CN108738453B - Paddy field and pond combined regulation and control method based on paddy field non-point source pollution key risk period - Google Patents
Paddy field and pond combined regulation and control method based on paddy field non-point source pollution key risk period Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
A paddy field and pond combined regulation and control method based on a paddy field non-point source pollution key risk period comprises the following steps: 1) determining the key period of water level combined regulation and control of irrigation and drainage unit field ditches as within 7d of fertilization; 2) defining basic data including suitable water level ranges of a rice field, a ditch system and a pond system, ridge heights and ditch and pond matching coefficients; 3) respectively establishing irrigation and drainage unit field and pond combined regulation and control rules within 7d of fertilization and in two time intervals after 7d of fertilization according to the rain condition; 4) inputting basic data and setting an initial value at a user terminal; 5) and the user terminal issues an instruction to the valve controller according to the weather forecast and the real-time water level information acquired by the water level sensor, so that the water inlet and the water discharge of the field and pond system are realized in order. The low-water-level operation of the furrow and pond system in the key risk period of loss of nitrogen and phosphorus of the rice field is ensured, the nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the rice field is effectively reduced, the irrigation and drainage regulation and control frequency is reduced, the regulation and control pertinence and the regulation and control initiative are strong, the required monitoring parameters are few, and the popularization is convenient.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a regulation and control method, in particular to a field and pond combined regulation and control method based on a key risk period of non-point source pollution of a rice field, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural non-point source pollution control, recycling and water-saving irrigation.
Background
The loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the paddy field is one of the important reasons for eutrophication of the surrounding receiving water body, the fertilization is an important driving factor for increasing the surface water concentration of the paddy field, and the nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk of the paddy field is greatly increased by rainfall and artificial drainage in the period. In the whole growth period of rice, nitrogen fertilizer (such as base fertilizer, tillering fertilizer, panicle fertilizer and granulated fertilizer) is usually applied for multiple times, and phosphate fertilizer is used as the base fertilizer to be applied for one time; under the comprehensive influence of multiple factors such as natural rainfall, plant absorption, soil adsorption, leakage, evaporation and the like, the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the surface water of the paddy rice shows dynamic change in the whole growth period of the paddy rice. At present, a large number of single-point researches show that nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of field water after fertilization is obviously exponentially attenuated, and the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration can be reduced by about 80% after 7 d; therefore, the period 7d after fertilization is a high risk period of the nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the paddy field, and is also a key period and an optimal period of the prevention and control of the non-point source pollution of the paddy field (Jinjie, etc., dynamic characteristic research of nitrogen and phosphorus elements in the paddy field surface water [ J ], agricultural environmental science report, 2005, 24 (2): 357 and 361; Tianyuhua, etc., dynamic change research of nitrogen and phosphorus of the paddy field surface water under the coordination of different nitrogen and phosphorus [ J ], soil, 2006, 38 (6): 727 and 733; Xiehong, etc., influence of different phosphorus level treatments on the dynamic change of the concentration of the phosphorus and nitrogen in the paddy field surface water [ J ], Anhui agricultural science, 2007, 35 (27): 8568 and 8570; Shizesheng, etc., influence of different nitrogen and phosphorus treatments in northern regions of the Er Hai on the dynamic change of the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration in the paddy field surface water [ J ], environmental science report, 2013 and 32 (4): 846).
The Chinese invention patent application 'an intelligent management method for water conservation and water control for regulating and controlling non-point source pollution of paddy field' (application number: 201610428752.7) provides a set of intelligent management method for water conservation and water control of paddy field; but suffers from the following disadvantages: the field water level, moisture and meteorological data acquired by the meteorological, water level and soil moisture online monitoring technology are used as the basis for the non-point source pollution regulation of the rice field, and the water quality change rule of the rice field under the agricultural measures such as fertilization and the like is not considered, so that the phenomenon of high-concentration field surface water discharge under the condition of water saving can be possibly caused. The Chinese invention patent application ' method for integrally and jointly regulating and controlling non-point source pollution of paddy field ' of the field ditch and the pond ' (application number: 201710605359.5) discloses a method for integrally and jointly regulating and controlling non-point source pollution of the paddy field ' of the field ditch and the pond ', which combines the modern measurement technology, the information collection and transmission technology and the intelligent control technology to realize the regulation and the cyclic utilization of the runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus of the paddy field according to the runoff water quality coupling characteristic of the whole growth period of the paddy rice; the disadvantages are that: on one hand, the regulation and control time period of the method is the whole growth period of the rice, the regulation and control rule is formulated without considering the high risk period of loss of nitrogen and phosphorus of the rice field and the low risk period of loss of most of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the irrigation and drainage regulation and control frequency is increased to a certain extent; on the other hand, the regulation and control basis simultaneously comprises a plurality of water quality and water level data, the dependence on the real-time online monitoring technology is larger, the field regulation and control based on the real-time data especially puts higher requirements on the accuracy and timeliness of the water quality online monitoring technology, and the passivity and uncertainty of the regulation and control are increased to a certain extent.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention provides a combined regulation and control method for a field and a pond based on a key risk period of non-point source pollution of a rice field.
