CN108658301B - Precipitant for industrial wastewater thallium removal and industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method - Google Patents
Precipitant for industrial wastewater thallium removal and industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method Download PDFInfo
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- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
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Abstract
The invention discloses a precipitator for industrial wastewater thallium removal and an industrial wastewater thallium deep removal method, and belongs to the field of waste removal and purification. The precipitator for thallium removal of industrial wastewater comprises potassium sulfate, ferric sulfate and a pH regulator; the method for deeply removing thallium from industrial wastewater based on ion precipitation comprises the steps of adding potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate into a solution reactor of the industrial wastewater, heating the industrial wastewater, and adding a pH regulator into a mixed solution in the heating process; and stirring the industrial wastewater to precipitate thallium ions, and then performing solid-liquid separation. The method can ensure that thallium ions enter precipitation and then carry out solid-liquid separation, and the removal rate can be higher than 90%; in addition, the thallium removal rate is high, the selectivity to thallium ions is strong, and the purpose of deeply removing thallium from industrial wastewater with complex components can be achieved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of waste removal and purification, in particular to a precipitator for thallium removal of industrial wastewater and a thallium deep removal method of industrial wastewater.
Background
Thallium is a highly toxic rare dispersed metal element, has much higher toxicity than Hg, As, Pb, Cd, Cu and other heavy metals, and influences the conduction of nerve impulses mainly through the competition with K + in a human body.
In nature, thallium is often associated with oxide ores such as feldspar, mica and jarosite and sulphide ores such as pyrite, galena and chalcocite in the form of trace elements. During the mining, beneficiation and smelting of these ores, large amounts of thallium-containing waste water are produced. Due to the strong mobility, thallium in the wastewater easily enters the environmental water body, and then causes serious harm to human health through drinking water and food chains. In recent years, with the continuous development and utilization of thallium-rich mineral resources in China, the water body thallium pollution has a tendency of aggravation, and serious threats are caused to human and environmental health. Therefore, the treatment and purification of thallium containing wastewater is reluctant. Through search, many methods for removing thallium from industrial wastewater are developed at present, such as chemical precipitation, biological adsorption, metal oxide adsorption, etc., wherein the common method is to oxidize thallium from easily soluble Tl (I) into Tl (III) and generate precipitate for removal (CN 201510802733.1-method for treating wastewater containing thallium and ammonia nitrogen by using pre-oxidation and coagulating sedimentation, CN 201510106618.0-advanced treatment method of wastewater containing thallium, and CN 201510076851.9-advanced purification treatment process of wastewater containing thallium). The oxidant includes water dioxide (CN 201510468124.7-a new method for removing thallium and arsenic in smelting wastewater at the same time with high efficiency, CN 201510207306.9-a method for removing trace thallium in sewage), ferrate (CN 201410186418.6-a method for removing trace thallium in water), potassium permanganate (CN 201310609199.3-a method for removing cadmium and thallium in raw water at the same time), etc. There are also methods for oxidizing and adsorbing thallium in wastewater by directly using hydrated manganese oxide (CN 201510106618.0-a method for deeply treating thallium-containing wastewater) or nano manganese oxide (CN 201110057640.2-a method for deeply purifying trace thallium in water by polymer-based nano manganese oxide). The method can obtain a better removal effect when treating common thallium-containing wastewater, but the process is more complicated, thallium removal operation is mostly carried out under an alkaline condition, industrial wastewater is mostly alkaline, the cost is higher when the pH value is adjusted, in addition, thallium-containing wastewater components are more and more complex in recent years, impurity ions are more and the concentration is far higher than thallium, and the thallium removal effect is seriously interfered. The development of a deep thallium removal method aiming at wastewater with complex components and capable of treating acid wastewater at lower cost is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
1. Technical problem to be solved by the invention
The invention aims to overcome the problem that the treatment effect of the existing thallium removal method is limited in the prior art, and provides a precipitator for thallium removal of industrial wastewater and an industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method.
2. Technical scheme
In order to achieve the purpose, the technical scheme provided by the invention is as follows:
the invention relates to a precipitator for thallium removal of industrial wastewater, which comprises potassium sulfate, ferric sulfate and a pH regulator.
