CN108718738A - A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth - Google Patents
A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth Download PDFInfo
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- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
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Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of methods promoting cherry skewer root growth, include the following steps:The selection of skewer item, the processing of skewer item, soil treatment and skewer cuttage.Method provided by the invention can be effectively promoted the distributed depth and distribution of the growth raising root system of root system, windburn ability is shouldered to improve cherry tree, root system can also be promoted to absorb more nutrition simultaneously, improve the quality of cherry, the economic interests for increasing orchard worker, are with a wide range of applications.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to cherry planting technology fields, and in particular to a method of promoting cherry skewer root growth.
Background technology
Cherry, the rose family, Li Yake, cherry platymiscium.Arbor, 2-6 meters high, bark canescence.Sprig taupe, spray are green
Color, it is hairless or by thin pubescence.Fruit can be edible as fruit, and appearance is bright in colour, sparkling and crystal-clear beautiful, red such as agate, Huang Runing
Fat, fruit is rich in the multiple elements such as sugar, protein, vitamin and calcium, iron, phosphorus, potassium.Cherry performance:It is sweet in flavor, sour, slightly warm in nature.Energy
Energy benefit taste, nourishing the liver and kidney, puckery essence, antidiarrheal eat diarrhea or taste impairment of yin, dry mouth and parching tongue for weakness of the spleen and the stomach less;Kidney deficiency and liver,
Soreness and weakness of waist and knees, limbs fatigue, or seminal emission;The deficiency of blood, dizzy palpitaition, lustreless complexion, the intractables spot class such as facial freckle can play desalination
Effect.Cherry is well-known to be rich in vitamin C, is universally acknowledged " king of natural VC " and " fruit of life ", has very
High edible value, is favored by people.
Cherry is light, warm, hygrophilous, the manurial-philous fruit tree of happiness, is suitble in 10~12 DEG C of average annual temperature, annual precipitation 600~
700mm is grown under the weather conditions in year 2600~2800h or more of sunshine time.Time of the daily mean temperature higher than 10 DEG C is 150
~200d, winter extreme minimum temperature not less than -20 DEG C place can well-grown, normal outcome, soil with the soil is porous,
The deep sandy loam of soil layer is preferred.Since cherry Root Distribution is shallow, the plantation field of cherry needs to select not by windburn
Location but nonetheless in monsoon, rainwater season, the phenomenon that still will appear cherry lodging, prodigious warp is caused to orchard worker
Ji loss.
Invention content
The purpose of the present invention is for existing problem, provide a kind of method promoting cherry skewer root growth.
The present invention is achieved by the following technical solutions:
A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, specifically comprises the following steps:The selection of skewer item, skewer item are handled, at soil
Reason, skewer cuttage.
Preferably, a method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, wherein steps are as follows for the selection of skewer item:It selects annual
The cherry of best in quality, healthy growth, no disease and pests harm, for clip branch as skewer item, cuttings is sturdy from branches and leaves, the full branch of bud
The middle and upper part of bifurcation selects, cuttings requirement length 12-18cm, the branch of diameter 0.5-1cm, and 3-5 bud, upper clip are carried on branch
From bud 2-3cm, lower blade is removed, when clip, then cuttings top flat mouth, lower part angle is bundled into 20-30 roots a bundle.
Preferably, a method of promote cherry skewer root growth, wherein skewer processing step as follows:
1)10-20 parts of vetiver is taken, 100-200 mesh particles are crushed to, broken particle is added to 30-50 parts of 60-80% second
Ultrasonic extraction is carried out in alcoholic solution, power 200-300W, extraction time 20-30min are extracted 3 times, 3 times are obtained by extraction
Solution mixing after carry out vacuum distillation recycling ethyl alcohol, after filtering through be concentrated and dried dry powder is made;
2)20-60 parts of the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.1-0.3mol/L is taken, 2-5 parts of the basic element of cell division, heating water bath to 40-60 is added
DEG C, it is added 1 after the basic element of cell division is completely dissolved)Middle dry powder can be prepared by soak after stirring;
3)The good lower end angle of cherry skewer item gauze wrapped that will have been bundled, then pours into soak in spray equipment, to yarn
Cloth is slowly sprayed, spray time 30-50min, and 0.5-1 parts/min of flow uses 6000-8000GS during spray
Magnetic field solution is magnetized, magnetic field line direction is vertical with water (flow) direction;
4)Skewer item after elution is put by root-inducing powder and water according to weight proportion 1-2:80-180 be prepared in taking root liquid into
Row impregnates, and impregnates 20-30min, and intermittent irradiation is carried out using far infrared in soaking process, at interval of 5-10min irradiations one
It is secondary, irradiation time 2-5s.
