Figure 31 The cross section of line 1-1 at edge), window 1400 includes the first layer 4102 and the second layer 4202 based on glass based on glass, In therebetween with the interior zone 4401 of space or sealing.In embodiments, the first layer 4102 and the second base based on glass In 4202 facing each other of layer of glass, and it is separated from each other and is arranged essentially parallel to each other.In embodiments, first Layer 4102 includes main body 4101 and outer edge 4108 with the outer surface 4104 opposite with inner surface 4106 based on glass.Outside Surface 4104 and inner surface 4106 can be described as main surface herein.In embodiments, first based on glass layer 4102 wrap Include the interior zone of the restriction thickness t between main surface 4104,4106.In embodiments, the second layer 4202 based on glass Including main body 4201 and outer edge 4208 with the outer surface 4206 opposite with inner surface 4204.Outer surface 4206 and inner surface 4204 can be described as main surface herein.In embodiments, second based on glass layer 4202 include main surface 4204,4206 Between restriction thickness t interior zone.Layer 4102,4202 may act as the inside pane or outer side window of building body based on glass Lattice.

First based on glass layer and second based on glass at least one of layer 4102,4202 or both be according to this System and method disclosed in text manufacture and/or have any combination of stress distribution disclosed herein, structure, glass group Close the building glass or glass ceramics piece of the heat enhancing of object, surface roughness etc. and/or physical property.Implement in one or more In scheme, second based on glass layer 4202 be according to the disclosure (for example, Fig. 4) heat enhancing building glass or glass ceramics Piece, and first based on glass layer 4102 be hot-reinforced glass layer, chemically strengthening glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing With chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass layer or Chemical enhancement and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.First is based on glass The layer of glass and second based on glass layer 4102,4202 can be the glass material identical or different with disclosure herein Composition.

In machinery enhancing, the mismatch for the thermal expansion coefficient between part that the compression region (CS) passes through glassy layer is produced It is raw.In heat enhancing, by the way that glassy layer is heated to above glass transition temperature, close to the raised temperature of glass softening point And cool down glass surface area more quickly than the interior zone of glassy layer then to form the region CS.Surface region and inside Different cooling rates between region generate residual surface CS.

Chemically strengthening glass substrate may include the compression region (CS) generated by ion-exchange and center tension (CT) Region.In chemically strengthening glass layer, lower than glass network can relax at a temperature of with biggish ion replacement it is lesser Ion can generate the ion distribution for leading to the surface across glassy layer of stress distribution.The biggish volume of the ion of entrance can be in layer Surface portion on generate CS, glass center generate tension (CT).

Use commercially available instrument (such as by the FSM-6000 etc. of Luceo Co., Ltd (Tokyo, Japan) manufacture) Bearing stress (CS) and compressive stress layer height (DOL) are determined by surface stress meter (FSM), and entitled The ASTM 1422C- of " Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass " 99 and entitled " Standard Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed,Heat-Strengthened,and The method of description measurement CS and layer height, described in the ASTM 1279.19779 of Fully-Tempered Flat Glass " The content of ASTM is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.Surface stress measurement is depended on relevant answers to the birefringent of glass The precise measurement of power optical coefficient (SOC).SOC is then measured by method those of known in the art, and the method is such as fine Peacekeeping four-point bending method is (in entitled " Standard Test Method for Measurement of Glass The described two methods of description, the ASTM in the ASTM standard C770-98 (2008) of Stress-Optical Coefficient " Content be incorporated herein in its entirety by reference) and massive cylinder method (bulk cylinder method).

When FSM is for when measuring compression, CS to be related to CT by following approximate relation：

Wherein thickness is the overall thickness of the glass substrate of enhancing.Unless otherwise specified, CT and CS are herein with million Pa (MPa) indicates, and thickness and DOL or DOC are indicated with millimeter or micron.

In one embodiment, the glassy layer of Chemical enhancement (individually or other is combined to enhance mechanism) can have 250Mpa Bigger, 300MPa or more it is big (for example, 400Mpa or bigger, 450Mpa or bigger, 500Mpa or bigger, 550Mpa or bigger, 600Mpa or bigger, 650Mpa or bigger, 700Mpa or bigger, 750Mpa or bigger or 800MPa or bigger) surface C S. In one embodiment, the glassy layer of Chemical enhancement (individually or other is combined to enhance mechanism) can have 10 μm or bigger, 15 μ M or bigger, 20 μm or bigger (for example, 25 μm, 30 μm, 35 μm, 40 μm, 45 μm, 50 μm or bigger) DOL and/or 10MPa or Bigger, 20Mpa or bigger, 30MPa or bigger, 40MPa or bigger (for example, 42Mpa, 45Mpa or 50Mpa or bigger) but it is less than The CT of 100Mpa (for example, 95,90,85,80,75,70,65,60,55MPa or smaller).In one or more specific embodiments In, the glassy layer of Chemical enhancement (individually or other is combined to enhance mechanism) has one or more of following items：It is greater than Surface C S, the DOL greater than 10 μm and the CT greater than 18MPa of 500MPa.

Window 1400 can further include the component 4421 between its pane.Component 4421 can be formed in glass plate 4102, The edge sealing for (forming airtight or non-hermetically sealed sealing) around 4202 respective edges is (for example, frit, laser edge bonding, solder, rubber Glue), the metal upright post between the surface of glass plate 4102,4202, low thermal conductivity material or be attached to one or two glass plate Or the projection of glass spacer 50 being integrally formed therewith.Component 4421 can help to form one or two between its glass plate Space between distance 4001,4002.Window 1400 can further include the frame 4420 in the perimeter of its glass plate.

Space 4401 includes the distance between layer 4102 and 4,202 4001 based on glass.Distance 4001 can be about 50 Micron is to about 50mm or about 0.1mm to about 25mm or about 0.1mm to about 23mm or about 0.2mm is to about 22mm or about 0.3mm are to about 21mm or about 0.4mm to about 20m or about 0.5mm to about 19mm or about 0.6mm to about 18mm or about 0.7mm to about 17mm or about 2mm to about 15mm.Space 4401 can be sealing And insulating gas including such as air or rare gas (for example, argon, krypton, xenon).Alternatively, space 4401 can be close The seal and vacuum pressure including being less than atmospheric pressure is (for example, 10^-4Support).First layer and second is based on glass based on glass One or both of layer 4102,4202 can include Low emissivity layer 4110 in its any main surface.Low emissivity layer 4110 can be with It is based on glass in the main surface of layer 4102 and 4202 or main intracorporal film, coating or layer.As shown in figure 32, Low emissivity layer 4110 are located at the first of the external side of adjacent building based on glass on the inner surface 4106 of layer 4102.First based on glass layer and Second based on glass one or both of layer 4102,4202 may include indium tin oxide layer or film, in such as electrochromism It is used in the movable smart window of optical window.First layer and second one of layer 4102,4202 based on glass based on glass Or both may also include reflectance coating, clear coat, polymer coating, conductive coating, matt film or combinations thereof.

Figure 33 shows the exemplary implementation scheme of window 1400, and wherein one in pane is a kind of laminated material, the layer Pressing material includes layer 4202 based on glass for being laminated to glass plate 4300, wherein having interlayer 4250 therebetween.In embodiment In, interlayer 4250 with layer 4202 is at least partly coextensive based on glass and is directly and/or indirectly connected to glass plate 4300 side.In embodiments, interlayer 4250 may include polymer material.Polymer material may include polyvinyl alcohol contracting fourth Aldehyde (PVB), polycarbonate, acoustics PVB, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), ionomer, thermoplasticity Material and combinations thereof.Layer 4102 can alternatively or additionally be configured to laminated material based on glass.

Referring to window 1400 shown in Figure 34 three pane embodiments example (along the peripheral edge of the window 1400 in Figure 31 The cross section of line 1-1 at edge), window 1400 includes third layer 4302 based on glass.In embodiments, third is based on glass Layer 4302 include main body 4301 and outer edge 4308 with the outer surface 4304 opposite with inner surface 4306.Outer surface 4304 It can be described as main surface herein with inner surface 4306.In embodiments, layer 4302 includes main surface to third based on glass 4304, the interior zone of the restriction thickness t between 4306.In embodiments, third based on glass layer 4302 towards first Layer 4102 and/or the second layer 4202 based on glass based on glass layer 4102 and/or second are based on based on glass with first The layer 4202 of glass is spaced apart and is arranged essentially parallel to first layer 4102 and/or second is based on glass based on glass Layer 4202 (interior zone 4402 with second space or sealing therebetween).In the embodiment of Figure 43, third is based on glass Layer 4302 with the second distance 4002 spaced apart with second based on glass layer 4202 be spaced apart.Therefore, layer based on glass 4302 may act as the inside pane or outside pane of building body.Layer 4302 is also possible to three pane windows 1400 to third based on glass The first layer 4102 and/or the second intermediate pane between layer 4202 based on glass based on glass.