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical solution of the invention is as follows: a paddy field and pond combined regulation and control method based on a paddy field non-point source pollution key risk period comprises the following steps: step one, determining a water level joint regulation and control key period of the irrigation and drainage unit field pond to be within 7d after fertilization according to a general rule of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of a rice field, namely that nitrogen and phosphorus concentration is exponentially attenuated after each fertilization and 7d is a key period of rapid attenuation; step two, according to local rice varieties, planting modes and irrigation standards, the following basic data are determined: suitable water level H of rice field1sUpper limit water level H1maxAnd a lower limit water level H1minSuitable water level H of ditch system2sUpper limit water level H2maxAnd a lower limit water level H2minSuitable water level H of pond system3sUpper limit water level H3maxAnd a lower limit water level H3minThe height h of the ridge and the channel and pond matching coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit, wherein the channel and pond matching coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit is the ratio of the area of the rice field to the area of the channel and pond, and the unit of the water level is mm; step three, respectively formulating irrigation and drainage unit field, ditch and pond combined regulation and control rules within 7d after fertilization and in two time intervals after 7d after fertilization according to the rain condition; step four, inputting basic data and setting an initial value at the user terminal; step five, the user terminal gives an instruction to the valve controller according to the weather forecast and the real-time water level information acquired by the water level sensor to control the opening or closing of the water inlet valve, the water discharge valve and the water pumpAnd closing, orderly realizing water inlet and water discharge of the field ditch pond system according to the water quantity combined regulation and control rule of the irrigation and drainage unit field ditch pond so as to automatically realize the regulation and control of the water level of the field ditch pond.
The water quantity combined regulation and control rule of the rural pond in the third step is as follows: the water quantity of irrigation and drainage unit field ditches and ponds is regulated and controlled step by step according to the sequence of field, ditch and pond, the initial control water level regulation of the field ditches and ponds within 7d after fertilization is completed before fertilization, and the field surface water of the rice field community reaches the upper limit water level H1maxThen discharged to a drainage ditch through a drainage hopper ditch, and the drainage ditch reaches an upper limit water level H2maxThen discharged outside to a pond, and the pond reaches an upper limit water level H3maxAnd then discharged to a receiving water body, and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
a. within 7d after fertilization
In the rice field plot, if there is no rain, the water level control range in the field is [ H ] within 7d after fertilization1min，H1s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the field control water level range before rain is H1min，(H1min+H1s)/2](ii) a If the water level is above the middle rain, the field control water level range before the rain is H1min，H1min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the field water level regulation and storage is the upper limit water level H required by the normal growth of rice1maxWhen the water level in the field exceeds H1maxThen, the field surface water is discharged to the ditch;
in the ditch system, if there is no rain, the water level range of the ditch in 7d after fertilization is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the water level range of the ditch before the rain falls is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s-10*n*η](ii) a If the rain is moderate or above, the water level range of the ditch before the rain is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s-50*n*η]And in the regulation process, when H is2s-50*n*η≤H2minIn time, the water level range of the ditch before rainfall is controlled to be [ H ]2min，H2min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the regulation and storage of the water level of the ditch is the upper limit water level H required for maintaining the stability of the ecological system of the ditch2maxWhen the water level of the ditch exceeds H2maxDischarging the ditch water to the pond;
in pond systems, fertilising if there is no rainThe water level range of the rear 7d inner pond is controlled as [ H ]3min，H3s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the control water level range of the pond before rainfall is [ H3min，H3s-10*n*η](ii) a If the rain is at or above the middle rain, the pond controls the water level range to be [ H3min，H3s-50*n*η]In the regulation process, when H is3s-50*n*η≤H3minThen the water level of the pond is controlled within the range of [ H ]3min，H3min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the regulation and storage of the pond water level is the upper limit water level H required for maintaining the stability of the ecological system of the pond3maxWhen the water level of the pond exceeds H3maxDischarging the water in the pond to a receiving water body through an outlet of the irrigation and drainage unit;
wherein n is the number of days of rainfall reported by weather forecast within 7d after fertilization, eta is the proportion of irrigation and drainage unit ditches and ponds, and 10mm and 50mm are the upper limit values of 24h rainfall of light rain and heavy rain divided by a weather department according to rainfall intensity;
b. 7 days after fertilization
After 7 days of fertilization, the water level range in the field is controlled to be [ H ]1min，H1max]The water level range of the ditch is controlled to be [ H ]2min，H2max]The pond water level range is controlled to be [ H ]3min，H3max]。