Preferably, the pH adjuster is KOH or sulfuric acid; wherein KOH is a solution, the concentration of the KOH solution is 30-400g/L, and sulfuric acid is a dilute sulfuric acid solution.
The method for deeply removing thallium from industrial wastewater based on ion precipitation comprises the steps of adding potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate into a solution reactor (200) of the industrial wastewater, heating the industrial wastewater, and adding a pH regulator into a mixed solution in the heating process; and stirring the industrial wastewater to precipitate thallium ions, and then performing solid-liquid separation.
Preferably, the addition amount of potassium sulfate in each liter of industrial wastewater is 0.0005-0.20 mol; the adding amount of ferric sulfate in each liter of industrial wastewater is 0.0075-0.6 mol.
Preferably, the pH adjusting agent is KOH or sulfuric acid.
Preferably, the precipitate is continuously ground or broken during the addition of the pH adjusting agent.
Preferably, the KOH is a KOH solution, and the concentration of the KOH solution is 30-400 g/L.
Preferably, the pH value of the industrial wastewater is detected by a pH detector, and a pH regulator is continuously added into the mixed solution in the heating process, so that the pH value of the industrial wastewater is continuously regulated and controlled to be maintained between 1.0 and 3.5.
Preferably, a water bath, an oil bath or a heating furnace is adopted to heat the industrial wastewater, and the temperature of the industrial wastewater is controlled to be 55-105 ℃.
Preferably, the potassium sulfate and the ferric sulfate are added into the industrial wastewater to generate KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6，KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6As a precipitant to promote thallium ions into precipitation.
3. Advantageous effects
Compared with the prior art, the technical scheme provided by the invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) the precipitator for thallium removal from industrial wastewater comprises potassium sulfate, ferric sulfate and a pH regulator, wherein the pH regulator is KOH or sulfuric acid, and can enable thallium ions to enter precipitation and then carry out solid-liquid separation, so that thallium metal ions in the industrial wastewater can be selectively removed, and the removal rate can be higher than 90%;
(2) according to the method for deeply removing thallium from the industrial wastewater based on the ion precipitation, potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate are added into a reactor of the industrial wastewater, the industrial wastewater is heated, and the pH of the industrial wastewater is regulated and controlled to be maintained between 1.0 and 3.5; meanwhile, stirring the industrial wastewater to enable thallium ions to enter precipitation, and then performing solid-liquid separation, so that thallium metal ions in the industrial wastewater are selectively removed, wherein the removal rate can be higher than 90%; particularly, the treatment capacity of the wastewater is improved, and the method has good removal effect on the industrial wastewater of more than 0.2 mu g/L;
(3) according to the method for deeply removing thallium from the industrial wastewater based on ion precipitation, sulfuric acid or KOH is used as a pH regulator, the pH regulator is added in a teasel root-holding manner in the reaction process, the pH value is regulated and controlled to be kept between 1.0 and 3.5, and the pH value in the reaction process is regulated and controlled accurately and constantly, so that thallium ions in the industrial wastewater can rapidly react with a precipitator in a solution to generate precipitates, and the removal efficiency of the thallium ions is improved;
(4) according to the method for deeply removing thallium from the industrial wastewater based on the ion precipitation, the industrial wastewater is heated by adopting a water bath, an oil bath or a heating furnace, the temperature of the industrial wastewater is controlled to be 55-105 ℃, the reaction effect is improved by the water bath heating effect, and solid-liquid separation is carried out, so that the thallium is easily removed, and the industrial popularization is facilitated;
(5) according to the method for deeply removing thallium from the industrial wastewater based on the ion precipitation, insoluble matters can be generated when a pH regulator is added, the inner surface of the bottom of a reactor is provided with a convex layer or a frosted layer, the bottom of a grinding rod is provided with the convex layer or the frosted layer, and the precipitate generated for the first time in the reactor is ground under the combined action of the grinding rod and the reactor, so that the precipitate generated for the first time in the solution is fully ground, not only can the reaction solution be fully stirred, but also the reaction efficiency and the reaction degree are improved, and thallium in the industrial wastewater can be effectively removed;
(6) the method for deeply removing thallium from the industrial wastewater based on the ion precipitation has the advantages of short flow, few steps, high thallium removal rate, low economic cost, environmental protection and higher industrial popularization value.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a reaction device for deeply removing thallium from industrial wastewater according to the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic structural view of a reaction apparatus of example 2 of the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a flow chart of the method for deeply removing thallium from the industrial wastewater based on ion precipitation.