Preferably, a method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, wherein steps are as follows for soil treatment:
1)10-20 parts of plant ash, 5-15 parts of turf, 10-30 parts of manioc waste, 5-15 parts of barnyard manure, mixing is taken to carry out high-temperature sterilization, wait for
1-3 points of microorganism fungus kind is added after sterilizing, pours into fermentation tank and ferments after mixing, fermentation time 3-7d, wherein matting
Fertilizer is by sheep manure, horsehit, pig manure and cow dung according to weight proportion 1:1:2:3-1:2:3:4 are prepared, and microorganism fungus kind is
By zymophyte, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria according to 1:1:1-1:2:Prepared by 2 proportioning;
2)It takes perlite 30-50 to divide, 20-30 points of vermiculite, 20-40 points of peat, is added to 1)In fermentation material in carry out oscillation stir
It mixes, hunting power 100-150W, duration of oscillation 10-30min, waits can be made into a kind of matrix after vibrating;
3)Preprepared cuttage soil is digged repeatedly, removes the insect in soil, then digs a diameter 20-
30cm, the heatable adobe sleeping platform of depth 15-25cm are sprinkled into a certain amount of Cosan, soil pH are adjusted to 6-7, then by 2)Middle preparation
Matrix is poured into heatable adobe sleeping platform, in the native soil of one layer of 2-3cm of bedding above after matrix is smoothed out.
Preferably, a method of promote cherry skewer root growth, the method for wherein skewer cuttage as follows:It will process
Skewer item entered in processed soil with tilting 30-40 ° of angle oblique cutting, skewer line space be 10-20cm, insertion depth 5-6cm,
Then in the soil of one circle 2-3cm thickness of bottom covering, skewer lower end is made to combine closely with soil.
The present invention has the following advantages compared with prior art:
1. vetiver is a kind of herbaceous plant that root system is extremely flourishing, contain abundant root element in root system, by vetiver through ethyl alcohol
Powder made of being concentrated and dried after extraction has with the soak that sodium hydroxide and the basic element of cell division are mixed promotes cytoplasm
The effect of cell tissue differentiation and growth is accelerated in division.
2. infiltrating skewer lower end using the mode of spray, and use magnetic field by solution magnetization during spray so that
It associated originally in solution the macromolecular of chain, and fragmented into single small molecule, be conducive to the absorption of skewer item.
3. skewer item is irradiated when being impregnated in taking root liquid using far infrared, intracellular atom and molecule can be caused to be formed
Resonance improves cell activity, promotes absorption of the skewer item to taking root liquid.
4. the matrix that perlite, vermiculite and peat and organic fermentation fertilizer are mixed with is poured into soil, can increase
Gap between soil provides the gas porosity of soil, is conducive to the breathing and growth of root system, adds a small amount of Cosan, by soil
PH is adjusted to 6-7, makes soil at acidity, may advantageously facilitate taking root for cherry skewer item.
Specific implementation mode
The present invention is described further With reference to embodiment.
Embodiment 1
A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, specifically comprises the following steps:The selection of skewer item, skewer item are handled, at soil
Reason, skewer cuttage.