The basic data in the fourth step comprise the proper water level H of the paddy field in different growth periods1sUpper limit water level H1maxAnd a lower limit water level H1minSuitable water level H of ditch system2sUpper limit water level H2maxAnd a lower limit water level H2minSuitable water level H of pond system3sUpper limit water level H3maxAnd a lower limit water level H3minThe height h of the ridge and the proportion coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit ditches and ponds; the setting of the initial value comprises: respectively setting the control water levels of the field and trench ponds within 7d after fertilization and 7d after fertilization according to the irrigation and drainage unit field and trench pond combined regulation rule in the third step; setting the initial height of the water inlet valve of the rice field community as the ridge height H, and setting the initial height of the water drainage valve of the rice field community as the upper limit water level H1maxSetting the initial height of the drain valve of the drainage ditch as the upper limit water level H2max。
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the general rule of loss of nitrogen and phosphorus of the rice field, the method focuses on the high-risk period of loss of high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus of the rice field rather than the full-growth period, and the regulation pertinence and the initiative are improved.
2. According to the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration change attenuation rule of the paddy field surface water and the ecological water demand requirements of the field pond in different periods, the water level of the field pond is monitored in an important mode, the water level of the field pond is used as a regulation and control basis, the requirements for online monitoring of water quality, soil and meteorological phenomena are greatly reduced, and the method is simple, efficient, high in practicability and convenient to popularize.
3. The method and the device have the advantages that the united regulation and control rules of the ditches and the ponds are set according to the rainfall classification, and the regulation and control amount and the regulation and control frequency of irrigation and drainage are reduced on the premise of ensuring that the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the rice field is reduced to the maximum extent.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a combined regulation and control system of a field pond.
In the figure: paddy field district 1, inlet valve 2, drainage valve 3, level sensor 4, information acquisition module 5, user terminal 6, water pump 7, irrigate the canal 8, irrigate the ditch 9, escape canal 10, drainage fill ditch 11, pool 12 receives water 13.
Detailed Description
The invention is described in further detail below with reference to the following description of the drawings and the detailed description.
Referring to fig. 1, a field-pond combined regulation and control method based on a rice field non-point source pollution critical risk period is characterized in that a field-pond combined regulation and control system comprises a plurality of water level sensors 4, a plurality of water inlet valves 2, a plurality of water discharge valves 3, an information acquisition module 5, a user terminal 6, a valve controller and a water pump 7, and a irrigation and drainage unit mainly comprises a rice field, a ditch system, a pond system and a receiving water body 13. Information acquisition module 5 respectively with level sensor 4 and user terminal 6 wireless connection, a plurality of level sensor 4, a plurality of inlet valve 2, a plurality of drain valve 3, user terminal 6 and water pump 7 respectively with valve controller wireless connection. The water level sensors 4 are respectively installed in the representative paddy field community 1, the drainage ditch 10 and the pond 12, and are mainly used for collecting water level information and transmitting data to the information collection module 5. The water inlet valve 2 is arranged at the water inlet of the paddy field community 1, namely at the joint of the paddy field community 1 and the irrigation ditch 9, and the water inlet valve 2 is used for controlling the water inlet of the paddy field; the water inlet valve 2 adopts a lifting type water passing valve with a top end overflow mode, and is favorable for reducing the disturbance of water inlet and outlet on soil and field surface water. The drainage valve 3 is respectively arranged at the water outlet of the paddy field community 1 and the water outlet of the drainage ditch 10; the water outlet of the paddy field community 1 is the joint of the paddy field community 1 and the drainage ditch 11 and is used for controlling the drainage of the paddy field; the water outlet of the drainage ditch 10 is the joint of the drainage ditch 10 and the pond 12 and is used for controlling a ditch system to drain water; the water draining valve 3 adopts a lifting type water draining valve with a top end overflow mode, so that the disturbance of water inflow and water outflow to soil and field surface water is reduced. The water pump 7 is respectively arranged at the connecting positions of the pond 12 and the irrigation channel 8, and the pond 12 and the receiving water body 13. The information acquisition module 5 is used for receiving the water level information acquired by the water level sensor 4 and transmitting the data to the user terminal 6. The user terminal 6 is used for receiving, storing and analyzing the information transmitted by the information acquisition module 5, monitoring in real time and sending a control instruction to the valve controller; the valve controller can also be manually controlled by closing the automatic operation program. And the valve controller 7 is used for receiving a control instruction sent by the user terminal 6 and controlling the motor action of the water inlet valve 2 and the water discharge valve 3 according to the instruction.