Third based on glass layer can be according to system and methods described herein manufacture and/or have this paper institute Disclosed any combination of stress distribution, glass composition, structure, surface roughness attribute and/or the hot of physical property enhance Building glass or glass ceramics piece.In one or more embodiments, layer 4302 is heat enhancing glass to third based on glass Glass layer, chemically strengthening glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing and chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing and mechanical enhancing glass Glass layer or Chemical enhancement and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.Layer 4302 can be any glass disclosed herein to third based on glass Composition or similar glass material.First layer and the third layer based on glass based on glass of layer, second based on glass 4102,4202,4302 it can be the glass material composition identical or entirely different with disclosure herein.Third Layer 4302 can include Low emissivity layer 4110 in its any main surface based on glass.Low emissivity layer 4110 can be based on glass Layer 4302 main surface on or main intracorporal film, coating or layer.In embodiments, third 4302 tegillum of layer based on glass It is pressed onto glass plate 4300, wherein having interlayer 4250 therebetween.In embodiments, interlayer 4250 and layer 4302 based on glass to Side that is partially coextensive and being directly and/or indirectly connected to glass plate 4300.Layer 4302 can based on glass for third Including indium tin oxide layer or film, to be used in the movable smart window of such as electrochromism optical window.Third layer based on glass 4302 may also include reflectance coating, clear coat, polymer coating, conductive coating, matt film or combinations thereof.

First layer 4102,4202,4302 can also based on glass for layer, third based on glass for layer, second based on glass It is configured as double window lattice or three pane vacuum thermal insulation glass (VIG) windows.Before Figure 35 is the exemplary implementation scheme of VIG window 1500 View.The configuration of VIG window 1500 can be similar to the configuration of double window lattice or three pane windows 1400.VIG window 1500 may include two windows Lattice or three panes.Figure 36 is the cross-sectional view along the exemplary double window lattice VIG window 1500 of Figure 35 of direction 1-1 observation.At one In embodiment, VIG window 1500 includes first layer 4102 (that is, hot-reinforced glass or glass and ceramic product) based on glass, With second based on glass layer 4202 be spaced apart and be located substantially parallel to the second layer 4202 based on glass.First glass Glass plate and the second glass plate 4102,4202 include respectively the inner surface 4106,4204 opposite with outer surface 4104,4206.First Based on glass layer and second based on glass layer 4102,4202 also respectively include at least one outer edge 4108,4208.At it In his embodiment, VIG window 1500 may include third layer 4302 based on glass comprising the interior table opposite with outer surface 4306 Face 4304 and at least one outer edge 4308.Layer 4302 can be positioned on the first glass plate and the second glass plate to third based on glass 4102, the first glass plate and the second glass plate 4102,4202 are basically parallel between 4202 and, or with the first glass plate 4102 or second glass plate 4202 main surface it is opposite.First layer and third are based on based on glass for layer, second based on glass The layer 4102,4202,4302 of glass may include any glass or glass ceramic composition disclosed herein.Layer based on glass 4102, one, two in 4202,4302 or all may include it is according to system and methods described herein manufacture and/or With any combination of stress distribution disclosed herein, glass composition, structure, surface roughness attribute and/or physical The building glass or glass ceramics piece of the heat enhancing of matter.In the embodiment that window 1500 is not shown, layer based on glass 4102, it at least one of 4202,4302 is configured as laminated material and is laminated to glass plate 4300, wherein having interlayer therebetween 4250 (being similar to shown in Figure 33).In embodiments, interlayer 4250 and applicable layer based on glass (4102,4202, 4302) side that is at least partly coextensive and being directly and/or indirectly connected to glass plate 4300.In embodiments, it presss from both sides Layer 4250 may include polymer material.One, two or complete in layer based on glass 4102,4202,4302 in window 1500 Portion can be configured to laminated material.One, two or whole in layer based on glass 4102,4202,4302 in window 1500 It can include Low emissivity layer 4110 in its main body or in one or two of window 1500 main surface.In window 1500 based on glass One, two in the layer 4102,4202,4302 of glass or may include all indium tin oxide layer or film, in such as electrochromism It is used in the movable smart window of optical window.In window 1500 layer based on glass 4102,4202,4302 (including the 4th be based on glass The layer of glass) in one, two or all can further include reflectance coating, clear coat, polymer coating, conductive coating, delustring Film or combinations thereof.The matt film of the disclosure can be partially transparent or opaque.In addition, matt film can be it is decorative And/or it is functional.

VIG window 1500 further includes spacer 50.In embodiments, spacer 50 is in the second layer 4202 based on glass Inner surface 4204 in be integrally formed multiple projection of glass spacers 50.Projection of glass spacer 50 also may be formed at based on glass On the inner surface 4106 of the layer 4102 of glass.Fig. 3 is the close-up view of exemplary glass bump spacer 50.Projection of glass interval Part 50 layer or second can be integrally formed in layer 4102,4202 based on glass based on glass first, or as individually or Discrete element is added to VIG window 1500.When being integrally formed, projection of glass 50 is by material shape identical with layer based on glass At (and being therefore made from it).It discusses in U.S. Patent number 8,679,599 and 8,821,999 (including by this paper's Based on glass in the main surface of layer carry out induced with laser radiation) formed projection of glass 50 illustrative methods, the patent Full content be hereby incorporated herein by.For example, in entitled " VACUUM INSULATED GLASS UNITS AND 62/248,715 (the attorney docket of U.S. Patent Application No. of METHODOLOGY FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME " Number 62/248,715) illustrative methods from glass plate 20B etching projection of glass 50 are provided in, the full content of the application with The mode of reference is incorporated herein.Before hot enhancing technology is applied to building glass as disclosed herein or glass ceramics piece Or later, projection of glass spacer 50 can be provided or formed from layer 4102,4202,4302 based on glass.Spacer 50 can also To be discrete metal, ceramics, aluminium, plastics or glass spacer between pane 20B and 20F.

In an exemplary embodiment, projection of glass spacer 50 is evenly spaced apart relative to each other.Because glass is convex It plays spacer 50 to be integrally formed in main body 4101,4201,4301, so when with rule (that is, substantially normal incident) When view VIG window 1500, they are substantially invisible.Therefore, projection of glass is shown with dotted line (chain-dotted line) in Figure 35 50.As shown in figure 3, projection of glass 50 has " tip " or " top section " 51.As described below, top section 51 need not be such as Figure 37 It is shown rounded.For example, top section 51 can have biggish radius of curvature or even have flat top section.In title The U.S. for " GLASS BUMPS ON GLASS ARTICLES AND METHODS OF LASER-INDUCED GROWTH " is special Projection of glass geometry according to the disclosure is provided in sharp application number 14/808,790 (attorney number SP15-169PZ), The full content of the application is incorporated herein by way of introduction.In embodiments, based on glass layer 4102,4202, 4302 be transmission at 420nm to 750nm.In an exemplary embodiment, projection of glass spacer 50 has 50 μm to 300 μm or 75 μm to 150 μm and/or even 100 μm to 120 μm in the range of height (" height of projection ") H.In embodiment In, the height H of projection of glass spacer 50 can limit spacing distance 4001,4002.

In the embodiment of Figure 36, projection of glass spacer 50 contact front based on glass layer 4101 (on surface At 4106) to keep the first distance 4001 between front glass panel 4102 and rear glass plate 4202.In embodiments, window 1500 In the layer based on glass that is contacted with projection of glass spacer 50 be to be increased according to the heat of system and methods described herein manufacture Strong building glass or glass ceramics piece.The compression of main surface thereon can help to minimize the vacuum by space 4401 Point at the top section 51 of each projection of glass spacer 50 caused by the thermal contraction and expansion of power and opposite pane is answered It is damaged caused by power.

Component 4421 can be provided at corresponding outer edge 4108 and 4208 between each outer peripheral at least part (for example, edge sealing) is gas-tight seal to provide.Front layer 4102 and the rear portion envelope between layer 4202 based on glass based on glass While defining the interior zone 4401 of sealing.In embodiments, edge sealing is at least partly by induced with laser.Edge sealing can be glass The sealing element of glass material, the sealing element between layer 4102,4202 based on glass, or with being based on glass The sealing element of gasket or glass section between layer 4102,4202.

Space 4401 can at least partly vacuumize, so that it has less than an atmosphere or less than the vacuum of atmospheric pressure Pressure (for example, 10-4 is held in the palm, or even less than 10-6 support), provides desired heat-insulated and sound dampening properties to VIG window 1500.? In embodiment, the respective external edge 4108,4208 of front layer and rear portion layer 4102,4202 based on glass based on glass Around component 4421 front based on glass layer 4102 and rear portion based on glass layer 4202 surface 4106 and 4204 it Between generate hermetically sealed space 4401.

Figure 38 is analogous to the cross-sectional view of Figure 36, and shows the exemplary implementation scheme of three pane VIG windows 1500.? Two are respectively formed first group of projection of glass spacer in the anterior face 4204 and posterior face 4206 of layer 4202 based on glass With second group of projection of glass spacer 50, to keep the distance 4001 of layer 4102 and being based on away from third based on glass away from first The distance 4002 of the layer 4302 of glass.In the exemplary implementation scheme shown in Figure 38, multiple edge sealing can be used, one of envelope Corresponding portion of the side at least sealing margin 4108 and 4208, and another edge sealing is at least sealing margin 4208 and 4308 Corresponding portion.In another exemplary embodiment, single edge sealing 4421 for sealing margin 4108,4208 and 4308 with Limit the interior zone 4401 and 4402 of two sealings.