The reference numerals in the schematic drawings illustrate:
100. a grinding mechanism; 110. a grinding plate; 111. an arc-shaped plate; 112. a plate bottom grinding layer; 120. a liquid channel; 121. a liquid inlet; 122. a liquid outlet;
200. a solution reactor; 210. the bottom of the reactor; 220. a bottom transition section; 211. a bottom polishing layer;
300. a regulator container; 310. a catheter; 320. adjusting a valve; 330. and heating the layer.
400. A constant temperature heater;
500. a pH detector; 510. a pH probe.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of exemplary embodiments of the invention refers to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration exemplary embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. Although these exemplary embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, it should be understood that other embodiments may be realized and that various changes to the invention may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. The following more detailed description of the embodiments of the invention is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is presented for purposes of illustration only and not limitation to describe the features and characteristics of the invention, to set forth the best mode of carrying out the invention, and to sufficiently enable one skilled in the art to practice the invention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention is to be limited only by the following claims. The detailed description and the exemplary embodiments of the present invention can be better understood with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
The invention relates to a precipitator for thallium removal of industrial wastewater, which comprises potassium sulfate, ferric sulfate and a pH regulator. Preferably, the pH adjuster is KOH or sulfuric acid; wherein KOH is a solution, the concentration of the KOH solution is 30-400g/L, and sulfuric acid is a dilute sulfuric acid solution. It is to be noted that, when the industrial wastewater is alkaline wastewater, the pH of the industrial wastewater is adjusted with sulfuric acid.
The invention relates to an industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method based on ion precipitation, which comprises the following specific steps:
the method comprises the following steps: filtering the industrial wastewater through a filtering device, thereby filtering precipitates and suspended matters in the industrial wastewater, and then adding potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate into a solution reactor 200 of the industrial wastewater, wherein the adding amount of the potassium sulfate is 0.20mol/L, the adding amount of the ferric sulfate is 0.6mol/L, and the potassium sulfate and the ferric sulfate react to generate KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6，KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6As a precipitant to promote thallium ions into precipitation. Wherein the original concentration of thallium ions in the industrial wastewater is 500.00 mug/L.
Step two: putting a solution reactor 200 into a constant temperature heater 400, heating the solution reactor 200 through the constant temperature heater 400, wherein the heating temperature of the constant temperature heater 400 is 55 ℃, extending a grinding mechanism 100 into the solution reactor 200 to stir the solution, continuously and slowly adding a pH regulator into the solution reactor 200 through a regulator container 300 in the heating and stirring processes to keep the pH regulator at about 1.0 all the time, wherein in the embodiment, a KOH solution is used as the pH regulator to regulate the pH value of industrial wastewater, and continuously grinding or crushing precipitates in the pH regulator adding process; the embodiment adopts a grinding mechanism 100 to grind and crush the added generated precipitate, wherein a grinding plate 110 is arranged at the bottom of the grinding mechanism 100, a bottom grinding layer 112 is arranged on the lower surface of the grinding plate 110, and the grinding plate 110 is used for grinding the produced precipitate; the inner surface of the reactor bottom 210 of the solution reactor 200 is provided with a bottom grinding layer 211, and the bottom grinding layer 211 is matched with the plate bottom grinding layer 112, so that the grinding effect is improved; promoting the generated precipitate to be rapidly ground. And continuing the reaction for 2h, continuously adding a pH regulator into the solution reactor 200 by the regulator container 300 in the process of the reaction, and performing solid-liquid separation after the reaction is finished so that thallium ions are removed in a solid form.