Referring to fig. 1, in a paddy field system, fertilization is an important human factor influencing the concentration change of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy field water, and the fertilization time is known and controllable and can be used as an important basis for regulation and control of paddy field non-point source pollution; the water quantity and the water quality jointly influence the nitrogen and phosphorus loss load of the rice field, and two factors of the water quantity and the water quality must be considered simultaneously in the regulation and control of the non-point source pollution of the rice field. The ditches are used as the main component parts of the irrigation and drainage unit and have the functions of controlling water and purifying rice field runoff, so that the non-point source pollution regulation and control capacity of the irrigation and drainage unit can be greatly improved by combining the field ditches and the ponds. The method for jointly regulating and controlling the ditch and the pond of the paddy field fully utilizes the general rule of the concentration change of nitrogen and phosphorus of the paddy field, aims at the high risk period of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the paddy field of 7d after fertilization, ensures that the initial control water level of the ditch and the pond is at a lower level as far as possible on the premise of meeting the normal growth of paddy rice and the stability of the ecological system of the ditch and the pond, provides a maximum water storage space for the possible rainfall runoff loss of nitrogen and phosphorus of the paddy field, and reduces the risk of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the paddy field; the method specifically comprises the following steps:
step one, determining the water level joint regulation and control key period of the irrigation and drainage unit field pond to be within 7d after fertilization according to the general rule of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the rice field, namely that the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration is exponentially attenuated after each fertilization and 7d is a key period of rapid attenuation.
Step two, according to the information of local rice varieties, planting modes, irrigation standards and the like, the following basic data are determined: proper paddy field water level H required for maintaining normal growth of paddy rice1sUpper limit water level H1maxAnd a lower limit water level H1min(ii) a Appropriate water level H of ditch system required for maintaining stability of ditch ecosystem2sUpper limit water level H2maxAnd a lower limit water level H2min(ii) a Suitable pond system water level H required for maintaining stability of pond ecological system3sUpper limit water level H3maxAnd a lower limit water level H3min(ii) a The height h of the ridge and the proportion coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit ditches and ponds. The ratio coefficient eta of irrigation and drainage unit ditch and pond is the ratio of the area of the paddy field to the area of the ditch and pond, and the unit of water level is mm.
And step three, respectively formulating irrigation and drainage unit field, ditch and pond combined regulation and control rules within 7d after fertilization and in two time intervals after 7d after fertilization according to the rain condition.
Specifically, the joint regulation and control rule of the water quantity of the field ditch pond in the third step is as follows: the water quantity of irrigation and drainage unit field ditches and ponds is regulated and controlled step by step according to the sequence of field-ditch-pond, the initial control water level regulation of the field ditches and ponds within 7d after fertilization is completed before fertilization, and the field surface water of the rice field plot 1 reaches the upper limit water level H1maxThen is discharged to a drainage ditch 10 through a drainage hopper ditch 11, and the drainage ditch 10 reaches an upper limit water level H2maxThen discharged outside to a pond 12, and the pond 12 reaches an upper limit water level H3maxAnd then discharged to the receiving water body 13. Specifically, the regulation and control are carried out in a critical risk period (within 7d after fertilization) and a non-critical risk period (after 7d after fertilization) in 2 time periods, and specifically comprises the following steps:
a. within 7d after fertilization
In the rice field plot 1, if no rain exists, the water level control range in the field is [ H ] within 7d after fertilization1min，H1s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the field control water level range before rain is H1min，(H1min+H1s)/2](ii) a If the water level is above the middle rain, the field control water level range before the rain is H1min，H1min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the field water level regulation and storage is the upper limit water level H required by the normal growth of rice1maxWhen the water level in the field exceeds H1maxThen the surface water is discharged to the ditch.
