CN108717729A - A kind of online method for visualizing of landform multi-scale TIN of the Virtual earth - Google Patents
A kind of online method for visualizing of landform multi-scale TIN of the Virtual earth Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention provides a kind of online method for visualizing of the virtual earth built automatically based on landform multi-scale TIN, it is built including global multi-scale TIN scale parameter mathematical model, landform multi-scale TIN under feature constraint is built automatically and virtual dividing, it realizes as follows, multi-scale TIN landform spherical surface visualizes online, including according to view information, the terrain block of different stage is calculated；Real-time avoiding cracks, in real-time visual by carrying out the edge fit at quickly decoding completion different stage terrain block adjacent boundary.This method can be while keeping TIN configuration flexibilities, realize multiple dimensioned irregular modeling and the Quadtree Partition of large-scale terrain, the seamless real-time rendering of mixed-scale TIN landform is supported simultaneously, virtual earth topographic data processing and expression precision is substantially improved, and the seamless fusion faculty to irregular high score spatial data so that needs but also the reliable all kinds of geoanalysis applications of support of the expression of geographical environment high fidelity can be met.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to computer application fields, and it is automatic to relate generally to a kind of landform multi-scale TIN of the Virtual earth
Structure and online method for visualizing.
Background technology
With the development of earth observation technology, storage, expression and the analysis of global magnanimity geographical data become geography
The key points and difficulties of information science.Virtual earth system sky, day, city three-dimensional geographic space indoor and outdoor, on the ground it is inferior more
In terms of the integrated and expression of source Heterogeneous Information, it is incomparable increasingly to show traditional GIS-Geographic Information System (GIS)
Advantage.Powerful information integration ability and global virtual geographical environment demonstrates one's ability so that virtual earth system is in geography point
Huge potentiality are also contained in terms of analysis and the exploration of global natural phenomena, and have been sent out in the construction of smart city and the wisdom earth
Wave vital effect.However, the fast development and software relative to hardware are in terms of information integration and visualization efficiency
Greatly improve, virtual earth system to data processing precision and express precision research it is but very insufficient.This is but also mesh
The function of preceding virtual earth system is more limited to " three-dimensional geography browser ", and cannot move towards further to analyze application.
Global Multi-resolution terrain modeling and real-time visual are virtual earth system demonstration global virtual geographical environments
One key component and other geospatial informations integrate and the basis of expression.Currently, in terms of landform processing, it is traditional
Virtual earth system mostly uses the pyramid landform of interpolation method create-rule grid model, the landform after this method simplification
Precision is low, and distortion is big, is easily lost critical terrain feature characteristic information, there are more uncertain problems, thus can not directly use
In geoanalysis.And in terms of the visualization of landform, most systems all use the landform of rule-based grid (Grid) model
It draws, although structure is simple and easy to implement, its drafting precision is low, cannot express microrelief, and a large amount of dough sheet redundancies easily occur.Again
Person, Grid landform cannot be with irregular vector data, geological spatial data Seamless integration-s.Compared to Grid models, irregular triangle
Net (TIN) model structure is flexibly easily expanded, and the defect of Grid terrain renderings, but the more resolutions in the whole world based on TIN models can be overcome
Rate terrain visualization realizes difficulty in virtual earth, and research is also still immature at present.
Invention content
In order to solve the above technical problems, the more rulers in the high-precision whole world under being constrained the present invention provides a kind of features of terrain
TIN structure and spherical surface quick visualization method automatically are spent, virtual earth system is realized and global metadata group is carried out based on TIN patterns
It knits and is drawn with real-time online.