Certainly, projection of glass separator can be in three in VIG window 1500 based on glass layer 4102,4202,4302 Any one of two any surfaces on formed.Before layer 4102,4202,4302 can be referred to herein as based on glass Portion, centre and rear portion layer based on glass.Figure 39 is similar with Figure 38, and shows three panes of Figure 35 along direction 1-1 observation The alternative exemplary implementation scheme of VIG window 1500.In this embodiment, second group of projection of glass spacer 50 is in third Based on glass on layer 4302 rather than in intermediate layer 4202 based on glass.Figure 39 is also shown uses multiple structures as described above The exemplary implementation scheme of part 4421 (for example, edge sealing).Figure 40 is similar with Figure 38, and shows three pane VIG windows 1500 again One alternative example embodiment, wherein first group of projection of glass spacer 50 on front based on glass layer 4102 without It is in intermediate layer 4202 based on glass.Therefore, in the embodiment shown in Figure 40, projection of glass spacer 50 is in inside It is formed in external layer based on glass, and in the embodiment shown in Figure 38, projection of glass spacer is based on glass in centre It is formed in the layer of glass.

One in layer based on glass 4102,4202,4302 (including the 4th layer based on glass) in VIG window 1500 It is a, two or all can be according to system and methods described herein manufacture and/or have it is disclosed herein any Combined stress distribution, glass composition, structure, surface roughness attribute and/or physical property heat enhancing building glass Or glass ceramics piece.In other embodiments, one, two in layer 4102,4202,4302 or all may be used based on glass To be hot-reinforced glass layer, chemically strengthening glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing and chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing With mechanical reinforcing glass layer or Chemical enhancement and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.

The lower thickness of building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 can not damage building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 function in building window, automobile or other application relative to conventional articles, because by invention disclosed herein method The building glass of offer or the high-caliber intensity of glass and ceramic product 1012.Thin building glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 can It can be particularly useful in such construction window or other application and as layer or pane, because of building glass or glass ceramics system Product 1012 can be lighter than this conventional based article, to reduce corresponding integrally-built weight.It, as a result can be with for automobile It is higher fuel efficiency.For building, lighter, firmer or less resource-intensive structure as a result can be. Other imagine embodiment in, building glass or glass and ceramic product disclosed herein can have more by a small margin, larger thickness The region of degree transmits less light, and/or can be used for different applications, such as answers about Figure 27-30 those disclosed With.

With reference to Figure 28, surface 1110 includes glass or glass and ceramic product 1112, manufactured as disclosed herein and/or Any combination with the stress distribution, structure and/or the physical property that are discussed herein, and as work top and/or as aobvious Show a part of device.In some embodiments, about 800nm is directed to by the total transmittance of glass or glass and ceramic product 1012 Infrared wavelength to about 1500nm is at least about 30% (for example, at least 50%), consequently facilitating using surface 1110 as kitchen range. In some embodiments, thermal expansion coefficient (CTE) possessed by glass or glass and ceramic product 1112 is about 10x10^-7℃^-1 To about 140x10^-7℃^-1, about 20x10^-7℃^-1To about 120x10^-7℃^-1, about 30x10^-7℃^-1To about 100x10^-7℃^-1, about 40x10^-7℃^-1To about 100x10^-7℃^-1, about 50x10^-7℃^-1To about 100x10^-7℃^-1Or about 60x10^-7℃^-1To about 120x10^-7℃^-1.In various embodiments, the method is preferably suited for the glass composition with medium supreme CTE.Pass through this The exemplary glass of the method works fine of text description includes alkali alumino-silicates, such asGlass Glass, boroaluminosilicate and soda-lime glass.In some embodiments, CTE possessed by the glass used be greater than 40, be greater than 50, Greater than 60, it is greater than 70, is greater than 80 or is greater than 90x10^-7/℃.As disclosed herein, some such CTE are for as described herein May be especially low for hot tempering, wherein the degree of negative tensile stress is not more than 50MPa and/or at least 10MPa.

With reference to Figure 29, device 1210 is (for example, handheld computer, tablet computer, portable computer, cellular phone, electricity Depending on machine, display board etc.) it include one or more glass or glass and ceramic product 1212,1214,1216, as being disclosed herein Manufacture and/or any combination with stress distribution as disclosed herein, structure and/or physical property, and further include electronics Component 1218 and shell 1220.In the embodiment of consideration, shell 1220 can be or including glass as disclosed herein Or glass and ceramic product.In the embodiment of imagination, the substrate 1222 for electronic component 1218 be can be as institute is public herein The glass or glass and ceramic product opened.

In some embodiments, glass or glass and ceramic product 1212,1214 may be used as front plane substrate and backboard lining Bottom, and glass or glass and ceramic product 1216 may be used as the cover glass in device 1210.According to an exemplary embodiment party Case, the glass or glass and ceramic product 1216 of device 1210 are alkali alumina silicate glasses.This composition can permit by such as Hot tempering disclosed herein comes reinforcing glass or glass and ceramic product 1216, and can additionally be increased by ion exchange By force, at its surface or be provided about the negative tensile stress (for example, at least 200MPa, at least 250MPa) of special high level. In other embodiments, glass or glass and ceramic product 1216 may include sodium carbonate, calcium oxide, miemite, titanium dioxide Silicon (for example, at least 70 weight %), aluminium oxide and/or other components；And it can be increased by invention disclosed herein method By force.Glass or glass and ceramic product 1216 can be extremely thin or otherwise construct, such as with as disclosed herein Any size.

Referring now to Figure 30, according to method disclosed herein manufacture and/or there is any combination of as disclosed herein answer The building glass or glass and ceramic product 1310 of power distribution, structure and/or physical property have curvature and/or variable cross-section ruler Very little D.This based article can have thickness disclosed herein, such as the average value of dimension D or the maximum value of dimension D.Although building glass Or glass and ceramic product 1310 is illustrated as curved sheet material, but other shapes can be enhanced by method disclosed herein, Such as more complicated shape.In the embodiment of imagination, building glass or glass and ceramic product 1310 may be used as vehicle Window (for example, skylight) or for building (as top layer window) or for other application.

In various embodiments, according to method disclosed herein manufacture and/or have it is disclosed herein any The glass material of combined stress distribution, structure and/or physical property can be used to form at least a piece of building glass-polymer- Interlayer-glass laminated material.The larger and thinner laminated material of intensity can be produced, to mitigate weight and save the cost.It is ideal Ground, heat enhancing fine sheet by clod wash (referring generally to Figure 30) and can be in turn laminated to the relatively heavy sheet glass to be formed, to provide letter Any hot forming/molding of the single and reliable manufacturing method without fine sheet.

The glass and glass ceramic material of heat enhancing building glass piece

The system and method discussed can be used for thermal conditioning, enhancing and/or the various building glass of tempering and/or glass Glass ceramic material.

Method described herein and system can be usually used together with substantially any building glass composition, and some realities The scheme of applying can be used together with building glass laminated material, building glass ceramics and/or ceramics.In various embodiments, institute The method of stating can be used together with the building glass composition with high CTE.In embodiments, by method described herein and System enhancing building glass include alkali aluminosilicate (such as'sGlass), SLG, without sodium or alkali-free glass Glass etc..In some embodiments, CTE possessed by the building glass enhanced by the process and system that are discussed herein is greater than 40x10^-7/ DEG C, be greater than 50x10^-7/ DEG C, be greater than 60x10^-7/ DEG C, be greater than 70x10^-7/ DEG C, be greater than 80x10^-7/ DEG C or be greater than 90x10^-7/℃。

In some applications and embodiment, (such as built by the building glass that the method and system being discussed herein enhances Build sheet glass 500) it can have the composition for being configured for chemical durability.In some such embodiments, composition Comprising by weight at least 70% silica, and/or by weight at least 10% sodium oxide molybdena, and/or by weight extremely Few 7% calcium oxide.Conventional articles with such composition are likely difficult to by chemical tempering to deeper depth and/or needle Lower thickness is likely difficult to carry out hot tempering by conventional method to the negative surface of enough size (if impossible) Tensile stress, such as due to the fragility of conventional method and power.However, in the embodiment of consideration, invention disclosed herein side The enhancing building glass or glass and ceramic product or sheet material (such as building glass piece 500) that method allows to have this composition, In negative tensile stress from least one in first surface and second surface (for example, surface 510, surface 520 of building glass piece 500) It is a to extend in corresponding enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece and reach certain distance, the distance be enhancing building glass or At least the 10% of the thickness of glass ceramics piece, such as thickness at least 12%, the 15% of thickness, the 18% of thickness, thickness 20%.

In some embodiments, the building glass or glass ceramics piece and product enhanced as discussed herein has The one or more coatings being placed on before the enhancing of building glass piece heat on building glass.The method being discussed herein can be used for giving birth to The enhancing building glass piece with one or more coatings is produced, and in some such embodiments, it will before heat enhancing Coating is placed on building glass and the influence of the not heated Enhancement Method of coating.Advantageously it is stored in the building glass of the disclosure The specific coating of on piece includes low E coating, reflectance coating, anti-reflection coating, anti-fingerprint coating, edge filter, pyrolytic coating Deng.