In the ditch system, if there is no rain, the water level range of the ditch in 7d after fertilization is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the water level range of the ditch before the rain falls is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s-10*n*η](ii) a If the rain is moderate or above, the water level range of the ditch before the rain is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s-50*n*η]And in the regulation process, when H is2s-50*n*η≤H2minIn time, the water level range of the ditch before rainfall is controlled to be [ H ]2min，H2min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the regulation and storage of the water level of the ditch is the upper limit water level H required for maintaining the stability of the ecological system of the ditch2maxWhen the water level of the ditch exceeds H2maxAnd discharging the ditch water to the pond.
In the pond system, if no rain exists, the water level control range in the pond is [ H ] within 7d after fertilization3min，H3s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the control water level range of the pond before rainfall is [ H3min，H3s-10*n*η](ii) a If the rain is at or above the middle rain, the pond controls the water level range to be [ H3min，H3s-50*n*η]In the regulation process, when H is3s-50*n*η≤H3minThen the water level of the pond is controlled within the range of [ H ]3min，H3min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the regulation and storage of the pond water level is the upper limit water level H required for maintaining the stability of the ecological system of the pond3maxWhen the water level of the pond exceeds H3maxAnd then the water in the pond is discharged to the receiving water body 13 through the outlet of the irrigation and drainage unit.
Wherein n is the number of days of rainfall reported by weather forecast within 7d after fertilization, eta is the proportion of irrigation and drainage unit ditches, and 10mm and 50mm are the upper limit values of 24h rainfall of light rain and heavy rain divided by weather departments according to rainfall intensity.
b. 7 days after fertilization
After 7 days of fertilization, the water level range in the field is controlled to be [ H ]1mix，H1max]The water level range of the ditch is controlled to be [ H ]2mix，H2max]The pond water level range is controlled to be [ H ]3mix，H3max]。
And step four, inputting basic data and setting an initial value at the user terminal 6.
Specifically, the basic data in the fourth step comprise the proper water level H of the paddy field in different growth periods1sUpper limit water level H1maxAnd a lower limit water level H1minSuitable water level H of ditch system2sUpper limit water level H2maxAnd a lower limit water level H2minSuitable water level H of pond system3sUpper limit water level H3maxAnd a lower limit water level H3minThe height h of the ridge and the proportion coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit ditches and ponds; the setting of the initial value comprises: respectively setting the control water levels of the field and trench ponds within 7d after fertilization and 7d after fertilization according to the irrigation and drainage unit field and trench pond combined regulation rule in the third step; setting the initial height of the water inlet valve 2 of the rice field community as the ridge height H, and setting the initial height of the water drainage valve 3 of the rice field community 1 as the upper limit water level H1maxSetting the initial height of the drain valve 3 of the drain 10 to the upper limit water level H2max。
And step five, the user terminal 6 issues an instruction to the valve controller according to the weather forecast and the real-time water level information acquired by the water level sensor 4, controls the opening or closing of the water inlet valve 2, the water discharge valve 3 and the water pump 7, and realizes the water inlet and the water discharge of the field and ditch pond system in order according to the joint regulation and control rule of the water volume of the irrigation and drainage unit field and ditch pond so as to automatically realize the regulation and control of the water level of the field and ditch pond. The method specifically comprises the following steps: in 7d after fertilization, each drainage valve 3 is respectively regulated to H in the initial state1max、H2max、H3maxWhen the water level of the rice field plot 1 is H1≥H1maxWhen the water flows through the drain hopper ditch 11 and is discharged outsideTo the drainage ditch 10; when the water level H of the drainage ditch 10 is higher2≥H2maxWhen the water flows, the redundant runoff is discharged into the pond 12; when the water level H of the end pond system3≤H3maxIn time, zero emission of nitrogen and phosphorus of the irrigation and drainage unit field pond system and cyclic utilization of rainwater stored in a subsequent pond system are realized; when the water level H of the end pond system3＞H3maxAnd then discharging the redundant runoff to the receiving water body 13. 7 days after fertilization, the water levels of the field, the ditch and the pond are respectively controlled to be H within corresponding growth periods1min，H1max]、[H2min，H2max]、[H3min，H3max]Within the range.
