CN108585913B - Preparation method of graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for electric locomotive - Google Patents
Preparation method of graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for electric locomotive Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of transportation vehicle accessories, and relates to a preparation method of a graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for an electric locomotive. The invention utilizes the characteristics of high strength, high conductivity and high thermal conductivity of graphene, adopts the graphene to functionally modify the carbon/carbon composite material, mixes and dilutes the graphene with resin through an organic solvent, then pressurizes and immerses the graphene into a porous carbon/carbon composite material blank subjected to chemical vapor deposition treatment, and then adopts the curing, carbonization and graphitization processes to prepare the graphene modified carbon/carbon composite material pantograph slide plate, wherein the bending strength is not less than 270MPa, the shearing strength is not less than 120MPa, and the impact toughness is not less than 2.7J/cm2The resistivity is less than or equal to 11.5 mu omega, the wear rate is less than or equal to 11.0mm/10000km, and the composite material has the advantages of excellent mechanical property, high mechanical strength, good impact toughness, low resistivity, good self-lubricating property and strong friction and wear resistance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of transportation vehicle accessories, and particularly relates to a preparation method of a graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for an electric locomotive.
Background
The pantograph slide plate is a key component for obtaining electric energy from a power supply contact network of an electric locomotive, is arranged at the uppermost part of a pantograph and is directly contacted with a contact network lead. The pantograph slide plate works in a natural environment and continuously generates friction and impact with a contact net lead in operation. The pantograph slide plate and the contact line lead form a pair of mechanical and electrical coupling special friction pairs, so that strict requirements are imposed on the comprehensive performance of selected materials.
The pantograph slide plate which is a key component for inputting electric energy from a contact net of an electric locomotive is not well solved in the aspects of improvement of preparation technology, performance improvement and the like, the pantograph slide plates used in China mostly depend on import, and an electric contact sliding material which meets the actual use working condition and has excellent performance is urgently needed to be developed.
The sliding plate is mainly divided into a metal-based sliding plate and a carbon-based sliding plate according to the material, wherein the metal-based sliding plate comprises a pure metal sliding plate and a powder metallurgy sliding plate; the carbon system sliding plate comprises a pure carbon sliding plate and a metal-infiltrated carbon sliding plate. Wherein, the pure metal sliding plate is eliminated at present because the pure metal sliding plate has the similar material with the contact wire, has strong affinity, and has serious abrasion to the contact wire. The powder metallurgy sliding plate is divided into an iron base and a copper base. The iron base is suitable for steel-aluminum contact wires, and the copper base is suitable for copper contact wires. The powder metallurgy sliding plate has high mechanical strength, good impact resistance, low resistivity, certain self-lubricating property, good self-wear resistance and long service life which can reach 3.5-7 kilometers generally, and is widely adopted at present. However, since the base material of the sliding plate is still a metal body, the sliding plate is similar to the contact wire, and the abrasion of the contact wire by the sliding plate is still serious. The pure carbon sliding plate has the greatest advantages of excellent self-lubricating performance and small abrasion to contact wires. When the carbon sliding plate slides, the electromagnetic noise is small, the carbon sliding plate is high temperature resistant and strong in arc resistance, and the carbon sliding plate is not easy to be welded with a contact wire. However, the carbon sliding plate has low mechanical strength and poor impact resistance, and when the carbon sliding plate is in operation, hard points of the wire are easy to break and break, the carbon sliding plate has large inherent resistance and high contact temperature, and the wire is possibly overheated and oxidized, so that the abrasion of the wire is accelerated. The metal-impregnated carbon sliding plate has the characteristics of small abrasion of the pure carbon sliding plate to a lead and strong arc resistance, and simultaneously, the conductivity and the mechanical strength are improved compared with those of the pure carbon sliding plate. However, the mechanical strength, particularly the impact strength, of the metal-impregnated carbon sliding plate is to be further improved.
