CN108775913B - Experimental platform for measuring ball bed packing factor under high-temperature strong magnetic field - Google Patents
Experimental platform for measuring ball bed packing factor under high-temperature strong magnetic field Download PDFInfo
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- CN108775913B CN108775913B CN201810338178.5A CN201810338178A CN108775913B CN 108775913 B CN108775913 B CN 108775913B CN 201810338178 A CN201810338178 A CN 201810338178A CN 108775913 B CN108775913 B CN 108775913B
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- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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- G01B—MEASURING LENGTH, THICKNESS OR SIMILAR LINEAR DIMENSIONS; MEASURING ANGLES; MEASURING AREAS; MEASURING IRREGULARITIES OF SURFACES OR CONTOURS
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Abstract
The invention discloses an experimental platform for measuring a ball bed packing factor under a high-temperature strong magnetic field, which comprises an experimental ball bed, wherein the experimental ball bed is in a vacuum environment or a nitrogen protection environment and is placed in an experimental container; the upper part of the vacuum chamber is provided with a transparent glass window, the high-intensity magnetic field coil is connected with the coil power supply system, and the outer side of the high-intensity magnetic field coil is wrapped by the coil cooling system and fixed in the center of the vacuum chamber; the high-speed camera aims at a transparent glass window on the upper part of the vacuum chamber, the optical fiber type temperature measuring system is arranged below the experimental container, and the infrared heating system is connected with the voltage-adjustable power supply of the heating system and is connected with the computer through a data line. The device can stably and reliably operate in high-temperature and strong magnetic field environments, so that the influence of the interference of the magnetic field and the high temperature on the measurement result is reduced to an allowable range.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a thermonuclear fusion reactor cladding technology, in particular to an experimental platform for measuring a pebble bed packing factor under a high-temperature strong magnetic field.
Background
The cladding serves as a key component facing the plasma, forms the main part of the physical boundary of the high-temperature plasma, and has the functions of energy conversion, tritium multiplication, neutron multiplication and the like. The cladding is a core technology carrier for the magnetic confinement fusion reactor to move to the energy reactor or not, and is also a functional carrier for realizing the application target of the magnetic confinement fusion reactor. The main stream cladding technical scheme is divided into a liquid cladding and a solid cladding according to the form of the tritium breeding agent, wherein the solid cladding technical scheme has a plurality of advantages compared with the liquid cladding, and the biggest advantage is that the magnetohydrodynamic effect (MHD effect) shown by increasing the pressure drop due to the Lorentz force action of liquid metal in a strong magnetic field is avoided. The packing factor is used as a basic parameter of the solid-state pebble bed, is important in the kinetic research of the pebble bed, and particularly has a very important effect on tritium breeding of the solid-state cladding. Research results show that the filling factor is changed by 0.4%, the tritium breeding ratio of the ball bed is changed by 4%, and the ball bed is in service in a harsh environment of high temperature and strong magnetic field, which provides a challenge for the existing measurement technology, so that a novel method for measuring the filling factor of the ball bed needs to be constructed by combining the existing technology.
Over the past several years, intense magnetic field techniques and the state of the art of solid particle measurement have evolved. The stability of the existing strong magnetic field can reach more than 20T, and a plurality of accurate measuring instruments have larger deviation in the environment. Meanwhile, the measurement time of key parameters of the solid particle system is not long, and much work is performed under the PIV imaging technology.
In a high-temperature strong magnetic field, a common direct measurement method has great limitation because of interference, and high conditions are provided for the measurement method under severe environments such as high temperature, strong magnetic field, strong radiation which must be considered in the future, and the like.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide an experimental platform for measuring the ball bed packing factor under a high-temperature strong magnetic field.