It is online that the technical solution adopted in the present invention provides a kind of virtual earth built automatically based on landform multi-scale TIN
Method for visualizing includes the following steps,
Step 1, global multi-scale TIN scale parameter mathematical model structure,
Step 2, the automatic structure of the landform multi-scale TIN under feature constraint and virtual dividing, realization is as follows,
According to global multi-scale TIN scale parameter mathematical model, it is characterized as constraining with high quality landform charge for remittance net, to any
The landform input data of form generates the high-precision TIN Terrain Pyramids of considering feature by greedy formula TIN developing algorithms；
When building multi-scale TIN Terrain Pyramid, discretization is carried out to each layer of network forming, including the use of each layer
Quadtree mesh cut-off rule carries out virtual dividing to TIN network formings；
Define corresponding dummy node structure, including the obtained empty side of serializing and angle point, empty side are defined as boundary edge, angle
Other vertex are defined as empty summit on point and empty side, have the arbitrary triangle being on one side on empty side to be defined as empty triangle；
Step 3, multi-scale TIN landform spherical surface visualizes online, including according to view information, different stage is calculated
Terrain block；Then the correlation of the position and dummy node structure according to visualization terrain block in global quaternary tree is fixed
Justice generates the different structure data directory keyword of TIN terrain blocks, and is asked from interior external memory caching or network server respectively
Corresponding data assembles on vertex in order, is indexed further according to the triangle read in TIN terrain block body data structures
Information is reduced directly the block network forming and generates rendering mesh, is sent into and draws queue waiting drafting；
Step 4, real-time avoiding cracks complete different stage landform when being included in real-time visual by carrying out quickly decoding
Edge fit at block adjacent boundary.
Moreover, in step 1, if the terrain data spherical surface resolution ratio of a given input is Dc, according to global quaternary tree
Space division rule, the pyramid number of plies to be generated then have following constraint,
Wherein, DtopFor the attainable spherical surface resolution ratio of pyramid top layer, n is pyramid bottom L to be generatedbottomLayer
Number.
Moreover, pyramidal bottom number of plies calculating to be generated is as follows,
N=floor (log2(Dtop/Dc)) (2)
Wherein floor () is nearest rounding operation.
Moreover, in step 4, it is quickly decoded to be achieved in that, during grey iterative generation TIN Terrain Pyramids, root
According to the space segmentation of global quaternary tree the superior and the subordinate and neighbouring relations, boundary void triangle is precalculated to the terrain block of different stage
Division relationship, and division relationship is stored by way of compressed encoding.
The innovation of the invention consists in that：
1) the multi-resolution Topographic Data low precision that the offline pyramid of current virtual earth system generates, characteristic loss are directed to
Seriously, the problem of analysis result is unreliable and data bulk redundancy is firstly introduced into the scale description of national drawing norm, establishes
The scale parameter model of global multi-scale TIN, and be constraint with the features of terrain of high quality, it is proposed that one kind taking landform spy into account
The automatic constructing plan of global multi-scale TIN of sign.
2) in order to solve the problems, such as storage and the index of global multi-scale TIN landform, pyramid data model is used to it
Tissue is carried out, and devises a kind of efficient dummy node data structure, seamless segmentation is implemented into the TIN network formings of different stage,
And realize that hierarchical block is put in storage, finally obtain the TIN Terrain Pyramids that can be used for real-time rendering.In entire building process, with
Drawing norm is the relationship that guidance establishes pyramidal stratum level and atlas dimension, thus the simplification rank of TIN landform exists
Pyramidal each layer is obtained for stringent control, the required precision of scale where each layer data all meets, can be direct
It is applied for analyzing.
3) for the terrain rendering expression precision based on Grid patterns is low, structure is dumb, it is irregular to be difficult to Seamless integration-
A kind of the problem of spatial data, it is proposed that terrain visualization algorithm based on TIN models.This method is with offline multi-scale TIN
Terrain Pyramid realizes scheduling and the real-time rendering of multiresolution TIN terrain scene as data supporting.Utilize TIN terrains
Relevant contract when reason and storage is realized and dispatches data according to the keyword of TIN terrain block different structures, and utilizes these data
Ordering is carried out, generates the rendering mesh of TIN landform in real time.When handling the edge fit problem of TIN landform, by decoding TIN
Levels edge fit relationship coding is generated when landform processed offline, reaches the edge crack for eliminating different stage TIN terrain blocks in real time.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is flow chart of the method for the present invention.
Fig. 2 is the TIN network forming virtual dividing schematic diagrames of the embodiment of the present invention, and wherein Fig. 2 (a) is that angle point is inserted into schematic diagram,
Fig. 2 (b) is that intersection point is inserted into schematic diagram, and Fig. 2 (c) is virtual dividing design sketch.