According to exemplary implementation scheme, glass discussed in this article or glass ceramics piece or product (such as shown in Figure 29 1214) product 1212 of device 1210 is Boroalumino silicate glasses.In some embodiments, the glass or glass being discussed herein Glass potsherd or product (such as product 1212,1214 of device 1210 shown in Figure 29) are usually non-alkali glass, but still are had There are stress distribution and structure as disclosed herein.This composition is to reduce the relaxation degree of building glass, to promote electronics The coupling (such as electrochromic window) of device and its.In some embodiments, the building glass piece/product being discussed herein is Flexible building glass piece.In other embodiments, building glass described herein piece/product is built comprising two or more Build the laminates of sheet glass.

In the embodiment of some considerations, (such as built by the building glass that the method and system being discussed herein enhances Build sheet glass 500) it may include amorphous substrate, crystalline substrates or combinations thereof, such as building glass ceramic substrate.Pass through herein The building glass (such as building glass piece 500) of the method and system enhancing of discussion may include alkali alumino-silicates glass, contain Alkali borosilicate glass, alkaline alumina phosphate glass or alkaline aluminium borosilicate glass, photochromic glass, electrochromism glass Glass or thermochromism glass.In one or more embodiments, pass through the building glass for the method and system enhancing being discussed herein Glass (such as building glass piece 500) may include having with molar percentage (mol%) in its part without ion exchange For the building glass of the ingredient of unit, the ingredient includes：About (for example, add deduct 1%) 40mol% is to about 80mol% range Interior SiO₂, Al within the scope of about 10mol% to about 30mol%₂O₃, B within the scope of about 0mol% to about 10mol%₂O₃, about R within the scope of 0mol% to about 20mol%₁₀RO within the scope of O, and/or about 0mol% to about 15mol%.In some considerations In embodiment, composition may include it is following either or both：ZrO within the scope of about 0mol% to about 5mol%₂Peace treaty P2O5 within the scope of 0mol% to about 15mol%.In the embodiment of some considerations, TiO₂It may be with about 0mol% to about 2mol% exists.

In the embodiment of some considerations, the combination of reinforcing glass or glass ceramics piece or product for being discussed herein Object can be selected from least one clarifying agent including below group with 0-2mol% come ingredient：Na₂SO₄、NaCl、NaF、NaBr、 K₂SO₄, KCl, KF, KBr and SnO₂Can also be walked according to the building glass composition of one or more embodiments be included in SnO in lower range₂：About 0 to about 2mol%, about 0 to about 1mol%, about 0.1 to about 2mol%, about 0.1 to about 1mol% or About 1 to about 2mol%.In some embodiments, enhancing building glass disclosed herein or the building glass of glass ceramics piece 500 Glass composition can be substantially free of AS₂O₃And/or Sb₂O₃。

In the embodiment of consideration, the enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or product being discussed herein may include leading to Cross the alkali alumino-silicates building glass composition or alkaline aluminoborosilicate building glass that ion exchange process further enhances Composition.A kind of exemplary building glass composition includes SiO₂、B₂O₃And Na₂O, wherein (SiO₂+B₂O₃) >=66mol.% and/ Or Na₂O >=9mol.%.In one embodiment, building glass composition includes at least aluminium oxide of 6 weight %.Another In a embodiment, the enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or product being discussed herein may include having one or more alkali The building glass composition of soil metal oxide, so that the content of alkaline earth oxide is at least 5 weight %.In some implementations In scheme, suitable building glass composition also includes K₂O, at least one of MgO and CaO.In a specific embodiment In, the building glass composition for the enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or product that are discussed herein may include 61- The SiO of 75mol%₂；The Al of 7-15mol%₂O₃；The B of 0-12mol%₂O₃；The Na of 9-21mol%₂O；The K of 0-4mol%₂O；0- The MgO of 7mol%；And/or the CaO of 0-3mol%.

Suitable for enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or another exemplary glass of the product combination being discussed herein Object includes：The SiO of 60-70mol.%₂；The Al of 6-14mol.%₂O₃；The B of 0-15mol.%₂O₃；The Li of 0-15mol.%₂O；0- The Na of 20mol.%₂O；The K of 0-10mol.%₂O；The MgO of 0-8mol.%；The CaO of 0-10mol.%；0-5mol.%) ZrO₂； The SnO of 0-1mol.%₂；The CeO of 0-1mol.%₂；AS less than 50ppm₂O₃；And the Sb less than 50ppm₂O₃；Wherein 12mol.%≤(Li₂O+Na₂O+K₂O)≤20mol.% and/or 0mol.%≤(MgO+CaO)≤10mol.%.Suitable for this The literary enhancing building glass discussed or glass ceramics piece or another another exemplary glass compositions of product include：63.5- The SiO of 66.5mol.%₂；The Al of 8-12mol.%₂O₃；The B of 0-3mol.%₂O₃；The Li of 0-5mol.%₂O；8-18mol.%'s Na₂O；The K of 0-5mol.%₂O；The MgO of 1-7mol.%；The CaO of 0-2.5mol.%；0-3mol.%) ZrO₂；0.05- The SnO of 0.25mol.%₂；The CeO of 0.05-0.5mol.%₂；AS less than 50ppm₂O₃；And the Sb less than 50ppm₂O₃；Its Middle 14mol.%≤(Li₂O+Na₂O+K₂O)≤18mol.% and/or 2mol.%≤(MgO+CaO)≤7mol.%.

Special consideration should be given to embodiment in, suitable for the enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or product being discussed herein Alkali alumino-silicates glass composition include aluminium oxide, at least one alkali metal, and in some embodiments include big In the SiO of 50mol.%₂, in other embodiments include at least SiO of 58mol.%₂, and in a further embodiment SiO 2 including at least 60mol.%, wherein (Al₂O₃+B₂O₃The ratio of)/∑ dressing agent (i.e. dressing agent total amount) is greater than 1, In in ratio, component is indicated with mol.% and dressing agent is alkali metal oxide.In a particular embodiment, this building Glass composition includes：The SiO of 58-72mol.%₂；The Al of 9-17mol.%₂O₃；The B of 2-12mol.%₂O₃；8-16mol.% Na₂O；And/or the K of 0-4mol.%₂O, wherein (Al₂O₃+B₂O₃The ratio of)/∑ dressing agent (i.e. dressing agent total amount) is greater than 1. In yet another embodiment, enhance building glass or glass ceramics piece 500 may include alkali alumino-silicates glass composition, It includes：The SiO of 64-68mol.%₂；The Na of 12-16mol.%₂O；The Al of 8-12mol.%₂O₃；The B of 0-3mol.%₂O₃；2- The K of 5mol.%₂O；The MgO of 4-6mol.%；The CaO of and 0-5mol.%, wherein 66mol.%≤SiO₂+B₂O₃+CaO≤ 69mol.%；Na₂O+K₂O+B₂O₃+MgO+CaO+SrO>10mol.%；5mol.%≤MgO+CaO+SrO≤8mol.%；(Na₂O +B₂O₃)-Al₂O₃≤ 2mol.%；2mol.%≤Na₂O-Al₂O₃≤ 6mol.%；And 4mol.%≤(Na₂O+K₂O)-Al₂O₃ ≤ 10mol.%.In an alternative embodiment, the enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or product being discussed herein can wrap Alkali alumino-silicates glass composition is included, it includes：The Al of 2mol% or more₂O₃And/or ZrO₂Or 4mol% or more Al₂O₃And/or ZrO₂。

In the embodiment of consideration, the suitable glasses of reinforcing glass or glass ceramics piece or product for being discussed herein The example of ceramics may include Li₂O-Al₂O₃-SiO₂System (i.e. LAS system) glass ceramics, MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂System is (i.e. MAS system) glass ceramics, and/or comprising dominate crystal phase glass ceramics, the leading crystal phase includes β-quartz solid solution, β- Spodumene ss, cordierite and lithium disilicate.The enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or the feature of product being discussed herein can be In its generation type.For example, may be characterized as can float forming for the enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or product that are discussed herein (that is, pass through float glass production process formed), can draw downwards and particularly, fusible forming or can draw (that is, being formed by the downward method of such as fusion draw method or slot drawn method) of slot.

The enhancing building glass or glass ceramics piece or the feature of product of float forming can be smooth surface and consistent thickness Degree, and be placed on molten metal (usually tin) bed by the way that building glass float glass process will be melted and be made.In illustrative methods In, the melting building glass or glass ceramics being supplied on molten tin bed surface form float glass process building glass or glass ceramics band. When building glass band is flowed along molten tin bath, temperature is gradually reduced, until building glass or glass ceramics band are solidified into can be from tin Promote Solid construction glass or the glass and ceramic product on roller.Once leaving molten tin bath, builds glass or glass and ceramic product can To be further cooled and anneal to reduce internal stress.The case where building glass or glass and ceramic product are glass ceramics Under, ceramming processes can be subjected to by the building glass product that float glass production process is formed, pass through the ceramic side Method generates one or more crystal phases.