The purpose of the invention is realized by the following technical scheme:
the invention discloses an experimental platform for measuring a ball bed filling factor under a high-temperature strong magnetic field, which comprises an experimental ball bed, an experimental container, a pentaprism, an infrared heating system, an optical fiber type temperature measuring system, an experimental container fixing support, a strong magnetic field coil, a vacuum chamber, a laser emitter, a laser beam expanding lens, a laser emitter support, a laser emitter power supply, a vacuum pump, a coil power supply system, a coil cooling system, a high-speed camera, a computer and a voltage-adjustable power supply of a heating system, wherein the experimental container is fixed on the experimental container fixing support;
the experimental ball bed is in a vacuum environment or a nitrogen protection environment and is placed in an experimental container, the experimental container is fixed in the center of the high-intensity magnetic field coil by an experimental container fixing support, the pentaprism is installed above the side of the experimental container, and the laser emitter is connected with the laser beam expander and is installed on the laser emitter support;
the vacuum chamber is of a sealing structure and is connected with the vacuum pump to maintain vacuum;
the high-intensity magnetic field coil is connected with the coil power supply system, the coil cooling system is wrapped outside the high-intensity magnetic field coil and fixed in the center of the vacuum chamber;
the high-speed camera is aligned to the transparent glass window on the upper part of the vacuum chamber and is connected with the computer through a data line;
the optical fiber type temperature measuring system is arranged below the experimental container and is connected with the computer through a data line;
the infrared heating system is connected with the adjustable voltage type power supply of the heating system and is connected with the computer through a data line.
According to the technical scheme provided by the invention, the experimental platform for measuring the ball bed filling factor under the high-temperature strong magnetic field provided by the embodiment of the invention adopts a laser camera shooting method directly combined with pentaprism refraction to measure the surface of the ball bed under the heating condition of the strong magnetic field in a vacuum chamber, and an optical measurement device, a magnetic coil cooling device, a power supply device and a temperature measurement and control device are designed and arranged outside the vacuum chamber; designing a laser source and a beam expander in a vacuum chamber, and fixing a crystal prism beside an experimental container; and finally, focusing and shooting two images back and forth through a camera to obtain data. The device can stably and reliably operate in high-temperature and strong magnetic field environments, so that the influence of the interference of the magnetic field and the high temperature on the measurement result is reduced to an allowable range.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a structural effect diagram of an experimental platform for measuring a ball bed packing factor under a high-temperature strong magnetic field according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a table for measuring and controlling the temperature of a ball bed in a high-temperature and high-intensity magnetic field according to an embodiment of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of an optical path architecture of a camera, a prism, a beam expanding lens and a laser light source according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The embodiments of the present invention will be described in further detail below. Details which are not described in detail in the embodiments of the invention belong to the prior art which is known to the person skilled in the art.
The invention discloses an experimental platform for measuring the ball bed packing factor under a high-temperature strong magnetic field, which has the preferred specific implementation mode that:
the device comprises an experimental ball bed, an experimental container, a pentaprism, an infrared heating system, an optical fiber type temperature measuring system, an experimental container fixing support, a high-intensity magnetic field coil, a vacuum chamber, a laser emitter, a laser beam expander, a laser emitter support, a laser emitter power supply, a vacuum pump, a coil power supply system, a coil cooling system, a high-speed camera, a computer and a pressure-adjustable power supply of the heating system;
the experimental ball bed is in a vacuum environment or a nitrogen protection environment and is placed in an experimental container, the experimental container is fixed in the center of the high-intensity magnetic field coil by an experimental container fixing support, the pentaprism is installed above the side of the experimental container, and the laser emitter is connected with the laser beam expander and is installed on the laser emitter support;
the vacuum chamber is of a sealing structure and is connected with the vacuum pump to maintain vacuum;
the high-intensity magnetic field coil is connected with the coil power supply system, the coil cooling system is wrapped outside the high-intensity magnetic field coil and fixed in the center of the vacuum chamber;
the high-speed camera is aligned to the transparent glass window on the upper part of the vacuum chamber and is connected with the computer through a data line;
the optical fiber type temperature measuring system is arranged below the experimental container and is connected with the computer through a data line;
the infrared heating system is connected with the adjustable voltage type power supply of the heating system and is connected with the computer through a data line.