Fig. 3 is the dummy node structure design schematic diagram of the embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is extensive TIN landform fast dispatch based on viewpoint and the spherical surface side of visualization online of the embodiment of the present invention
Method schematic diagram.
Fig. 5 is the mixed-resolution TIN landform avoiding cracks method schematic diagrams based on encoding and decoding of the embodiment of the present invention.
Specific implementation mode
Understand for the ease of those of ordinary skill in the art and implement the present invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings and embodiments to this hair
It is bright to be described in further detail, it should be understood that implementation example described herein is merely to illustrate and explain the present invention, not
For limiting the present invention.
The technical solution adopted in the present invention is a kind of landform multi-scale TIN of Virtual earth structure and online automatically
Method for visualizing, first with a kind of steady spatially adaptive Extraction of Terrain Features, to the terrain data of various inputs
High quality landform is extracted, then builds stringent global landform multi-scale TIN scale parameter model, and with high quality features of terrain
For constraint, the height of considering feature is generated to any type of landform input data by a kind of greedy plug-in type TIN developing algorithms
Precision TIN Terrain Pyramids；Meanwhile the dummy node structure that efficient TIN landform will be designed, realize different stage TIN network formings
Seamless virtual dividing and hierarchical block storage, solve the problems, such as the efficient storage and quick indexing of extensive multi-scale TIN landform.?
It is fast by the TIN landform based on external memory using the multi-scale TIN Terrain Pyramid that builds offline as data supporting on the basis of this
Velocity modulation degree and rendering mesh assemble mechanism, realize that the extensive TIN terrain scenes spherical surface based on viewpoint visualizes online；And fully
Using the seamless segmentation and dummy node structure of TIN landform, the real-time edge fit algorithm of TIN landform based on encoding and decoding is developed, is realized
The seamless three-dimensional of mixed-resolution TIN landform renders.This method can realize big rule while keeping TIN configuration flexibilities
The multiple dimensioned irregular modeling of mould landform and Quadtree Partition, while supporting the seamless real-time rendering of mixed-scale TIN landform, greatly
Width promotes virtual earth topographic data processing and expression precision, and to the seamless fusion faculty of irregular high score spatial data,
So that needs but also the reliable all kinds of geoanalysis applications of support of geographical environment high fidelity expression can be met.
The visible Fig. 1 of embodiment flow, includes the following steps：
Step 1：Global multi-scale TIN scale parameter mathematical model structure.According to drawing correlation theory and map making rule
Model, terrain data mainly pass through vertical error tolerance E in the precision controlling of different scalemaxIt is real with lowest mean square root error RMSE
It is existing.Since there are high correlations between this parameter, thus usually only use Emax?.And grid landform is in different scale
Vertical error tolerance EmaxWith mesh space resolution ratio D 'r(under local earth coordinates, unit：Rice) between exist such as ShiShimonoseki
System：Emax/ D '=4/5.So, for Terrain Pyramid to be generated, if it can determine that its each attainable spherical surface of layer is differentiated
Rate D (sit under system, unit by WGS84 longitudes and latitudes：Degree), then it can obtain corresponding space according to the transformation relation of different coordinates
Resolution ratio D 'r, to the anti-vertical error tolerance E for pushing away itmax.It is now assumed that its spherical surface of the terrain data of a given input is differentiated
Rate is Dc, then according to the space division rule of global quaternary tree, the pyramid number of plies to be generated then has following constraint：
Wherein, DtopFor the attainable spherical surface resolution ratio of pyramid top layer, n is pyramid bottom L to be generatedbottomLayer
Number.In order to be matched with the image data of same scale, any layer of terrain block is theoretically required for maintenance 256 × 256 in pyramid
Size of mesh opening, to be Dtop=360/ (nRootCountX × 256), wherein nRootCountX are the gold along longitudinal
Word tower first floor block count.Based on formula (1), then the pyramidal bottom number of plies to be generated can calculate as follows：
N=floor (log2(Dtop/Dc)) (2)
Wherein floor () is nearest rounding operation
Step 2：Landform multi-scale TIN under feature constraint is built automatically and virtual dividing.