The amount of thallium ions in the solution was measured by ICP-MS after the experiment was completed and recorded in table 1.
Comparative example 1
The comparative example was carried out in the same manner as example 1 except that: the same molar concentration of K as in the examples was used2The CO3 solution is used as a pH regulator and reacted for 2h, and the content of thallium ions in the solution is detected by ICP-MS after the experiment is finished and is recorded in Table 1.
Comparative example 2
The comparative example was carried out in the same manner as example 1 except that: during the reaction, the generated precipitate was not ground, only general stirring was performed, the reaction was performed for 2 hours, and after the experiment was completed, the content of thallium ions in the solution was measured by ICP-MS and recorded in table 1.
Comparative example 3
The comparative example was carried out in the same manner as example 1 except that: the same molar concentration of K as in the examples was used2CO3The solution was used as a pH regulator and reacted for 24 hours, and after the experiment was completed, the content of thallium ions in the solution was measured by ICP-MS and recorded in Table 1.
Comparative example 4
The comparative example was carried out in the same manner as example 1 except that: the KOH solution was added to the solution reactor 200 at one time, but the KOH solution was not added to the solution reactor 200 at all times, reacted for 2 hours, and the content of thallium ions in the solution was measured by ICP-MS after the experiment was completed and recorded in table 1.
Through comparison between the example 1 and the comparative examples 1 to 4, the thallium metal ions in the industrial wastewater can be selectively removed by adopting the thallium deep removal method based on ion precipitation, and the removal rate can be higher than 90%; particularly, the treatment capacity of the waste water is improved; the reason for this may be:
(1) the removal efficiency of thallium ions in example 1 was significantly improved compared to comparative example 1, probably because: KOH solution is used as a regulator, which obviously promotes the rapid reaction, improves the conversion efficiency of precipitation production, and promotes the reaction of potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate to generate KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6So that thallium ions are promoted to enter the precipitate, and the thallium ion removal effect is improved;
(2) the removal efficiency of thallium ions in example 1 was significantly improved compared to comparative example 2, probably because: continuously grinding or crushing the precipitate in the process of adding the pH regulator, and promoting the reaction of potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate to generate KFe by grinding the precipitate3(SO4)2(OH)6，，KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6The thallium ion is promoted to enter precipitation by being used as a precipitator, so that the production of the precipitator is promoted, and the thallium ion is promoted to enter precipitation by the precipitator;
(3) the removal efficiency of thallium ions in example 1 was significantly higher than that of comparative example 3, probably due to: in the adoption of K2CO3The solution as a pH regulator, even after 24h reaction, has low thallium ion removal efficiency, whichThe reason is that K2CO3The solution used as a pH regulator has poor removal efficiency, probably due to K2CO3The solution has poor effect of promoting the generation of the precipitant;
(4) the removal efficiency of thallium ions in example 1 was significantly improved compared to comparative example 4, probably because: the pH value has a great influence on the reaction, and H is continuously generated in the process of the reaction of potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate+Wherein the reaction equations are shown in (1) and (2):
further influencing the pH value in the reaction solution, the pH regulator is continuously and slowly added into the solution reactor 200 through the regulator container (300) in the heating and stirring processes, so that the pH regulator is always kept at about 1.0, the production of the precipitator is promoted, and the precipitator accelerates thallium ions to enter the precipitation.
Therefore, according to the method for deeply removing thallium from the industrial wastewater based on the ion precipitation, potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate are added into a reactor of the industrial wastewater, the industrial wastewater is heated, and the pH value of the industrial wastewater is regulated and controlled to be maintained between 1.0 and 3.5; and meanwhile, stirring the industrial wastewater to enable thallium ions to enter precipitation, and then performing solid-liquid separation, so that thallium metal ions in the industrial wastewater are selectively removed, wherein the removal rate can be higher than 90%. And the flow is short, the steps are few, the thallium removal rate is high, and the economic cost is low. In addition, the method can ensure that thallium ions enter precipitation and then carry out solid-liquid separation, and the removal rate can be higher than 90%; in addition, the thallium removal rate is high, the selectivity to thallium ions is strong, and the purpose of deeply removing thallium from industrial wastewater with complex components can be achieved.