The infrared heating system comprises a shading heat-insulating rubber sleeve and an infrared heating pipe, the infrared heating pipe is inserted into the shading heat-insulating rubber sleeve, the shading heat-insulating rubber sleeve is fixed on the side face of the experimental container and is arranged in the vacuum chamber together, the voltage-adjustable power supply of the heating system is connected with the computer through a data line and is connected with the infrared heating pipe through a power line, and the voltage-adjustable power supply of the heating system is arranged outside the vacuum chamber.
The optical fiber type temperature measuring system comprises an optical fiber type temperature probe, wherein the optical fiber type temperature probe is fixed below the experiment container through a support and is arranged in the vacuum chamber together, the optical fiber type temperature probe is connected with an optical fiber type temperature sensor through an optical fiber, the optical fiber type temperature sensor is connected with a computer through a data line, and the optical fiber type temperature sensor is arranged outside the vacuum chamber.
The invention relates to an experimental platform for measuring the ball bed packing factor under a high-temperature strong magnetic field, which is used as a packing for measuring the ball bed packing factor and other experiments in the field of the high-temperature strong magnetic field, adopts a laser camera shooting method combining direct and pentaprism refraction to measure the surface of the ball bed under the condition of a strong magnetic field heating in a vacuum chamber, and designs and arranges an optical measurement device, a magnetic coil cooling device, a power supply device and a temperature measurement and control device outside the vacuum chamber; designing a laser source and a beam expander in a vacuum chamber, and fixing a crystal prism beside an experimental container; and finally, focusing and shooting two images back and forth through a camera to obtain data. The device can stably and reliably operate in high-temperature and strong magnetic field environments, so that the influence of the interference of the magnetic field and the high temperature on the measurement result is reduced to an allowable range. And processing data by using a matrix theory and algorithm and an image analysis method, so that a filling factor confidence interval with high confidence can be obtained.
The specific embodiment is as follows:
as shown in fig. 1, the platform mainly includes: the device comprises an experimental ball bed 1, an experimental container 2, a pentaprism 3, an infrared heating system 4, an optical fiber type temperature measuring system 5, an experimental container fixing support 6, a high-intensity magnetic field coil 7, a vacuum chamber 8, a laser emitter 9, a laser beam expander 10, a laser emitter support 11, a laser emitter power supply 12, a vacuum pump 13, a coil power supply system 14, a coil cooling system 15, a high-speed camera 16, a data line 17, a computer 18 and a heating system voltage-adjustable power supply 19.
The experimental ball bed 1 is operated under vacuum operation or nitrogen protection and is placed in an experimental container 2, the experimental container is placed in an experimental container fixing support 6, and the experimental container fixing support 6 fixes the experimental container 2 in the center of a high-intensity magnetic field coil 7. The pentaprism 3 is arranged above the side of the experimental container 2, and the laser transmitter 9 is connected with the laser beam expander and arranged on the laser transmitter support. The vacuum chamber 8 is in the shape of an ellipsoidal shell, the upper half part and the lower half part of the ellipsoidal shell are connected with the cylinder wall, a transparent glass window is arranged above the ellipsoidal shell, a line which needs to penetrate through each position is opened and sealed, and a vacuum pump 13 is used for maintaining vacuum. The high-intensity magnetic field coil 7 is connected with a coil power supply system 14, and the outer side of the high-intensity magnetic field coil is wrapped by a coil cooling system 15 and fixed at the center of the vacuum chamber 8. The high-speed camera 16 is aligned with the upper window of the vacuum chamber 8 and is connected to a computer 18 via a data line 17 a. The optical fiber type temperature measuring system measures the temperature from the lower part of the experimental container 2 and is connected with the computer 18 through a data line 17 b; the infrared heating system 4 is powered by a heating system voltage-adjustable power supply 19; the heating system voltage-regulated power supply 19 is controlled by the computer 18 via data line 17 c.