It, will be according to global multi-scale TIN scale preferably to control the quality and precision of different scale TIN terrain datas
Parametric mathematical model, to any type of landform input data, by a kind of greedy formula TIN developing algorithm grey iterative generations TIN
Shape pyramid is characterized as constraining, by the node of charge for remittance net in each layer of TIN Terrain Pyramids with high quality landform charge for remittance net
It is inserted into each layer of TIN network forming, and forces to retain the side that the cable architecture in charge for remittance net is new triangle, ultimately generate and take spy into account
The high-precision TIN Terrain Pyramids of sign.
Greedy formula TIN developing algorithms can refer to document：
Garland,M.and P.S.Heckbert,1997.Surface simplification using quadric
error metrics. Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer graphics
and interactive techniques, 209-216,ACM Press/Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Due to when building multi-scale TIN Terrain Pyramid, each layer of network forming is still global, need to carry out it from
Dispersion could support efficient storage and quick spatial index.In order in discretization process, keep the global knot of landform as far as possible
Structure and modeling accuracy can utilize each layer of quadtree mesh cut-off rule, carry out a virtual dividing to TIN network formings, such as scheme
Shown in 2, main thought is：For given one layer TIN network formings such as Fig. 2 (a), the angle point of this layer of quaternary tree piecemeal is inserted into first
In current network forming, as shown in Fig. 2 (b) so that can quickly be walked using the triangulation network between adjacent corner points, seek piecemeal net
The intersection point set of ruling and the sides Delaunay, same to be inserted into TIN network formings, the rectangular partition boundary of create-rule, such as Fig. 2 (c)
Shown, when being inserted into these additional border vertices, using non-Delaunay Partial Reconstructions, and opposite vertexes elevation is linearly adopted
Sample, you can make be fitted topographical surface not change and (retain original network forming precision), achieve the purpose that virtual dividing.Base
In this virtual dividing, big region TIN landform network forming is just separated into independent blocking unit, can not only carry out distribution and deposit
Storage and block index, while also can more easily carry out merging with image pyramid block data and generate texture dimensional topography.
On this basis, corresponding dummy node structure is further designed as shown in figure 3, wherein E (i) and C (i) difference
For the empty side serialized in the counterclockwise direction and angle point, i=0,1,2,3, wherein empty side is defined as boundary edge, angle
Other vertex are defined as empty summit on point and empty side, and the White vertex on empty side is not defined as internal point, have and arbitrary locate on one side
It is defined as empty triangle in the triangle on empty side, remaining is then defined as inside triangle.Since angle point is simultaneously by 4 terrain blocks
It is shared, and other empty side vertex are then shared by two blocks, therefore angle point and empty side data structure storage virtual top are separately designed here
Angle point in point and empty side vertex；Last design block body data structure, by internal vertex, all vertex of a triangle ropes in block
Fuse ceases and some other satellite informations are all stored in block main body structure.In order to further overcome traversal same layer TIN landform
Block does not generate repetition storage when being put in storage, reducible here to be scheduled on when exporting each TIN terrain block, only to its lower-left angle point and adjacent
The data of two empty sides (i.e. C (0), E (0) and E (1)) are stored, and are stored in angle point and empty side structure respectively.And in TIN terrain blocks
Each data structure then based on the quaternary tree keyword of the block, generate separate index key so that
Flexible dispatching can be carried out in real-time visual according to view information.By taking Fig. 3 as an example, it is assumed that current TIN terrain blocks are in golden word
The 7th layer of tower, the 1819th row, the 8527th row, then the keyword of its block main body data may be encoded as 0718198527；Angle point C
(0) keyword is 07181985270；The keyword of empty side E (0) is 07181985271, and empty side keyword E (1) is
07181985272。
Step 3：Multi-scale TIN landform spherical surface visualizes online.First according to view information, is cut and calculated using view frustums
Obtain the terrain block of different stage；Then the position (i.e. layer, row, column) according to visualization terrain block in global quaternary tree
And the related definition (such as Fig. 3) of dummy node structure is to get to the index key as described in step 2, to and from interior
Corresponding data is asked in external memory caching or network server；Finally, to the dummy node structure of serializing, by vertex in order into
Luggage is matched, by taking Fig. 3 as an example, according to internal point → angle point 0 → void of the block in 1 → angle point 1 → void 2 → angle point 2 → void side 2 →
The coordinate on the vertex in these structures is read into the vertical array of current visible terrain block by the sequence on angle point 3 → void side 3
In, as shown in figure 4, the digital representation of table bottom is where after the vertex deposit vertical array read in each structure after reading
Position.Further according to the triangle index information read in TIN terrain block body data structures, so that it may to be reduced directly the block structure
Net generates rendering mesh, is sent into drafting queue waiting and draws.