Downward drawing method production has the building glass or glass and ceramic product of the uniform thickness on relatively primitive surface.Cause It is the average bending strength of building glass or glass and ceramic product by the amount and size Control of surface defect, so being connect with minimum The initial surface of touching has higher initial strength.When this high-strength building glass or glass and ceramic product are then further Enhancing (such as chemically) when, gained intensity can be higher than with the building glass or glass ceramics system ground with polished surface The intensity of product.The building glass or glass and ceramic product that draw downwards can be drawn into the thickness less than about 2mm.In addition, downwards The building glass or glass and ceramic product of drawing have very flat, smooth surface, and the surface can be used for its final application Without expensive grinding and polishing.In the case where building glass or glass and ceramic product are glass ceramics, by pulling down The building glass or glass and ceramic product that method processed is formed can be subjected to ceramming processes, generate one by the ceramming processes Kind or a variety of crystal phases.

For example, fusion drawing method uses the drawing slot with the channel for receiving melting building glass raw material.Logical On road two sides, the weir in channel is along passage length in open-top.When channel is full of melted material, melting building glass overflows Weir.Due to gravity, melts building glass and flow down the architectural glass film flowed as two along the outer surface for drawing slot.It draws These of slot processed downwardly and extend internally, so that they are combined drawing edges below slot.Two flowing build Glass-film is built to combine in this edge to form the building glass product individually flowed.Merge drawing method the advantages of be, Because two architectural glass films flowed on a passage fuse together, the outer surface of obtained building glass product is all It is not contacted with any part of equipment.Therefore, the surface nature of the building glass product of fusion draw is not by the shadow of this contact It rings.In the case where building glass or glass and ceramic product are glass ceramics, the building glass or glass that are formed by melting process Glass ceramic can be subjected to ceramming processes, generate one or more crystal phases by the ceramming processes.

Slot drawn method is different from fusion draw method.In slot drawn method, fused raw material glass is supplied to Draw slot.Draw the nozzle that the bottom of slot has opening groove and extends along slot length.Melten glass is flowed through slit/spray Mouth and drawn downwards as continuous glassware and enter annealing region.It is glass pottery in building glass or glass and ceramic product In the case where porcelain, the building glass product formed by slot drawn process can be subjected to ceramming processes, pass through the ceramics Change method generates one or more crystal phases.

In some embodiments, building glass product can be used such as U.S. Patent number 8,713,972, U.S. Patent number 9,003,835, thin rolling described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0027169 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050099618 Process is formed, and the content of the patent application is incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.More specifically, building glass or glass ceramics Product can be formed in the following manner：Supply the vertical current of melten glass；With a pair of of forming rolls to the melten glass supplied Or glass ceramics stream is formed, the roller is maintained at about 500 DEG C or higher or about 600 DEG C or higher surface temperature, with Being formed has the forming building glass band for being formed by thickness；Size roller, which is determined, with a pair carries out scale to glass tape is formed by Very little, the roller is maintained at about 400 DEG C or lower surface temperature, with produce have be less than be formed by the expectation thickness of thickness with And the glass tape of the scale cun of expectation thickness consistency.The equipment for being used to form glass tape may include：It is melted for supplying The glass feeder of the supply stream of glass；It is maintained at a pair of of forming rolls of about 500 DEG C or higher surface temperature, the forming Roller is spaced apart closely adjacent one anotherly, so that the forming of glass gap between forming rolls is limited, wherein the forming of glass gap The lower section of glass feeder is vertically located in the supply stream for receiving melten glass, and makes to melt between forming rolls The supply rheology of glass is thin to form the molding glass band with the thickness formed；And it is maintained at about 400 DEG C or lower table A pair of face temperature determines size roller, described to determine size roller and be spaced apart closely adjacent one anotherly, thus determining to limit between size roller Glass determines size gap, wherein glass determine size gap be vertically located in the lower section of forming rolls with for receive forming building glass Band simultaneously keeps forming building glass band thinning, to generate the building of the scale with expectation thickness and expectation thickness consistency cun Glass tape.

In some cases, it when the viscosity of building glass does not allow using melting or slot drawn method, can be used Thin milling method.For example, can use thin rolling when glass shows the liquidus viscosity less than 100kP to form building Glass or glass and ceramic product.Building glass or glass and ceramic product can be handled by acid polishing or otherwise to remove Or reduce the influence of surface defect.

In the embodiment of consideration, composition possessed by the building glass or glass ceramics piece or product that are discussed herein It is different with side surface.On the side of building glass or glass ceramics piece 500, exemplary composition is：69-75 weight %'s SiO₂, 0-1.5 weight % Al₂O₃, 8-12 weight % CaO, 0-0.1 weight % Cl, 0-500ppm Fe, 0-500ppm K, 0.0-4.5 weight % MgO, 12-15 weight % Na₂O, the SO of 0-0.5 weight %₃, 0-0.5 weight % SnO₂、0- The TiO of SrO, 0-0.1 weight % of 0.1 weight %₂, 0-0.1 weight % ZnO, and/or 0-0.1 weight % ZrO₂.At this On the other side of building glass or glass ceramics piece or product that text discusses, exemplary composition is：73.16 weight %'s SiO₂, 0.076 weight % Al₂O₃, the CaO of 9.91 weight %, the Cl of 0.014 weight %, 0.1 weight % Fe₂O₃、0.029 The K of weight %₂O, the Na of the MgO of 2.792 weight %, 13.054 weight %₂O, the SO of 0.174 weight %₃, 0.001 weight % SnO₂, the SrO of 0.01 weight %, 0.01 weight % TiO₂, 0.002 weight % ZnO, and/or 0.005 weight % ZrO₂。

In the embodiment that other consider, the composition packet of the building glass or glass ceramics piece or product that are discussed herein It includes：The SiO of 55-85 weight %₂, 0-30 weight % Al₂O₃, 0-20 weight % B₂O₃, 0-25 weight % Na₂O, 0-20 weight Measure the K of CaO, 0-20 weight % of %₂O, BaO, 0.002-0.06 weight % of MgO, 5-20 weight % of 0-15 weight % Fe₂O₃, and/or the Cr of 0.0001-0.06 weight %₂O₃.In the embodiment that other consider, the glass or glass that are discussed herein The composition of glass potsherd or product includes the SiO of 60-72mol%₂, 3.4-8mol% Al₂O₃, 13-16mol% Na₂O、 The K of 0-1mol%₂O, the TiO of MgO, 0-0.2mol% of 3.3-6mol%₂, 0.01-0.15mol% Fe₂O₃、6.5- The SO of the CaO, and/or 0.02-0.4mol% of 9mol%₃。

Embodiment

As described in detail above, the equipment includes three area-hot-zones, transition region and cold-zone or quenching for equipment setting- Area.Desired spacing is set in gap between the hot bearing in the top and bottom of hot-zone and quenching area (radiator).Setting heat The gas flow rate in area, transition region and quenching area is placed in the middle in air bearing to ensure building glass material, sheet material or part.It will be hot Area is pre-heated to desired T₀, building glass product then will be from the T₀Start to quench.In order to ensure uniformly heating, independent Preheating device (such as batch furnace or continuous oven) in preheat building glass product.In general, building glass piece is being loaded into hot-zone It is preheated before more than 5 minutes.For soda-lime glass, preheated at 450 DEG C or so.After warm-up phase, glass will be built Glass product is loaded into hot-zone and allows its balance, wherein balance is building glass in T₀Lower uniform place.T₀Institute's phase can be passed through Enhancing/toughening degree of prestige determines, but generally remains between softening point and glass transition temperature.Reach flat Thickness of the time of weighing apparatus at least dependent on building glass.For example, for about 1.1mm or smaller building glass piece, at about 10 seconds It is interior to balance.For the building glass piece of 3mm, balanced in about 10 seconds to 30 seconds.For (being up to about compared with sheet material 6mm), equilibration time may be at 60 seconds or so.Once building glass has equilibrated to T₀, it just runs through in air bearing Transition region shifts and enters cold-zone or quenching area.Building glass product in quenching area rapid quenching to being lower than glass transition temperature Spend the temperature of Tg.The building glass temperature it is expected depending on desired temper grade and/or when removed, building glass piece Can be kept in quenching area 1 second, 10 seconds or a few minutes or the longer any time section.After the removing, optionally allow Cooling building glass before processing.

Table VI summarizes following embodiment.

Embodiment 1- by with a thickness of the soda lime glass piece of 5.7mm (e.g., including at least titanium dioxide of 70 weight % The calcium oxide of the sodium oxide molybdena, and/or at least 7 weight % of silicon, and/or at least 10 weight %) it is preheated 10 minutes at 450 DEG C, it After be transferred into hot-zone, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 690 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 60 seconds.Equilibrating to T₀Later, By the sheet glass be quickly transferred to full of helium gap be 91 μm (wherein gap be the nearest radiator of glass sheet surface figure it Between distance) quenching area, in the quenching area by the sheet glass keep 10 seconds.Resulting product surface compression be- 312MPa, center tension 127MPa, and flatness is 83 μm.

Embodiment 2- will be preheated 10 minutes at 450 DEG C with a thickness of the soda lime glass piece of 5.7mm, then by its turn Hot-zone is moved on to, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 690 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 60 seconds.After the equilibration, by the glass Piece is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 91 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds.Resulting product surface compression For -317MPa, center tension 133MPa, and flatness is about 89.7 μm.