As shown in fig. 2, the structure of the temperature measuring and controlling platform is divided into: respectively, inside and outside the vacuum chamber 8. Wherein the infrared heating system 4 is divided into a shading heat insulation rubber sleeve 20 and an infrared heating pipe 21. The optical fiber type temperature probe 22 is fixed below the experimental container 2 through a bracket (not shown in fig. 2), the infrared heating pipe 21 is inserted into the shading and heat-insulating rubber sleeve 20, and the shading and heat-insulating rubber sleeve 20 is fixed on the side surface of the experimental container 2 and is arranged in the vacuum chamber 8 together; the optical fiber type temperature sensor 23 is respectively connected with the optical fiber 24b and the computer 18 in the vacuum chamber 8 through the optical fiber 24a and the data line 17b, the voltage-adjustable power supply 19 of the heating system is connected with the computer 18 through the data line 17c and the power line 27 is connected with the infrared heating tube 21 in the vacuum chamber 8, and the heating system is arranged outside the vacuum chamber 8 in order to avoid the interference of a magnetic field and vacuum.
In practical operation, the optical fiber type temperature probe 22 protected by the shading heat insulation rubber sleeve 20 is used for receiving the heat radiation emitted by the experimental ball bed 1 and conducting the heat radiation to the optical fiber type temperature sensor 23 outside the vacuum chamber 8 through an optical fiber; the optical fiber type temperature sensor 23 is used for converting an optical signal into an electrical signal; the computer 18 receives the electric signal from the optical fiber type temperature sensor 23, displays the electric signal and feeds the electric signal back to the infrared heating tube 21 in the vacuum chamber 8, and the temperature control function is realized; the infrared heating pipe 21 is used for increasing the temperature of the experimental ball bed 1 in the experimental container 2; the shading and heat insulating rubber sleeve 20 can shield residual heat and residual light of the infrared heating pipe 21 and slow down the temperature drop speed of the experimental ball bed 1.
As shown in fig. 3, the structure of the schematic diagram of the optical path architecture is divided from the source to the terminal into: the laser transmitter 9 passes through the vacuum chamber 8 through an adjustable bracket and is fixed in the vacuum chamber 8, and can be adjusted outside the vacuum chamber 8 by the adjustable bracket; the laser beam expander 10 is connected to the laser transmitter 9 and expands the light beam; the expanded beam laser 24 is emitted by the laser beam expander 10 and is shot on the upper surface of the experimental ball bed 1 to form diffuse reflection; the direct reflected light 25 is emitted from the upper surface of the experimental ball bed 1, penetrates through a window of the vacuum chamber 8 and hits the camera 16 outside the vacuum chamber 8; the indirect reflected light 26 is emitted from the upper surface of the experimental ball bed 1, enters the pentaprism 3, passes through the pentaprism 3, penetrates through a window of the vacuum chamber 8 and hits a camera outside the vacuum chamber 8; one surface of the pentaprism 3 is blacked to shield the external light, and two mirror surfaces reflect the external light, so that the spatial sequence of incident light and the original light is unchanged after the incident light is reflected twice, and only the spatial angle is changed; the camera 16 is used for receiving the direct reflected light 25 and the indirect reflected light 26, and the obtained information is transmitted to the matching computer 18 through a data line 17 a; the companion computer 18 is used to process and contrast the images of the directly reflected light 25 and the indirectly reflected light 26.
The above configuration of the experimental platform for measuring the ball bed packing factor under the high-temperature strong magnetic field provided by the embodiment of the present invention is to facilitate understanding, and the following detailed description is made for the principle thereof:
the measuring platform provided by the embodiment of the invention mainly solves the following three technical problems: 1) how to clearly shoot the upper surface of the ball bed in two directions by the light path design; 2) the demonstration of whether the temperature needs to be heated continuously to reach the stable temperature in the experimental process and the calculation of the power of the temperature control device; 3) the effect of the magnetic coil on the force of the vacuum chamber was calculated and the minimum size of the vacuum chamber was calculated as the size of the magnetic coil.