Step 4：Real-time avoiding cracks.Mixed-resolution TIN landform crack is mainly derived from different stage terrain block in phase
Adjacent boundary there are elevation differences.Since the both sides vertex distributed pole of TIN terrain block adjacent boundaries is irregular, and Same Scene
In terrain number of blocks it is often very more, by triangulation network Real-time Reconstruction eliminate crack be can not arrive draw frame per second require
's.Based on the network forming of TIN terrain blocks in processing and consistency when visualization, the present invention is in grey iterative generation TIN Terrain Pyramids
In the process, according to the segmentation of the space of global quaternary tree the superior and the subordinate and neighbouring relations, side is precalculated to the terrain block of different stage
The division relationship of boundary's void triangle, and this relationship is stored by way of compressed encoding, and real-time visual only needs
It carries out quickly decoding the edge fit that can be completed at different stage terrain block adjacent boundary.
Illustrate the realization process of advance compressed encoding below.As shown in Figure 5, wherein LR Tile, HR Tile distinguish table
Show high rudimentary terrain block, E (0), E (1), E (2), four empty sides that E (3) is LR Tile, T1,T2,T3For the void at empty side E (2)
Triangle sequence, C1For the bottom right angle point of LR Tile, V1,V2And v1,v2The empty summit on adjacent empty side respectively.Due to virtual dividing
Afterwards, TIN terrain blocks form regular rectangular shape boundary, so as to directly along its boundary void triangle of its boundary void side sequence detection
With the match condition on offside vertex, quickly obtains division relationship and implement to encode.With empty triangle T1For, to realize its with
The edge fit of triangle is then only needed vertex v1,v2It is appended to T1In, then with its inner vertex I1It is carried out with new border vertices list
It is linked in sequence to get to three sub- triangle mitogen T1.In order to store this division relationship, it is only necessary to a kind of three domains of design
Coding.Store whether the void triangle needs division (as schemed shown in middle-and-high-ranking piece, not first with two codomains
All void triangles are required for dividing), number of vertex to be added then is stored using a domain, finally reuses two codomains
Whether there is vertex to be overlapped with offside vertex in the empty triangle of storage.So by taking Fig. 5 as an example, along the void three of rudimentary piece of void side E (2)
It is angular to obtain division relationship code stream 120120130, i.e.,：
Tessellation [E (2)]={ T1(1,2,0),T2(1,2,0),T3(1,3,0)}
In real-time visual, by a certain empty side (such as E (2)) relevant division relationship code stream carry out sequence decoding,
The division relationship can be restored.Such as T1(120), then judge that it needs to divide by first domain " 1 ", and second domain " 2 " is then
It instructs to take most latter two vertex (i.e. v in its corresponding empty side structure from offside TIN terrain blocks1,v2, due to being sequence storage counterclockwise
) addition comes, and " 0 " then indicates that it does not have vertex to overlap with offside, and two point x are illustrated if having coincidence, y-coordinate is consistent, also
It needs to check whether elevation z is consistent, to avoid potential crack.And so on, it can be achieved that the division of remaining void triangle.
When it is implemented, the automatic running that computer software technology realizes the above flow can be used.