According to the method, according to the general response rule of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the field water to the fertilization in the whole growth period of the rice, the nitrogen and phosphorus high-concentration period after the fertilization is focused, the combined regulation and control of the field ditch and the pond are simply and efficiently realized through water level regulation, and multiple targets of reducing the nitrogen and phosphorus loss risk of the rice field, improving the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization rate, protecting the surrounding water environment and the like are achieved.
Meanwhile, in areas where the management of the small farmers is the main and the automatic conditions are not available, the manual regulation can be partially or completely implemented according to the combined regulation and control rule of the field and pond within 7d after single fertilization and 7d after fertilization, such as manual monitoring of the water level of the field and pond, regulation and control of the water inlet valve 2, the water discharge valve 3 and the water pump 7. Aiming at the joint regulation and control rule of the ditches and the ponds under different rain conditions, the method is also suitable for the artificial drainage condition in the rice growth period; the method is also suitable for other types of irrigation and drainage units with storage capacity, such as a field and trench mode irrigation and drainage unit of a pond-free system and the like. If the key control period of the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in the rice field is not limited to 7 days after fertilization, the key control period can be adjusted according to the local actual key period of nitrogen and phosphorus loss.
The first embodiment is as follows:
in practical tests, the inventor carries out combined regulation and control on the following paddy field irrigation and drainage units, and finds that the concentration change of TN and TP of the regional paddy field surface water conforms to the common rule of nitrogen and phosphorus loss through monitoring, namely that the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus is exponentially attenuated and is about 80% attenuated in 7d after fertilization, so that a critical period for regulating and controlling the water quantity of a field ditch pond in 7d after fertilization is set, and the water levels of a paddy field cell 1, a drainage ditch 10 and a pond 12 are used as monitoring objects without monitoring the water quality. In the area, nitrogen fertilizer is respectively used as base fertilizer, tillering fertilizer and spike fertilizer to be applied for 3 times in the field soaking period, tillering period and jointing-pulling and spike-bearing period, and phosphate fertilizer is applied as the base fertilizer for one time in the field soaking period.
Inputting the area basic data into the user terminal 6, mainly comprising: the height h of the ridge is 30cm, the ratio coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit ditch and pond is 5, and the water management standard of the ditch pond in each growth period in the whole growth period of the rice in the region is shown in table 1:
table 1 standard unit for managing water in paddy rice in the whole growth period of a pond: mm is
Remarking: indicates the water content of the soil
The user terminal 6 gives instructions to the valve controller according to weather forecast, water level monitoring results and the combined regulation and control rules of the field and the pond, the motor actions of the water inlet valve 2, the water discharge valve 3 and the water pump 7 are automatically controlled, and the regulation and control parameters are calculated according to the rice water management standard in the tillering stage by taking tillering fertilizer application as an example. The channel and pond in the region have no proper water level statistical data, and are approximately expressed as H2s＝(H2min+H2max)/2、H3s＝(H3min+H3max) Calculated as/2, 325mm and 1000mm respectively.