Embodiment 3- will be preheated 10 minutes at 450 DEG C with a thickness of the soda lime glass piece of 1.1mm, then by its turn Hot-zone is moved on to, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 700 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 10 seconds.After the equilibration, by the glass Piece is quickly transferred to the quenching area that the gap full of helium is 56 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds.Gained system The fictive temperature on the surface of product is measured as 661 DEG C, and surface compression is -176MPa, center tension 89MPa, flatness 190 μm, and Vickers cracking threshold value is 10-20N.

Embodiment 4- will be preheated 10 minutes at 450 DEG C with a thickness of the soda lime glass piece of 0.55mm, then by it It is transferred to hot-zone, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 720 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 10 seconds.After the equilibration, by the glass Glass piece is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 25 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds, passes so as to cause effective Hot rate is 0.184cal/ (cm²-s-℃).Resulting product surface compression is -176MPa, and center tension is 63MPa.This Outside, flatness possessed by gained enhanced article is that about 168 microns (for 710 DEG C of samples of initial temperature) and 125 microns are (right In 720 DEG C of sample of initial temperature).

Embodiment 5- will be with a thickness of 1.5mm'sSheet glass preheats 10 points at 550 DEG C Clock transfers it to hot-zone, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 790 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 30 seconds.In balance Afterwards, the sheet glass is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 226 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds.Glass The improvement of the flatness of glass product is measured as 113 μm (before processing) and 58 μm (after processing).

Embodiment 6- will be preheated 10 minutes at 450 DEG C with a thickness of the soda lime glass piece of 0.7mm, then by its turn Hot-zone is moved on to, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 730 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 10 seconds.After the equilibration, by the glass Piece is quickly transferred to the quenching area that the gap full of helium is 31 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds, to lead Causing effective rate of heat transfer is 0.149cal/ (cm²-s-℃).Resulting product surface compression is -206MPa, and center tension is 100MPa, and flatness is 82 μm.In fracture, observe sheet glass " stripping and slicing " (for a thickness of 2mm or bigger sheet material The standard terminology-i.e. that stripping and slicing uses 5x5 square centimeters of sheet glass is broken into 40 or more), this shows that sheet material is complete Tempering.

Embodiment 7- will be preheated 10 minutes at 550 DEG C with a thickness of the Borofloat-33 sheet glass of 3.3mm, then by it It is transferred to hot-zone, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 800 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 30 seconds.After the equilibration, by the glass Glass piece is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 119 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds.Resulting product it is flat Degree is 120 μm.When the portion fractures, " stripping and slicing " (standard used for the sheet material stripping and slicing with a thickness of 2mm or bigger is observed Term-i.e. 5x5 square centimeters of sheet glass is broken into 40 or more), this shows that sheet material is complete tempering.

Embodiment 8- will be preheated 10 minutes at 450 DEG C with a thickness of the soda lime glass piece of 3.2mm, then by its turn Hot-zone is moved on to, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 690 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 30 seconds.After the equilibration, by the glass Piece is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 84 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds.Resulting product surface compression For -218MPa, center tension 105MPa, and flatness is 84 μm.

Embodiment 9- will be preheated 10 minutes at 450 DEG C with a thickness of the soda lime glass piece of 0.3mm, then by its turn Hot-zone is moved on to, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 630 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 10 seconds.After the equilibration, by the glass Piece is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 159 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds.Resulting product has and can lead to The membrane stress that grey field polarimetry is observed is crossed, this shows that glass has been incorporated with thermal stress.

Embodiment 10- will be with a thickness of 0.1mm'sSheet glass preheats 10 points at 550 DEG C Clock transfers it to hot-zone, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 820 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 10 seconds.In balance Afterwards, the sheet glass is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 141 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds, from And effective rate of heat transfer is caused to be 0.033cal/ (cm²-s-℃).In fracture, resulting product is shown and residual stress glass Consistent behavior.

Embodiment 11- will be preheated 10 minutes at 450 DEG C with a thickness of the soda lime glass piece of 1.1mm, then by it It is transferred to hot-zone, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 700 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 10 seconds.After the equilibration, by the glass Glass piece is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 65 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds, passes so as to cause effective Hot rate is 0.07cal/ (cm²-s-℃).The fictive temperature on the surface of resulting product is measured as 657 DEG C, and surface compression is- 201MPa, center tension 98MPa, flatness are 158 μm, and Vickers cracking threshold value is 10-20N.

Embodiment 12- will be with a thickness of 1.1mm'sSheet glass preheats 10 points at 550 DEG C Clock transfers it to hot-zone, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 810 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 10 seconds.In balance Afterwards, the sheet glass is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 86 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds, thus Leading to effective rate of heat transfer is 0.058cal/ (cm²-s-℃).The fictive temperature on the surface of resulting product is measured as 711 DEG C, Surface compression is -201MPa, center tension 67MPa, and Vickers cracking threshold value is 20-30N.

Embodiment 13- will be with a thickness of 1.1mm'sSheet glass preheats 10 points at 550 DEG C Clock transfers it to hot-zone, the T in the hot-zone by the sheet glass at 800 DEG C₀It is lower to be kept for 10 seconds.In balance Afterwards, the sheet glass is quickly transferred to the quenching area that gap is 91 μm, is kept in the quenching area 10 seconds.Gained The fictive temperature on the surface of product is measured as 747 DEG C, and surface compression is -138MPa, center tension 53MPa, and flatness is 66 μm, and Vickers cracking threshold value is 20-30N.

Table VI

Additional embodiment-helium and about 90 microns gap 204a, 204b (Figure 21) handle the glass with a thickness of 5.7mm Glass piece is (including at least oxygen of the sodium oxide molybdena of the silica of 70 weight % and/or at least 10 weight % and/or at least 7 weight % Change calcium).Glass is heated to about to 690 DEG C of initial temperature and rapid cooling.Resulting enhanced article has about on the surface thereof The negative tensile stress of 300MPa and center have about 121MPa positive tensile stress.Moreover, the flatness of resulting enhanced article About 106.9 microns.

Additional embodiment-is in an embodiment using invention disclosed herein technology, and with helium and about 160 is micro- Rice gap 204a, 204b (Figure 21) processing with a thickness of 1.1mm sheet glass (including at least silica of 70 weight % and/ Or the sodium oxide molybdena of at least 10 weight % and/or the calcium oxide of at least 7 weight %).Glass is heated to about to 680 DEG C of initial temperature And it is quickly cooled down.Resulting enhanced article has the negative tensile stress of about 112MPa on the surface thereof and has about at center The positive tensile stress of 54MPa.Before enhancing, sheet glass has about 96 microns of flatness, but obtained enhanced article has There is about 60 microns of flatness.Therefore, Enhancement Method also makes the glass of enhancing or glass and ceramic product flatten.

By reading the whole instruction and the appended claims, other aspects and advantage be will be evident.

As shown in each exemplary implementation scheme, the construction and arrangement of building glass and glass ceramics are only illustrative 's.Although some embodiments are only described in detail in the disclosure, deviate from the novelty of theme described herein in not essence In the case where teachings and advantage it is many modification be it is possible (for example, the size of various elements, size, structure, shape and Ratio, the value of parameter, installation arrangement, the use of material, the variation of color, orientation).Showing some elements being one of the forming can To be made of multiple parts or element, the position of element can be the variation of opposite or other modes, and resolution element or The characteristic or quantity of position also can change or change.According to alternate embodiment, any method, logical algorithm or method step Rapid sequence or sequence can be changed or resequence.In the design of each exemplary implementation scheme, operating conditions and arrangement In can also carry out other replacement, modification, change and omit, without departing from the range of the technology of the present invention.

Claims (68)

1. a kind of window comprising：

First layer based on glass comprising the first main surface and the second main surface, formed by the first glass material it is first main Body and the first outer edge；

Second layer based on glass comprising the first main surface and the second main surface, formed by the second glass material it is second main Body and the second outer edge；

Described second based on glass level glass is based on described first with first distance to the described first layer based on glass Interlayer separate, and be arranged to be arranged essentially parallel to the described first layer based on glass with first distance；

Described second based on glass layer include being located at the described second first main surface of layer and described the based on glass Interior zone between two main surfaces；

Wherein described second based on glass first main surface of layer or one in second main surface at least one Partial ion concentration and chemical component with described second based on glass the interior zone of layer it is at least part of from Sub- content is identical with chemical component；

Wherein described second based on glass layer first main surface and second main surface be in greater than 60Mpa pressure Under stress, and the interior zone of the described second layer based on glass is under tensile stress；

Wherein the surface roughness of the described second first main surface of layer based on glass is coarse with 1.5nm Ra between 0.2 Between degree.

2. window as described in claim 1, wherein the described second stress based on glass in layer is depended on relative to institute State second based on glass first main surface of layer and the position of second main surface and change, wherein second base Have on described second less than 500 μm based on glass distance of the thickness of layer in the stress in the layer of glass At least slope of 200MPa.

3. the window as described in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein second main surface of the described second layer based on glass Surface roughness between 0.2 and 1.5nm Ra roughness.

4. window as claimed in any one of claims 1-3, wherein along the described first main of the described second layer based on glass The profile of the 50mm of surface and second main surface, the described second first main surface of layer and described based on glass Two main surfaces are flat in the degree of at least 50 μm of total instruction bounce.