As shown in fig. 1, the reaction device for deeply removing thallium from industrial wastewater of the present invention comprises a grinding mechanism 100, a solution reactor 200, a regulator container 300, a constant temperature heater 400 and a pH detector 500, wherein a grinding plate 110 is disposed at the bottom of the grinding mechanism 100, a bottom plate grinding layer 112 is disposed on the lower surface of the grinding plate 110, and the grinding plate 110 is used for grinding a reaction product; the solution reactor 200 is used for containing industrial wastewater, the inner surface of the reactor bottom 210 of the solution reactor 200 is provided with a bottom grinding layer 211, the bottom grinding layer 211 is matched with the plate bottom grinding layer 112, the outside of the solution reactor 200 is provided with a constant temperature heater 400, and the constant temperature heater 400 is used for heating the solution reactor 200 at constant temperature, wherein the constant temperature heater 400 of the embodiment is used for heating in water bath, and the temperature of the heating in water bath is kept at 55 ℃; the regulator container 300 is connected with the solution reactor 200 through a liquid guide pipe 310, the regulator container 300 is used for adding a pH regulator into the solution reactor 200, and the liquid guide pipe 310 is provided with a regulating valve 320, and the regulating valve 320 is used for regulating the flow of the liquid guide pipe 310. The pH probe 510 of the pH detector 500 extends into the solution reactor 200, and the pH detector 500 is used for detecting the pH value of the solution in the solution reactor 200, so that the opening degree of the regulating valve 320 of the regulator container 300 can be adjusted according to the pH value detected from time to time, the amount of the pH regulator added into the solution reactor 200 is further adjusted, and the pH of the industrial wastewater is controlled and maintained between 1.0 and 3.5.
A bottom transition section 220 is arranged at a position where the reactor bottom 210 is connected with the side wall of the solution reactor 200, and a bottom grinding layer 211 is arranged on the inner side surface of the bottom transition section 220; the end part of the grinding plate 110 is provided with an arc-shaped plate 111, the arc-shaped plate 111 is matched with the bottom transition section 220, and the bottom surface of the arc-shaped plate 111 is provided with a plate bottom grinding layer 112; therefore, the grinding mechanism 100 can still be matched with the bottom grinding layer 211 at the edge position where the side wall and the bottom of the solution reactor 200 are connected, so that generated precipitates are ground, the grinding effect is improved, and the whole reaction is promoted to be carried out.
Example 2
The content of this embodiment is substantially the same as that of embodiment 1, except that the addition amount of potassium sulfate is 0.005mol/L, the addition amount of ferric sulfate is 0.015mol/L, the pH value of industrial wastewater is controlled by using KOH solution as a pH adjusting agent, so that the pH value is always kept at about 2.0, and the KOH solution is added into the solution reactor 200 through the liquid channel 120 arranged in the middle of the grinding mechanism 100, wherein the liquid inlet 121 at the bottom of the liquid channel 120 is arranged in the middle of the grinding plate 110, so that the KOH solution is added into the industrial wastewater from the middle of the grinding plate 110, during the addition of the KOH solution, because the liquid inlet 121 is arranged in the middle of the grinding plate 110, the grinding mechanism 100 can quickly and directly grind and crush the generated precipitate, thereby improving the grinding effect and further promoting the reaction; in addition, in the embodiment, the temperature of the industrial wastewater is kept at 85 ℃ by using a water bath and stirred for 9 hours at a stirring speed of 200r/min, and then solid-liquid separation is carried out, so that thallium ions in the wastewater are removed. The amount of thallium ions in the solution was measured by ICP-MS after the experiment was completed and recorded in table 1.
As shown in fig. 2, the middle of the grinding rod of the grinding mechanism 100 of the present embodiment is provided with a liquid channel 120, a top liquid inlet 121 of the liquid channel 120 is connected to a conditioning agent container 300 through a liquid guide tube 310, a bottom liquid outlet 122 of the liquid channel 120 is provided on the grinding plate 110, and more specifically: the bottom inlet 121 of the liquid channel 120 is disposed in the middle of the polishing plate 110.