Before fertilization, regulating and controlling initial control water levels of a field, a ditch and a pond according to regulation and control rules of the field, the ditch and the pond within 7d after fertilization respectively: if no rain exists in the field after 7d of fertilization, adjusting the initial control water levels of the rice field plot 1, the drainage ditch 10, the drainage bucket ditch 11 and the pond to be respectively 10 and 30 according to the combined regulation and control rule of the field ditch and the pond in the field after 7d of fertilization]、[150，325]、[500，1000]Within the range, and keeping the range of the controlled water level unchanged within 7d after fertilization. If the paddy field is slightly rainy within 7 days after fertilization and is expected to be rainy for 2 days, adjusting the initial control water levels of the paddy field plot, the drainage ditch 10, the drainage bucket ditch 11 and the pond to be respectively 10 and 20 according to the combined regulation and control rule of the paddy field and the pond within 7 days after fertilization]、[150，225]、[500，900]Within the range, and keeping the control water level range unchanged before rainfall as possibleRain reserves enough storage space. And in 7d after fertilization, the upper limit of the water level of the field ditch pond is 50mm, 500mm and 1500mm in the rainfall process, the storm runoff is stored by fully utilizing a field ditch pond system, and the nitrogen and phosphorus loss load of the rice field is reduced to the maximum extent: when the water level H of the rice field plot 11When the thickness is larger than or equal to 50mm, opening the field drainage valve 3, and discharging the redundant field surface water to the drainage hopper ditch 11 and the drainage ditch 10; when the water level H of the drainage ditch 10 is higher2When the diameter is more than or equal to 500mm, discharging the redundant runoff in the drainage ditch 10 to the pond 12; when the water level H of the pond 12 is3When the thickness is less than or equal to 1500mm, zero discharge of nitrogen and phosphorus and water discharge recycling of a rice field system can be realized; when the water level H of the terminal pond 123And when the diameter is more than 1500mm, the water pump 7 connecting the pond and the receiving water body 13 is started, and the redundant runoff is discharged to the peripheral receiving water body 13, so that the influence of the non-point source pollution of the rice field on the peripheral receiving water body 13 is reduced to the maximum extent.
And 7d after fertilization, the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of the rice field is greatly reduced, the loss risk is relatively low, and the water levels of all parts of the field pond are respectively controlled within the ranges of [10, 50], [150, 500], [500 and 1500] in the tillering period by regulating and controlling a water inlet valve 2, a water discharge valve 3 and a water pump 7 of a rice field system.
Other growth period regulating and controlling methods and parameters are calculated in the same tillering period.
Therefore, according to the general response rule of nitrogen and phosphorus concentration of field water in the whole growth period of regional rice to fertilization, the invention determines that the high risk period of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of the rice field is within 7d after fertilization, and takes the 7d after fertilization as the key period of the non-point source pollution control of the rice field, realizes the combined regulation and control of the field, the ditch and the pond simply and efficiently through water level regulation, realizes low water level operation in the high risk period on the premise of meeting the normal growth of the rice and the stability of a ditch and pond ecosystem, and reserves the water storage space of a irrigation and drainage unit of the rice field to the maximum extent, thereby achieving multiple targets of intercepting high-concentration runoff of the rice field to the maximum extent, improving the utilization rate of nitrogen and phosphorus.
The foregoing is a more detailed description of the invention in connection with specific preferred embodiments and it is not intended that the invention be limited to these specific details. For those skilled in the art to which the invention relates, several simple deductions or substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and the above-mentioned structures should be considered as belonging to the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (2)
1. A paddy field and pond combined regulation and control method based on a paddy field non-point source pollution key risk period is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, determining a water level joint regulation and control key period of the irrigation and drainage unit field pond to be within 7d after fertilization according to a general rule of nitrogen and phosphorus loss of a rice field, namely that nitrogen and phosphorus concentration is exponentially attenuated after each fertilization and 7d is a key period of rapid attenuation;
step two, according to local rice varieties, planting modes and irrigation standards, the following basic data are determined: suitable water level H of rice field1sUpper limit water level H1maxAnd a lower limit water level H1minSuitable water level H of ditch system2sUpper limit water level H2maxAnd a lower limit water level H2minSuitable water level H of pond system3sUpper limit water level H3maxAnd a lower limit water level H3minThe height h of the ridge and the channel and pond matching coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit, wherein the channel and pond matching coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit is the ratio of the area of the rice field to the area of the channel and pond, and the unit of the water level is mm;