5. such as window of any of claims 1-4, wherein first main surface of the described second layer based on glass The area with second main surface is at least 50cm²。

6. window according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein first glass material or second glass material are Soda-lime glass, contains alkali borosilicate glass, alkali aluminium phosphosilicate glass, alkali aluminium borosilicate glass, light at alkali alumina silicate glass Cause photo chromic glass, electrochomeric glass or thermochromism glass.

7. such as window of any of claims 1-6, wherein first glass material and second glass material are It is identical.

8. such as window of any of claims 1-7, wherein described first based on glass layer with described second be based on glass The first distance between the layer of glass includes rare gas or air.

9. further including third layer based on glass such as window of any of claims 1-8, the third is based on glass Layer there is the first main surface and the second main surface, the main body formed by third glass material and third outer edge；

Wherein the third based on glass layer with described second based on glass the opposite side of layer towards first base In the layer of glass, with the second distance spaced apart with described first based on glass interlayer separate, and be arranged to between second The distance separated is arranged essentially parallel to the described first layer based on glass.

10. window as claimed in claim 9, wherein first glass material, second glass material and the third glass Glass material is identical.

11. such as window of any of claims 1-10, wherein described first based on glass layer include hot-reinforced glass Layer, chemically strengthening glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing and chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass Layer or Chemical enhancement and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.

12. the window as described in any one of claim 9-11, wherein the third glass material is soda-lime glass, alkali manosil AS Salt glass contains alkali borosilicate glass, alkali aluminium phosphosilicate glass, alkali aluminium borosilicate glass, photochromic glass, electroluminescent change Color glass or thermochromism glass.

13. the window as described in any one of claim 9-12, wherein layer includes hot-reinforced glass to the third based on glass Layer, chemically strengthening glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing and chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass Layer or Chemical enhancement and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.

14. the window as described in any one of claim 1-7 and 9-13, wherein described first based on glass layer further include first Multiple projection of glass spacers, a projection of glass spacer more than described first by first main body from first main surface or A surface in second main surface is formed, and is made of first glass material, wherein the multiple glass is convex Rise spacer contact described second based on glass layer to keep the first distance spaced apart；

First edge sealing is formed at least about first outer edge and the second outer peripheral corresponding portion, so as to described One based on glass layer and described second limit the first sealing between layer based on glass interior zone,

Wherein the interior zone of first sealing has the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

15. window as claimed in claim 14, wherein a projection of glass spacer more than described first is irradiated by laser beam in institute First is stated to be formed in first main surface or second main surface of layer based on glass.

16. the window as described in any one of claim 14-15 further includes a projection of glass spacer more than second, and described A projection of glass spacer more than two is integrally formed in described first based on glass in layer, be located at with more than described first a glass In the opposite main surface of the main surface of glass bump spacer, a projection of glass spacer is by first glass more than described second Glass material form and contact the third based on glass layer to keep the second distance spaced apart；And

(i) the second edge sealing is at least about first outer edge and the outer peripheral corresponding portion of the third, described first Layer and the third limit second sealing with the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure between layer based on glass based on glass Interior zone, or (ii) described first edge sealing is further around the outer peripheral at least part of the third, with further Described first, layer and the third limit the vacuum pressure having less than atmospheric pressure between layer based on glass based on glass Second sealing interior zone.

17. window as claimed in claim 16, wherein a projection of glass spacer more than described second is irradiated by laser beam in institute First is stated to be formed in first main surface or second main surface of layer based on glass.

18. the window as described in any one of claim 14-15 further includes a projection of glass spacer more than second, and described A projection of glass spacer more than two is integrally formed in first main surface or described second of third layer based on glass In main surface, the neighbouring described first layer based on glass is opposite with more than described second a projection of glass spacers, and by described Third glass material form and contact described first based on glass layer to keep the second distance spaced apart；And

I) the second edge sealing is at least about first outer edge and the outer peripheral corresponding portion of the third, in first base Second sealing with the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure is limited between the layer of glass and the third based on glass layer Interior zone or ii) first edge sealing is further around the outer peripheral at least part of the third, further in institute Stating first, layer and the third limit between layer have the of the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure based on glass based on glass The interior zone of two sealings.

19. the window as described in any one of claim 1-18, wherein the first layer or the second layer based on glass based on glass At least one of further include Low emissivity layer.

20. the window as described in any one of claim 8-19, wherein layer further includes Low emissivity layer to the third based on glass.

21. the window as described in any one of claim 1-20, wherein described second based on glass layer pass through at least one and press from both sides Be pressed onto glass plate layer by layer, the interlayer with described second layer is at least partly coextensive based on glass and directly or indirectly joins It is connected to the side of the glass plate.

22. window as claimed in claim 21, wherein the sandwich material includes the polymer selected from the group being made of following item Material：Polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polycarbonate, acoustics PVB, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), ionomer, thermoplastic material and combinations thereof.

23. a kind of window comprising：

First layer based on glass comprising the first main surface and the second main surface, formed by the first glass material it is first main Body and the first outer edge；

Second layer based on glass comprising the first main surface and the second main surface, formed by the second glass material it is second main Body and the second outer edge；

Described second based on glass layer with first distance with described first based on glass interlayer separate, and be arranged to One distance is arranged essentially parallel to the described first layer based on glass；

First main surface and second main surface of described second layer based on glass are separated by the thickness t, along First main surface of any 50mm or smaller profile of first main surface, the described second layer based on glass exist It is flat in the degree of 100 μm of total instruction bounce (TIR)；

Second glass material has the low-temperature linear CTE α indicated with 1/ DEG C^S _CTE, the linear CTE of high temperature that is indicated with 1/ DEG C α^L _CTE, by elastic modulus E that GPa is indicated, by DEG C as unit of the strain temperature T that indicates_StrainWith by DEG C as unit of the softening temperature that indicates Spend T_Softening；

First main surface of described second layer based on glass has a certain thermotropic bearing stress, the thermotropic surface pressure Stress is less than 600MPa and is greater than

As unit of MPa；

Wherein P₁It is provided by the following formula

P₂It is provided by the following formula

And h is greater than or equal to 0.020cal/scm²·℃。

24. window as claimed in claim 23, wherein the described second first main surface of layer and described based on glass The area of two main surfaces is at least 50cm²。

25. window as claimed in claim 23, wherein described second based on glass layer further include the length l indicated with millimeter and The width w indicated with millimeter, wherein t is less than l, and t is less than w.

26. the window as described in any one of claim 23-25, wherein the described second main table of the described second layer based on glass The surface roughness in face is between 0.2 and 1.5nm Ra roughness.

27. the window as described in any one of claim 23-26, wherein along described second based on glass layer described first The profile of the 50mm of main surface and second main surface, the described second first main surface of layer and described based on glass Second main surface is flat in the degree of at least 50 μm of total instruction bounce.

28. the window as described in any one of claim 23-27, wherein first glass material or second glass material Be soda-lime glass, alkali alumina silicate glass, containing alkali borosilicate glass, alkali aluminium phosphosilicate glass, alkali aluminium borosilicate glass, Photochromic glass, electrochomeric glass or thermochromism glass.

29. the window as described in any one of claim 23-28, wherein described first based on glass layer include hot-reinforced glass Layer, chemically strengthening glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing and chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass Layer or Chemical enhancement and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.

30. the window as described in any one of claim 23-29, wherein first glass material and second glass material It is identical.

31. the window as described in any one of claim 23-30, wherein described first based on glass layer be based on described second The first distance between the layer of glass includes rare gas or air.

32. the window as described in any one of claim 23-30, further includes third layer based on glass, the third is based on The layer of glass has the first main surface and the second main surface, the main body formed by third glass material and third outer edge；

Wherein the third based on glass layer with described second based on glass the opposite side of layer be spaced apart with second Distance is arranged essentially parallel to described with the described first distance that interlayer separates, and is arranged to be spaced apart with second based on glass First layer based on glass.

33. window as claimed in claim 32, wherein the third glass material is soda-lime glass, alkali alumina silicate glass, contains Alkali borosilicate glass, alkali aluminium phosphosilicate glass, alkali aluminium borosilicate glass, photochromic glass, electrochomeric glass or Thermochromism glass.

34. the window as described in claim 32 or claim 33, wherein first glass material, second glass material It is identical with the third glass material.

35. the window as described in any one of claim 32-34, wherein layer includes hot-reinforced glass to the third based on glass Layer, chemically strengthening glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing and chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass Layer or Chemical enhancement and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.

36. the window as described in any one of claim 23-30 and 32-35, wherein described first based on glass layer further include A projection of glass spacer more than first, a projection of glass spacer more than described first is by first main body from the described first main table A surface in face or second main surface is formed, and is made of first glass material, wherein the multiple glass Glass bump spacer contact described second based on glass layer to keep the first distance spaced apart；

First edge sealing is formed at least about first outer edge and the second outer peripheral corresponding portion, so as to described One based on glass layer and described second limit the first sealing between layer based on glass interior zone,

Wherein the interior zone of first sealing has the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

37. window as claimed in claim 36, wherein a projection of glass spacer more than described first is irradiated by laser beam in institute First is stated to be formed in first main surface or second main surface of layer based on glass.