1) In view of problem 1:
controlling the direction of the laser, and enabling the emitted laser to pass through the laser beam expander until the diameter of the laser is amplified to cover the upper surface of the experimental ball bed; the laser should be nearly vertically arranged, and the surface of the experimental ball bed is required to be as flat as possible before the experiment, so that the degree of the unevenness of the surface caused by the experiment change is small, and a shadow area cannot be generated. For a sphere on the surface of the ball bed, only one small piece of the sphere can reflect the expanded beam laser in one direction in space; directly reflecting to a window of the vacuum chamber and then shooting by a camera; the light reflected to an angle with a larger relative inclination angle can be emitted into one surface of the pentaprism at an angle close to the vertical angle, refracted twice on the adjacent mirror surfaces of the two surfaces, so that the spatial sequence of imaging is not changed, and then emitted out through the upper glass surface, reaches a window of the vacuum chamber and is shot by the camera. In addition, the pentaprisms are not necessarily arranged in the direction corresponding to the light beam in the figure, and when one prism is not enough to obtain an accurate displacement value, more prisms can be arranged at one position without the limitation of the number in design.
2) For problem 2:
assuming the highest experimental temperature is 1560K around the melting point and the commonly used temperature is 1273K, the experimental ball bed thermal radiation energy loss is calculated:
heat radiation formula:
wherein A is1Is the area of emission,. epsilon1Is emissivity, T1、T2The thermodynamic temperatures of the emitting and receiving surfaces, respectively
Formula of heat transfer coefficient:
wherein hr heat exchange coefficient, sigma is 5.67 × 10-8W/(m2·K4) T is the thermodynamic temperature
| Heat transfer coefficient hr | Unoxidized smooth 0.1 | Oxidation to 0.4 |
| 1560K | 1.247 | 4.987 |
| 1273K | 0.714 | 2.855 |
Corresponding pythagorean numbers:
hrR/λ, where R is the radius and λ is the thermal conductivity
| Bai times Bi Wo |
Unoxidized smooth 0.1 | Oxidation to 0.4 |
| 1560K | 0.312 | 1.247 |
| 1273K | 0.179 | 0.714 |
All are far from Bi by 0.1, and the temperature of the entire cylinder can be considered consistent (i.e., the difference between the internal and external temperatures is small enough) even though the heat conductivity calculated by the pygmatic number does not take into account the contact resistance.
At this time, if the experiment is performed for 300 seconds, the temperature changes from about 100K to 200K, and heating from an external source or good heat preservation is required.
The infrared heating tubes are uniformly distributed in space, the interference of a magnetic field is small, the heating mode is suitable for vacuum, the temperature is easy to control, the surface of the ball bed is kept smooth and not oxidized, and the total power is 2000W. Other schemes, such as a central insertion heating rod, or using a silvered reflector layer in combination with a less powerful heating wire, can achieve the goal of maintaining temperature stability without further checking.
3) For problem 3:
in the above scheme of the embodiment of the invention, the radius of the magnetic coil is marked as a, and the low-frequency alternating magnetic field can be calculated by adopting the Biot-Saval law
I is the coil current, r is the modulus of the vector to the coil midpoint, μ is the permeability
The calculation of the induced eddy current field and force of the steel shell corresponding to the side face is as follows:
δ r is the spherical shell thickness, f is the frequency, H is the height of the flank, ρ is the resistivity.
The second term internal resistance R is smaller than the inductive reactance XL by more than 3 magnitude, and the inductive reactance can be directly calculated to replace the impedance.
The sine current is used for calculation, and the following results are obtained:
n is the number of turns of the coil
Substituting austenitic stainless steel with a relative permeability of only about 2.0:
the large forces near the magnetic field solenoid may cause instability in the vacuum chamber apparatus, and thus the use of a housing distance of 3 or more times the radius of the magnetic coil at the central axis reduces F to an order of 100N, reduces power consumption, and facilitates internal fixation. But the force and current limits can be further accounted for to reduce the diameter of the sides of the housing if allowed.