A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, is as follows:
1)Skewer item selects
Select annual best in quality, healthy growth, no disease and pests harm cherry, for clip branch as skewer item, cuttings is thick from branches and leaves
Strong, the middle and upper part of the full branch of bud selects, cuttings requirement length 12cm, the branch of diameter 0.5cm, and 3 are carried on branch
Bud, upper clip remove lower blade from bud 2cm, and when clip, then cuttings top flat mouth, lower part angle is bundled into 20 one
Bundle;
2)The processing of skewer item
A takes 10 parts of vetiver, is crushed to 100 mesh particles, and broken particle is added in 30 part of 60% ethanol solution and is surpassed
Sound wave extracts, power 200W, extraction time 20min, extracts 3 times, and decompression steaming is carried out after the solution that 3 times are obtained by extraction is mixed
Recycling ethyl alcohol is evaporated, dry powder is made through being concentrated and dried after filtering;
B takes 20 parts of the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.1mol/L, 2 parts of the basic element of cell division is added, heating water bath waits for cell division to 40 DEG C
Dry powder in a is added after being completely dissolved in element, can be prepared by soak after stirring;
The good lower end angle of cherry skewer item gauze wrapped that c will have been bundled, then pours into soak in spray equipment, to gauze
It is slowly sprayed, spray time 30min, 0.5 part/min of flow, during spray, using the magnetic field of 6000GS to solution
Magnetized, magnetic field line direction is vertical with water (flow) direction;
Skewer item after elution is put by root-inducing powder and water according to weight proportion 1 by d:80 are prepared in taking root liquid and are impregnated,
20min is impregnated, intermittent irradiation is carried out using far infrared in soaking process, primary, irradiation time 2s is irradiated at interval of 5min
?;
3)Soil treatment
A takes 10 parts of plant ash, 5 parts of turf, 10 parts of manioc waste, 5 parts of barnyard manure, mixing to carry out high-temperature sterilization, add after subject to sterilization
Enter microorganism fungus kind 1 to divide, pour into fermentation tank and ferment after mixing, fermentation time 3d, wherein barnyard manure be by sheep manure, horsehit,
Pig manure and cow dung are according to weight proportion 1:1:2:3 are prepared, microorganism fungus kind be by zymophyte, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria by
According to 1:1:Prepared by 1 proportioning;
B takes perlite 30 to divide, vermiculite 20 divides, peat 20 divides, and is added in the fermentation material in a and carries out oscillation stirring, hunting power
100W, duration of oscillation 10min wait can be made into a kind of matrix after vibrating;
C is digged preprepared cuttage soil repeatedly, removes the insect in soil, then digs a diameter 20cm,
The heatable adobe sleeping platform of depth 15cm is sprinkled into a certain amount of Cosan, and soil pH is adjusted to 6, the matrix prepared in b is then poured into heatable adobe sleeping platform
In, in the native soil of one layer of 2cm of bedding above after matrix is smoothed out;
4)Skewer cuttage
Processed skewer item is entered with tilting 30 ° of angle oblique cuttings in processed soil, skewer line space is 10cm, and insertion depth is
5cm makes skewer lower end combine closely with soil then in the soil of one circle 2cm thickness of bottom covering.
Embodiment 2
A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, specifically comprises the following steps:The selection of skewer item, skewer item are handled, at soil
Reason, skewer cuttage.