38. the window as described in any one of claim 32-37 further includes a projection of glass spacer more than second, and described A projection of glass spacer more than two is integrally formed in described first based on glass in layer, be located at with more than described first a glass In the opposite main surface of the main surface of glass bump spacer, a projection of glass spacer is by first glass more than described second Glass material form and contact the third based on glass layer to keep the second distance spaced apart；And

(i) the second edge sealing is at least about first outer edge and the outer peripheral corresponding portion of the third, described first Layer and the third limit second sealing with the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure between layer based on glass based on glass Interior zone, or (ii) described first edge sealing is further around the outer peripheral at least part of the third, with further Described first, layer and the third limit the vacuum pressure having less than atmospheric pressure between layer based on glass based on glass Second sealing interior zone.

39. window as claimed in claim 38, wherein a projection of glass spacer more than described second is irradiated by laser beam in institute First is stated to be formed in first main surface or second main surface of layer based on glass.

40. the window as described in any one of claim 32-37 further includes a projection of glass spacer more than second, and described A projection of glass spacer more than two is integrally formed in first main surface or described second of third layer based on glass In main surface, the neighbouring described first layer based on glass is opposite with more than described second a projection of glass spacers, and by described Third glass material form and contact described first based on glass layer to keep the second distance spaced apart；And

I) the second edge sealing is at least about first outer edge and the outer peripheral corresponding portion of the third, in first base Second sealing with the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure is limited between the layer of glass and the third based on glass layer Interior zone or ii) first edge sealing is further around the outer peripheral at least part of the third, further in institute Stating first, layer and the third limit between layer have the of the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure based on glass based on glass The interior zone of two sealings.

41. window as claimed in claim 40, wherein a projection of glass spacer more than described second is irradiated by laser beam in institute Third is stated to be formed in first main surface or second main surface of layer based on glass.

42. the window as described in any one of claim 23-31, wherein the first layer or the second layer based on glass based on glass At least one of further include Low emissivity layer.

43. the window as described in any one of claim 32-42, wherein layer further includes Low emissivity to the third based on glass Layer.

44. the window as described in any one of claim 23-43, wherein described second based on glass layer pass through at least one and press from both sides Be pressed onto glass plate layer by layer, the interlayer with described second layer is at least partly coextensive based on glass and directly or indirectly joins It is connected to the side of the glass plate.

45. window as claimed in claim 44, wherein the sandwich material includes the polymer selected from the group being made of following item Material：Polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polycarbonate, acoustics PVB, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), ionomer, thermoplastic material and combinations thereof.

46. a kind of window comprising：

First glass plate comprising the first main surface and the second main surface, the first main body formed by the first glass material and First outer edge；

Second glass plate comprising the first main surface and the second main surface, the second main body formed by the second glass material and Second outer edge；

Second glass plate is spaced apart with first distance with first glass plate, and is arranged to first distance substantially It is parallel to first glass plate；

Along any 50mm or smaller profile of first main surface of second glass plate, second glass plate First main surface is flat in the degree of 100 μm of total instruction bounce (TIR)；

Second glass plate includes glass, the glass have by DEG C as unit of the softening temperature T that indicates_SofteningWith DEG C to be single The annealing temperature T that position indicates_AnnealingWith measure in first main surface of second glass plate by DEG C as unit of indicate When by Tfs indicate surface fictive temperature；

Second glass plate has by (Tfs-T_Annealing)/(T_Softening-T_Annealing) the dimensionless surface fictive temperature parameter θ s that provides；And And

Wherein the parameter θ s is in the range of 0.20 to 0.9.

47. window as claimed in claim 46, wherein the stress in second glass plate is depended on relative to described the First main surface of two glass plates and the position of second main surface and change, wherein the institute in second glass plate State stress has at least slope of 200MPa in the distance of the thickness of second glass plate less than 500 μm.

48. the window as described in claim 46 or claim 47, wherein second main surface of second glass plate Surface roughness is between 0.2 and 1.5nm Ra roughness.

49. the window as described in any one of claim 46-48, wherein along first main surface of second glass plate With the profile of the 50mm of second main surface, first main surface and second main surface of second glass plate exist At least it is flat in the degree of 50 μm of total instruction bounce.

50. the window as described in any one of claim 46-49, wherein first main surface of second glass plate and institute The area for stating the second main surface is at least 50cm²。

51. the window as described in any one of claim 46-50, wherein first glass material or second glass material Be soda-lime glass, alkali alumina silicate glass, containing alkali borosilicate glass, alkali aluminium phosphosilicate glass, alkali aluminium borosilicate glass, Photochromic glass, electrochomeric glass or thermochromism glass.

52. the window as described in any one of claim 46-51, wherein first glass material and second glass material It is identical.

53. the window as described in any one of claim 46-52, wherein between first glass plate and second glass plate The first distance include rare gas or air.

54. the window as described in any one of claim 46-53 further includes third glass plate, the third glass plate has First main surface and the second main surface, the main body formed by third glass material and third outer edge；

Wherein the third glass plate in the side opposite with second glass plate towards first glass plate, between second The distance separated is spaced apart with first glass plate, and is arranged to be arranged essentially parallel to the second distance spaced apart described First glass plate.

55. window as claimed in claim 54, wherein first glass material, second glass material and the third glass Glass material is identical.

56. the window as described in any one of claim 46-55, wherein first glass plate includes hot-reinforced glass layer, changes Learn reinforcing glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing and chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass layer or change Learn enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.

57. the window as described in any one of claim 54-56, wherein the third glass material is soda-lime glass, alkali aluminium silicon Silicate glass, containing alkali borosilicate glass, alkali aluminium phosphosilicate glass, alkali aluminium borosilicate glass, photochromic glass, electroluminescent Photo chromic glass or thermochromism glass.

58. the window as described in any one of claim 54-57, wherein the third glass plate includes hot-reinforced glass layer, changes Learn reinforcing glass layer, mechanical reinforcing glass layer, heat enhancing and chemically strengthening glass layer, heat enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass layer or change Learn enhancing and mechanical reinforcing glass layer.

59. the window as described in any one of claim 46-52 and 54-58, wherein first glass plate further includes more than first A projection of glass spacer, a projection of glass spacer more than described first is by first main body from first main surface or institute It states in the second main surface surface to be formed, and is made of first glass material, wherein the multiple projection of glass Spacer contacts second glass plate to keep the first distance spaced apart；

First edge sealing is formed at least about first outer edge and the second outer peripheral corresponding portion, so as to described The interior zone of the first sealing is limited between one glass plate and second glass plate,

Wherein the interior zone of first sealing has the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure.

60. window as claimed in claim 59, wherein a projection of glass spacer more than described first is irradiated by laser beam in institute It states and is formed in first main surface or second main surface of the first glass plate.

61. the window as described in any one of claim 59-60 further includes a projection of glass spacer more than second, and described A projection of glass spacer is integrally formed in first glass plate more than two, be located at with more than described first a projection of glass In the opposite main surface of the main surface of spacer, a projection of glass spacer is by first glass material more than described second It forms and contacts the third glass plate to keep the second distance spaced apart；And

(i) the second edge sealing is at least about first outer edge and the outer peripheral corresponding portion of the third, described first The interior zone with the second sealing of the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure is limited between glass plate and the third glass plate, or Person (ii) first edge sealing is further around the outer peripheral at least part of the third, further in first glass The interior zone with the second sealing of the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure is limited between plate and the third glass plate.

62. window as claimed in claim 61, wherein a projection of glass spacer more than described second is irradiated by laser beam in institute It states and is formed in first main surface or second main surface of the first glass plate.

63. the window as described in any one of claim 59-60 further includes a projection of glass spacer more than second, and described A projection of glass spacer more than two is integrally formed in first main surface or second main surface of the third glass plate In, neighbouring first glass plate is opposite with more than described second a projection of glass spacers, and by the third glass material It forms and contacts first glass plate to keep the second distance spaced apart；And

I) the second edge sealing is at least about first outer edge and the outer peripheral corresponding portion of the third, in first glass The interior zone with the second sealing of the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure is limited between glass plate and the third glass plate, or Ii) first edge sealing is further around the outer peripheral at least part of the third, further in first glass plate The interior zone with the second sealing of the vacuum pressure less than atmospheric pressure is limited between the third glass plate.

64. the window as described in claim 63, wherein a projection of glass spacer more than described second is irradiated by laser beam in institute It states and is formed in first main surface or second main surface of third glass plate.

65. the window as described in any one of claim 46-64, wherein at least one of the first glass plate or the second glass plate It further include Low emissivity layer.

66. the window as described in any one of claim 54-65, wherein the third glass plate further includes Low emissivity layer.

67. the window as described in any one of claim 46-66, wherein second glass plate is laminated by least one interlayer To the 4th glass plate, the interlayer is at least partly coextensive with second glass plate and is directly or indirectly coupled to described The side of 4th glass plate.

68. the window as described in claim 67, wherein the sandwich material includes the polymer selected from the group being made of following item Material：Polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polycarbonate, acoustics PVB, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), ionomer, thermoplastic material and combinations thereof.