The top calculation and the side are similar, and the result is:
where l is the radius of the horizontal cover plate, the calculation is limited to 0.31 a.
And the corresponding top shell height which is 2 times of the radius of the end point of the axis of the coil is adopted, so that F is reduced to 100N magnitude, and meanwhile, the power consumption is reduced.
The conclusion of problem 3 is summarized as: the horizontal diameter of the vacuum chamber is 3 times of the diameter of the magnetic coil, and the short radius of the upper and lower ellipsoid shells is taken as the diameter of the magnetic coil.
In the scheme of the embodiment of the invention, the temperature of the ball bed is measured, and the infrared heating pipe is used for carrying out feedback heating to maintain the high-temperature state of the experimental ball bed; the magnetic coil arranged in the vacuum chamber is used for magnetic field interference, and the influence of the magnetic coil on the vacuum chamber is small and can be ignored under the size limit of the vacuum chamber; using the expanded beam laser as the light source, the pentaprism refraction enables shooting from multiple angles. The shot result is input into a computer for program processing, and the spatial change of the upper surface of the experimental ball bed is obtained.
The above description is only for the preferred embodiment of the present invention, but the scope of the present invention is not limited thereto, and any changes or substitutions that can be easily conceived by those skilled in the art within the technical scope of the present invention are included in the scope of the present invention. Therefore, the protection scope of the present invention shall be subject to the protection scope of the claims.
Claims (3)
1. An experiment platform for measuring a ball bed packing factor under a high-temperature strong magnetic field is characterized by comprising an experiment ball bed, an experiment container, a pentaprism, an infrared heating system, an optical fiber type temperature measuring system, an experiment container fixing support, a strong magnetic field coil, a vacuum chamber, a laser transmitter, a laser beam expanding lens, a laser transmitter support, a laser transmitter power supply, a vacuum pump, a coil power supply system, a coil cooling system, a high-speed camera, a computer and a heating system voltage-adjustable power supply;
the experimental ball bed is in a vacuum environment or a nitrogen protection environment and is placed in an experimental container, the experimental container is fixed in the center of the high-intensity magnetic field coil by an experimental container fixing support, the pentaprism is installed above the side of the experimental container, and the laser emitter is connected with the laser beam expander and is installed on the laser emitter support;
the vacuum chamber is of a sealing structure and is connected with the vacuum pump to maintain vacuum;
the high-intensity magnetic field coil is connected with the coil power supply system, the coil cooling system is wrapped outside the high-intensity magnetic field coil and fixed in the center of the vacuum chamber;
the high-speed camera is aligned to the transparent glass window on the upper part of the vacuum chamber and is connected with the computer through a data line;
the optical fiber type temperature measuring system is arranged below the experimental container and is connected with the computer through a data line;
the infrared heating system is connected with the adjustable voltage type power supply of the heating system and is connected with the computer through a data line.
2. The experimental platform for measuring the ball bed packing factor under the high-temperature and high-intensity magnetic field as claimed in claim 1, wherein the infrared heating system comprises a light-shielding and heat-insulating rubber sleeve and an infrared heating pipe, the infrared heating pipe is inserted into the light-shielding and heat-insulating rubber sleeve, the light-shielding and heat-insulating rubber sleeve is fixed on the side surface of the experimental container and is arranged in the vacuum chamber together, the voltage-adjustable power supply of the heating system is connected with the computer through a data line and is connected with the infrared heating pipe through a power line, and the voltage-adjustable power supply of the heating system is arranged outside the vacuum chamber.
3. The experimental platform for measuring the ball bed packing factor under the high-temperature strong magnetic field according to claim 2, wherein the optical fiber type temperature measuring system comprises an optical fiber type temperature probe, the optical fiber type temperature probe is fixed below the experimental container through a bracket and is arranged in the vacuum chamber together, the optical fiber type temperature probe is connected with an optical fiber type temperature sensor through an optical fiber, the optical fiber type temperature sensor is connected with a computer through a data line, and the optical fiber type temperature sensor is arranged outside the vacuum chamber.
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