Moreover, a heating layer 330 is disposed outside the regulator container 300, and the heating layer 330 is used for heating the regulator solution in the regulator container 300, so that the temperature of the regulator solution in the regulator container 300 can be kept the same as the temperature of the industrial wastewater in the solution reactor 200, the reaction effect can be improved, the influence of the addition of the pH regulator on the reaction process can be avoided, and the thallium removal effect of the industrial wastewater can be improved. In addition, it is worth noting that the outer surface of the liquid guide tube 310 is coated with a heat insulation material, so that the problem that the reaction process is influenced by a large temperature difference between the pH regulator and the industrial wastewater to be treated in the process of adding the pH regulator is avoided, and the reaction removal efficiency of thallium ions is improved.
Example 3
The present example is basically the same as example 1, except that the amount of potassium sulfate added is 0.0005mol/L, the amount of ferric sulfate added is 0.0075mol/L, sulfuric acid is used as a pH adjusting agent to control the pH of the industrial wastewater so as to keep it at about 3.5, the temperature of the industrial wastewater is kept at 105 ℃ by adopting an oil bath and stirred for 12h, and the stirring speed is 500 r/min. The amount of thallium ions in the solution was measured by ICP-MS after the experiment was completed and recorded in table 1.
TABLE 1 thallium ion concentration and removal efficiency in Industrial wastewater before and after reaction
| Initial thallium concentration (μ g/L) | Final liquid thallium concentration (μ g/L) | Thallium removal Rate (%) | |
| Example 1 | 500.00μg/L | 49.00 | 90.2 |
| Comparative example 1 | 500.00μg/L | 175.60 | 64.9 |
| Comparative example 2 | 500.00μg/L | 102.50 | 79.5 |
| Comparative example 3 | 500.00μg/L | 188.50 | 62.3 |
| Comparative example 4 | 500.00μg/L | 108.80 | 78.2 |
| Example 2 | 500.00μg/L | 47.50 | 90.5 |
| Example 3 | 500.00μg/L | 46.50 | 90.7 |
The present invention and its embodiments have been described above schematically, without limitation, and what is shown in the drawings is only one of the embodiments of the present invention, and the actual structure is not limited thereto. Therefore, if the person skilled in the art receives the teaching, the present invention shall not be limited to the embodiments described above, but the present invention shall not be limited to the embodiments described above.
Claims (6)
1. The ion precipitation-based industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method is characterized by comprising the following steps of: adding potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate into a solution reactor (200) of the industrial wastewater, heating the industrial wastewater, and adding a pH regulator into the mixed solution in the heating process; meanwhile, stirring the industrial wastewater to enable thallium ions to enter precipitation, and then carrying out solid-liquid separation; wherein, in the process of adding the pH regulator, the precipitate is continuously ground or crushed, and the pH of the industrial wastewater is continuously regulated and controlled to be maintained between 1.0 and 3.5.
2. The ion precipitation-based industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method of claim 1, wherein: the adding amount of potassium sulfate in each liter of industrial wastewater is 0.0005-0.20 mol; the adding amount of ferric sulfate in each liter of industrial wastewater is 0.0075-0.6 mol.
3. The ion precipitation-based industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method of claim 1, wherein: the pH regulator is KOH or sulfuric acid.
4. The method for deeply removing thallium from industrial wastewater as claimed in claim 3, wherein: the KOH is a KOH solution, and the concentration of the KOH solution is 30-400 g/L.
5. The ion precipitation-based industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that: heating the industrial wastewater by adopting a water bath, an oil bath or a heating furnace, and regulating and controlling the temperature of the industrial wastewater to be 55-105 ℃.
6. The ion precipitation-based industrial wastewater deep thallium removal method according to claim 5, characterized in that: KFe is generated after potassium sulfate and ferric sulfate are added into industrial wastewater3(SO4)2(OH)6，KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6As a precipitant to promote thallium ions into precipitation.
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