A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, is as follows:
1)Skewer item selects
Select annual best in quality, healthy growth, no disease and pests harm cherry, for clip branch as skewer item, cuttings is thick from branches and leaves
Strong, the middle and upper part of the full branch of bud selects, cuttings requirement length 15cm, the branch of diameter 0.8cm, and 4 are carried on branch
Bud, upper clip remove lower blade from bud 2cm, and when clip, then cuttings top flat mouth, lower part angle is bundled into 25 one
Bundle;
2)The processing of skewer item
A takes 15 parts of vetiver, is crushed to 150 mesh particles, and broken particle is added in 40 part of 70% ethanol solution and is surpassed
Sound wave extracts, power 260W, extraction time 25min, extracts 3 times, and decompression steaming is carried out after the solution that 3 times are obtained by extraction is mixed
Recycling ethyl alcohol is evaporated, dry powder is made through being concentrated and dried after filtering;
B takes 40 parts of the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.2mol/L, 3 parts of the basic element of cell division is added, heating water bath waits for cell division to 50 DEG C
Dry powder in a is added after being completely dissolved in element, can be prepared by soak after stirring;
The good lower end angle of cherry skewer item gauze wrapped that c will have been bundled, then pours into soak in spray equipment, to gauze
It is slowly sprayed, spray time 40min, 0.8 part/min of flow, during spray, using the magnetic field of 7000GS to solution
Magnetized, magnetic field line direction is vertical with water (flow) direction;
Skewer item after elution is put by root-inducing powder and water according to weight proportion 1.5 by d:120 are prepared in taking root liquid and are soaked
Bubble impregnates 25min, and intermittent irradiation is carried out using far infrared in soaking process, and primary, irradiation time is irradiated at interval of 7min
4s;
3)Soil treatment
A takes 15 parts of plant ash, 10 parts of turf, 20 parts of manioc waste, 10 parts of barnyard manure, and mixing carries out high-temperature sterilization, after subject to sterilization
Microorganism fungus kind 2 is added to divide, pours into fermentation tank and ferments after mixing, fermentation time 5d, wherein barnyard manure are by sheep manure, horse
Excrement, pig manure and cow dung are according to weight proportion 1:2:2:4 are prepared, and microorganism fungus kind is by zymophyte, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria
According to 1:1:Prepared by 2 proportioning;
B takes perlite 40 to divide, vermiculite 25 divides, peat 30 divides, and is added in the fermentation material in a and carries out oscillation stirring, hunting power
120W, duration of oscillation 20min wait can be made into a kind of matrix after vibrating;
C is digged preprepared cuttage soil repeatedly, removes the insect in soil, then digs a diameter 25cm,
The heatable adobe sleeping platform of depth 20cm is sprinkled into a certain amount of Cosan, and soil pH is adjusted to 6.5, the matrix prepared in b is then poured into soil
In hole, in the native soil of one layer of 2cm of bedding above after matrix is smoothed out;
4)Skewer cuttage
Processed skewer item is entered with tilting 35 ° of angle oblique cuttings in processed soil, skewer line space is 15cm, and insertion depth is
5cm makes skewer lower end combine closely with soil then in the soil of one circle 2cm thickness of bottom covering.
Embodiment 3
A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, specifically comprises the following steps:The selection of skewer item, skewer item are handled, at soil
Reason, skewer cuttage.
A method of promoting cherry skewer root growth, is as follows:
1)Skewer item selects
Select annual best in quality, healthy growth, no disease and pests harm cherry, for clip branch as skewer item, cuttings is thick from branches and leaves
Strong, the middle and upper part of the full branch of bud selects, cuttings requirement length 18cm, the branch of diameter 1cm, and 5 buds are carried on branch,
Upper clip removes lower blade from bud 3cm, when clip, cuttings top flat mouth, lower part angle, be then bundled into 30 a bundle;
2)The processing of skewer item
A takes 20 parts of vetiver, is crushed to 200 mesh particles, and broken particle is added in 50 part of 80% ethanol solution and is surpassed
Sound wave extracts, power 300W, extraction time 30min, extracts 3 times, and decompression steaming is carried out after the solution that 3 times are obtained by extraction is mixed
Recycling ethyl alcohol is evaporated, dry powder is made through being concentrated and dried after filtering;
B takes 60 parts of the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.3mol/L, 5 parts of the basic element of cell division is added, heating water bath waits for cell division to 60 DEG C
Dry powder in a is added after being completely dissolved in element, can be prepared by soak after stirring;
The good lower end angle of cherry skewer item gauze wrapped that c will have been bundled, then pours into soak in spray equipment, to gauze