step three, respectively formulating irrigation and drainage unit field, ditch and pond combined regulation and control rules within 7d after fertilization and in two time intervals after 7d after fertilization according to the rain condition; the regulation of the combined regulation and control of the field and the pond in the step is as follows: the water quantity of the irrigation and drainage unit field ditch pond is regulated and controlled step by step according to the sequence of field-ditch-pond, the initial control water level regulation of the field ditch pond in 7d after fertilization is completed before fertilization, and the field surface water of the paddy field community (1) reaches the upper limit water level H1maxThen is discharged to a drainage ditch (10) through a drainage hopper ditch (11), and the drainage ditch (10) reaches an upper limit water level H2maxThen discharged outside to a pond (12), and the pond (12) reaches an upper limit water level H3maxAnd then discharged to a receiving water body (13), and the method specifically comprises the following steps:
a. within 7d after fertilization
In the rice field plot (1), if no rain exists, the water level control range in the field is [ H ] within 7d after fertilization1min，H1s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the field control water before rainfallA bit range of [ H1min，(H1min+H1s)/2](ii) a If the water level is above the middle rain, the field control water level range before the rain is H1min，H1min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the field water level regulation and storage is the upper limit water level H required by the normal growth of rice1maxWhen the water level in the field exceeds H1maxThen, the field surface water is discharged to the ditch;
in the ditch system, if there is no rain, the water level range of the ditch in 7d after fertilization is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the water level range of the ditch before the rain falls is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s-10*n*η](ii) a If the rain is moderate or above, the water level range of the ditch before the rain is controlled to be [ H2min，H2s-50*n*η]And in the regulation process, when H is2s-50*n*η≤H2minIn time, the water level range of the ditch before rainfall is controlled to be [ H ]2min，H2min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the regulation and storage of the water level of the ditch is the upper limit water level H required for maintaining the stability of the ecological system of the ditch2maxWhen the water level of the ditch exceeds H2maxDischarging the ditch water to the pond;
in the pond system, if no rain exists, the water level control range in the pond is [ H ] within 7d after fertilization3min，H3s]And the range of the control water level is kept unchanged in 7 d; if it is light rain, the control water level range of the pond before rainfall is [ H3min，H3s-10*n*η](ii) a If the rain is at or above the middle rain, the pond controls the water level range to be [ H3min，H3s-50*n*η]In the regulation process, when H is3s-50*n*η≤H3minThen the water level of the pond is controlled within the range of [ H ]3min，H3min+5](ii) a During rainfall, the upper limit of the regulation and storage of the pond water level is the upper limit water level H required for maintaining the stability of the ecological system of the pond3maxWhen the water level of the pond exceeds H3maxThen the water in the pond is discharged to a receiving water body (13) through an outlet of the irrigation and drainage unit;
wherein n is the number of days of rainfall reported by weather forecast within 7d after fertilization, eta is the proportion coefficient of the irrigation and drainage unit ditches, and 10mm and 50mm are the upper limit values of 24h rainfall of light rain and heavy rain divided by a meteorological department according to rainfall intensity;
b. 7 days after fertilization
After 7 days of fertilization, the water level range in the field is controlled to be [ H ]1mix，H1max]The water level range of the ditch is controlled to be [ H ]2mix，H2max]The pond water level range is controlled to be [ H ]3mix，H3max]；
Step four, inputting basic data and setting an initial value at the user terminal (6);
and step five, the user terminal (6) issues an instruction to the valve controller according to the weather forecast and the real-time water level information acquired by the water level sensor (4), controls the opening or closing of the water inlet valve, the water discharge valve and the water pump (7), and realizes the water inlet and the water discharge of the field and ditch pond system in order according to the irrigation and drainage unit field and ditch pond combined regulation and control rule so as to automatically realize the regulation and control of the water level of the field and ditch pond.
2. The method for combined regulation and control of paddy fields based on the key risk period of non-point source pollution as claimed in claim 1, wherein the basic data in the fourth step comprises the proper paddy field water level H in different growth periods of paddy rice1sUpper limit water level H1maxAnd a lower limit water level H1minSuitable water level H of ditch system2sUpper limit water level H2maxAnd a lower limit water level H2minSuitable water level H of pond system3sUpper limit water level H3maxAnd a lower limit water level H3minThe height h of the ridge and the proportion coefficient eta of the irrigation and drainage unit ditches and ponds;
the setting of the initial value comprises: respectively setting the control water levels of the field and trench ponds within 7d after fertilization and 7d after fertilization according to the irrigation and drainage unit field and trench pond combined regulation rule in the third step; setting the initial height of the water inlet valve of the rice field community (1) as the ridge height H, and setting the initial height of the water drainage valve of the rice field community (1) as the upper limit water level H1maxSetting the initial height of the drain valve of the drain ditch (10) to the upper limit water level H2max。
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| CN115843635B (en) * | 2022-11-30 | 2023-06-16 | 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所 | Rice field irrigation and drainage unit non-point source pollution and methane synergistic emission reduction method |
| CN116523292A (en) * | 2023-02-03 | 2023-08-01 | 中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院 | Agricultural non-point source pollution risk dynamic identification early warning method based on pollution critical rainfall |
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