It should be understood that the above-mentioned description for preferred embodiment is more detailed, can not therefore be considered to this
The limitation of invention patent protection range, those skilled in the art under the inspiration of the present invention, are not departing from power of the present invention
Profit requires under protected ambit, can also make replacement or deformation, each fall within protection scope of the present invention, this hair
It is bright range is claimed to be determined by the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. a kind of online method for visualizing of the virtual earth built automatically based on landform multi-scale TIN, it is characterised in that：Including with
Lower step,
Step 1, global multi-scale TIN scale parameter mathematical model structure,
Step 2, the automatic structure of the landform multi-scale TIN under feature constraint and virtual dividing, realization is as follows,
According to global multi-scale TIN scale parameter mathematical model, it is characterized as constraining with high quality landform charge for remittance net, to any form
Landform input data, pass through greedy formula TIN developing algorithms generate considering feature high-precision TIN Terrain Pyramids；
When building multi-scale TIN Terrain Pyramid, discretization is carried out to each layer of network forming, including the use of each layer of four forks
Mesh of trees cut-off rule carries out virtual dividing to TIN network formings；
Define corresponding dummy node structure, including the obtained empty side of serializing and angle point, empty side is defined as boundary edge, angle point and
Other vertex are defined as empty summit on empty side, have the arbitrary triangle being on one side on empty side to be defined as empty triangle；
Step 3, multi-scale TIN landform spherical surface visualizes online, including according to view information, the visual of different stage is calculated
Terrain block；Then the related definition of the position and dummy node structure according to visualization terrain block in global quaternary tree, point
Not Sheng Cheng TIN terrain blocks different structure data directory keyword, and ask from interior external memory caching or network server corresponding
Data assemble on vertex in order, further according to the triangle index information read in TIN terrain block body data structures,
It is reduced directly the block network forming and generates rendering mesh, be sent into and draw queue waiting drafting；
Step 4, real-time avoiding cracks complete different stage terrain block phase when being included in real-time visual by carrying out quickly decoding
The edge fit of adjacent boundary.
2. a kind of online method for visualizing of the virtual earth built automatically based on landform multi-scale TIN according to claim 1,
It is characterized in that：In step 1, if the terrain data spherical surface resolution ratio of a given input is Dc, according to the sky of global quaternary tree
Between division rule, the pyramid number of plies to be generated then have following constraint,
Wherein, DtopFor the attainable spherical surface resolution ratio of pyramid top layer, n is pyramid bottom L to be generatedbottomThe number of plies.
3. a kind of online method for visualizing of the virtual earth built automatically based on landform multi-scale TIN according to claim 2,
It is characterized in that：Pyramidal bottom number of plies calculating to be generated is as follows,
N=floor (log2(Dtop/Dc)) (2)
Wherein floor () is nearest rounding operation.
4. visual online according to a kind of virtual earth built automatically based on landform multi-scale TIN of claims 1 or 2 or 3
Change method, it is characterised in that：It is quickly decoded to be achieved in that in step 4, in the process of grey iterative generation TIN Terrain Pyramids
In, according to the segmentation of the space of global quaternary tree the superior and the subordinate and neighbouring relations, boundary void is precalculated to the terrain block of different stage
The division relationship of triangle, and division relationship is stored by way of compressed encoding.
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| CN109636889A (en) * | 2018-11-19 | 2019-04-16 | 南京大学 | A kind of Large Scale Terrain model rendering method based on dynamic suture zone |
| CN109920042A (en) * | 2019-02-19 | 2019-06-21 | 网易（杭州）网络有限公司 | Virtual landforms generation method, device and readable storage medium storing program for executing |
| CN110287388A (en) * | 2019-06-05 | 2019-09-27 | 中国科学院计算机网络信息中心 | Data visualization method and device |
| CN111861890A (en) * | 2020-08-03 | 2020-10-30 | 北京庚图科技有限公司 | Three-dimensional map generation method and device |
| CN112017286A (en) * | 2020-08-28 | 2020-12-01 | 北京国遥新天地信息技术有限公司 | Seamless splicing display simulation method for digital earth skirt-free terrain tiles |
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| CN114155346A (en) * | 2021-11-19 | 2022-03-08 | 埃洛克航空科技（北京）有限公司 | Data processing method and device for terrain matching |
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