Slowly sprayed, spray time 50min, 1 part/min of flow, during spray, using 8000GS magnetic field to solution into
Row magnetization, magnetic field line direction are vertical with water (flow) direction;
Skewer item after elution is put by root-inducing powder and water according to weight proportion 2 by d:180 are prepared in taking root liquid and are impregnated,
25min is impregnated, intermittent irradiation is carried out using far infrared in soaking process, primary, irradiation time 5s is irradiated at interval of 10min
?;
3)Soil treatment
A takes 20 parts of plant ash, 15 parts of turf, 30 parts of manioc waste, 15 parts of barnyard manure, and mixing carries out high-temperature sterilization, after subject to sterilization
Microorganism fungus kind 3 is added to divide, pours into fermentation tank and ferments after mixing, fermentation time 7d, wherein barnyard manure are by sheep manure, horse
Excrement, pig manure and cow dung are according to weight proportion 1:2:3:4 are prepared, and microorganism fungus kind is by zymophyte, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria
According to 1:2:Prepared by 2 proportioning;
B takes perlite 50 to divide, vermiculite 30 divides, peat 40 divides, and is added in the fermentation material in a and carries out oscillation stirring, hunting power
150W, duration of oscillation 30min wait can be made into a kind of matrix after vibrating;
C is digged preprepared cuttage soil repeatedly, removes the insect in soil, then digs a diameter 30cm,
The heatable adobe sleeping platform of depth 25cm is sprinkled into a certain amount of Cosan, and soil pH is adjusted to 7, the matrix prepared in b is then poured into heatable adobe sleeping platform
In, in the native soil of one layer of 3cm of bedding above after matrix is smoothed out;
4)Skewer cuttage
Processed skewer item is entered with tilting 40 ° of angle oblique cuttings in processed soil, skewer line space is 20cm, and skewer item is inserted into deep
Degree is 6cm, then in the soil of one circle 3cm thickness of bottom covering, skewer lower end is made to combine closely with soil.
Experimental example 1:The research of cherry skewer root length.
Experimental group:The method that embodiment 1 provides,
Control group:Method disclosed in publication number CN106472232A,
Blank group:Traditional cottage method.
Experimentation and result
Choose annual best in quality, healthy growth, no disease and pests harm cherry, for clip branch as skewer item, skewer quantity is 300
Root is divided into 3 groups, every group 100, is respectively labeled as experimental group, control group and blank group.The skewer item of experimental group is used real
The method for applying the offer of example 1 carries out cuttage;The skewer item of control group carries out cuttage using method disclosed in publication number CN106472232A;
The skewer item of blank group then carries out cuttage using traditional cottage method.The root condition of cherry skewer item is observed after 3 months, record is such as
Shown in table one:
Table one
As can be seen from Table I, the skewer extent of the root system of experimental group and quantity are substantially better than control group and blank group.Therefore, originally
The method that invention provides can be effectively promoted the growth of skewer root system.
Experimental example 2:Cherry tree shoulders windburn situation.
Experimental group:The cherry tree grown up to after the skewer item transplanting that the method that embodiment 1 provides is cultivated,
Control group:The cherry tree grown up to after the skewer item transplanting that method disclosed in publication number CN106472232A is cultivated,
Blank group:The cherry tree grown up to after the skewer item transplanting that traditional cottage method is cultivated.
Experimentation and result
Choose annual best in quality, healthy growth, no disease and pests harm cherry, for clip branch as skewer item, skewer quantity is 300
Root is divided into 3 groups, every group 100, is respectively labeled as experimental group, control group and blank group.The cherry tree of experimental group is by skewer
Item carries out cuttage using the method that embodiment 1 provides, and grows up to after transplanting;The skewer item of control group is to use publication number
Method disclosed in CN106472232A carries out cuttage, grows up to after transplanting;The skewer item of blank group is then to use traditional cuttage
Method carries out cuttage, grows up to after transplanting.The distribution of cherry tree lodging situation and cherry tree root system is observed after cherry maturation
Situation, record are as shown in Table 2:
Table two
As can be seen from Table II, there is not lodging phenomenon in the cherry tree of experimental group, and the distributed depth of root system and range are bright
It is aobvious to be better than control group and blank group.Therefore, cherry skewer item uses method provided by the invention, and the development of root system is more excellent after transplanting
Different, the lodging resistance of cherry tree is also more preferably.
The above description is merely a specific embodiment, but scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto, any
It transforms or replaces, should all cover within the scope of the present invention without what creative work was expected.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of method promoting cherry skewer root growth, which is characterized in that include the following steps:At the selection of skewer item, skewer item
Reason, soil treatment, skewer cuttage.
2. a kind of method promoting cherry skewer root growth as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that skewer item selects step such as
Under:Select annual best in quality, healthy growth, no disease and pests harm cherry, for clip branch as skewer item, cuttings is thick from branches and leaves
Strong, the middle and upper part of the full branch of bud selects, cuttings requirement length 12-18cm, the branch of diameter 0.5-1cm, band on branch
There is a 3-5 bud, upper clip removes lower blade from bud 2-3cm, and when clip, then cuttings top flat mouth, lower part angle is tied up
At a bundle of 20-30 roots.
3. a kind of method promoting cherry skewer root growth as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that skewer processing step
It is as follows:
1)10-20 parts of vetiver is taken, 100-200 mesh particles are crushed to, broken particle is added to 30-50 parts of 60-80% second
Ultrasonic extraction is carried out in alcoholic solution, power 200-300W, extraction time 20-30min are extracted 3 times, 3 times are obtained by extraction
Solution mixing after carry out vacuum distillation recycling ethyl alcohol, after filtering through be concentrated and dried dry powder is made;
2)20-60 parts of the sodium hydroxide solution of 0.1-0.3mol/L is taken, 2-5 parts of the basic element of cell division, heating water bath to 40-60 is added
DEG C, it is added 1 after the basic element of cell division is completely dissolved)Middle dry powder can be prepared by soak after stirring;
3)The good lower end angle of cherry skewer item gauze wrapped that will have been bundled, then pours into soak in spray equipment, to yarn
Cloth is slowly sprayed, spray time 30-50min, and 0.5-1 parts/min of flow uses 6000-8000GS during spray
Magnetic field solution is magnetized, magnetic field line direction is vertical with water (flow) direction;
4)Skewer item after elution is put by root-inducing powder and water according to weight proportion 1-2:80-180 be prepared in taking root liquid into
Row impregnates, and impregnates 20-30min, and intermittent irradiation is carried out using far infrared in soaking process, at interval of 5-10min irradiations one
It is secondary, irradiation time 2-5s.
4. a kind of method promoting cherry skewer root growth as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that soil treatment step
It is as follows:
1)10-20 parts of plant ash, 5-15 parts of turf, 10-30 parts of manioc waste, 5-15 parts of barnyard manure, mixing is taken to carry out high-temperature sterilization, wait for
1-3 points of microorganism fungus kind is added after sterilizing, pours into fermentation tank and ferments after mixing, fermentation time 3-7d, wherein matting
Fertilizer is by sheep manure, horsehit, pig manure and cow dung according to weight proportion 1:1:2:3-1:2:3:4 are prepared, and microorganism fungus kind is
By zymophyte, photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria according to 1:1:1-1:2:Prepared by 2 proportioning;
2)It takes perlite 30-50 to divide, 20-30 points of vermiculite, 20-40 points of peat, is added to 1)In fermentation material in carry out oscillation stir
It mixes, hunting power 100-150W, duration of oscillation 10-30min, waits can be made into a kind of matrix after vibrating;
3)Preprepared cuttage soil is digged repeatedly, removes the insect in soil, then digs a diameter 20-
30cm, the heatable adobe sleeping platform of depth 15-25cm are sprinkled into a certain amount of Cosan, soil pH are adjusted to 6-7, then by 2)Middle preparation
Matrix is poured into heatable adobe sleeping platform, in the native soil of one layer of 2-3cm of bedding above after matrix is smoothed out.
5. a kind of method promoting cherry skewer root growth as described in claim 1, which is characterized in that the side of skewer cuttage
Method is as follows:Processed skewer item is entered with tilting 30-40 ° of angle oblique cutting in soil, skewer line space is 10-20cm, insertion depth
Skewer lower end is set to combine closely with soil then in the soil of one circle 2-3cm thickness of bottom covering for 5-6cm.
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