According to the data retrieval, the Chinese invention patent CN1178745A discloses a carbon-carbon composite material pantograph pan, which is manufactured by adopting a carbon fiber reinforced carbon-based composite material, copper-plated carbon powder is taken as a base material, short fiber is taken as a reinforcing agent, thermosetting resin is taken as an adhesive, the raw materials are mixed and subjected to cold pressing and hot pressing, so that the thermosetting resin is cured and formed, and the pantograph pan material has good frictional wear performance but low mechanical strength. The Chinese patent CN101049803A adopts a prefabricated body with a needle-punched non-woven fabric quasi-three-dimensional structure, and the prepared density is more than or equal to 1.70g/cm through chemical vapor deposition pyrolytic carbon, resin impregnation-carbonization repeated densification treatment for a plurality of times3The pantograph slide plate material for the electric locomotive has the advantages of low density, light weight and high mechanical strengthThe resistivity is large, the self-lubricating capability is not strong, and the abrasion to the lead is serious. Chinese patent CN 105152674A adopts graphene and chopped carbon fiber to be mixed to obtain graphene-chopped carbon fiber suspension; injecting the pre-dehydrated graphene-chopped carbon fiber suspension into a graphite mold, freezing at the temperature below 0 ℃, freeze-drying and pressure-forming to obtain a graphene-chopped carbon fiber reinforcement; the prepared graphene-chopped carbon fiber reinforced carbon fiber is subjected to chemical vapor deposition pyrolytic carbon shaping, then coal pitch impregnation-carbonization is carried out for multiple times, finally graphitization treatment is carried out to obtain the graphene modified carbon/carbon composite material, and the mechanical strength of the adopted short fiber is not high. Chinese patent CN 101830723a adds boron catalyst and dispersant in the resin solution of high carbon residue, impregnate it in the carbon fiber woven body again, later through pressurization solidification treatment and ordinary pressure carbonization treatment, at last carry out high temperature graphitization treatment, the pantograph slide plate that makes has good frictional property and electric conductive property, but adopt the fine and close carbon fiber woven body of pure resin, through high temperature treatment because resin shrink can appear a large amount of holes, make slide bulk strength descend, in addition, resin charcoal is hard charcoal, the wearing and tearing volume to the wire is great, be unfavorable for protecting the wire. The Chinese patent CN 105235529A removes the colloid on the surface of the needle-punched carbon fiber integral felt by acid washing and carries out vacuum drying; soaking the treated needled carbon fiber whole felt into a graphene solution with a certain concentration, taking out, draining and drying; soaking the needled carbon fiber integrated felt-graphene prefabricated body into a copper ammonia complex solution with a certain concentration; putting the copper-introduced needled carbon fiber monolithic felt-graphene prefabricated body into a chemical vapor deposition furnace to deposit pyrolytic carbon to obtain a low-density carbon/carbon composite material, and then performing cyclic impregnation-carbonization on medium-temperature coal pitch to obtain a high-density graphene-copper modified carbon/carbon composite material; the high-quality pantograph slide plate is obtained by processing the prepared composite material according to a drawing, and the adopted short fibers have low mechanical strength and certain limitation in performance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a preparation method of a graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for an electric locomotive, which has the advantages of simple process, good compact effect, high mechanical strength, good electrical conductivity, friction and abrasion resistance, self-lubricating capability and excellent service performance, and aims to overcome the defects of the prior art.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the technical scheme that: a preparation method of a graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for an electric locomotive is characterized by comprising the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: adopting a pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body as a preform material, and controlling the density of the preform to be 0.12g/cm3-0.30g/cm3。
Step two: and C, carbonizing the preform adopted in the step I.
Step three: performing chemical vapor deposition to densify the prefabricated body treated in the step two, wherein the density is more than or equal to 1.15g/cm3The next densification process is carried out.
Step four: mixing and diluting graphene with resin according to a certain proportion through an organic solvent, controlling the content of the graphene to be 0.5-2.5 wt.%, and uniformly stirring to obtain an impregnation mixture.
Step five: dipping, curing and carbonizing: pressurizing and immersing the impregnated mixture in the fourth step into a porous carbon/carbon composite material blank body subjected to chemical vapor deposition treatment, impregnating for 2-10 h under the pressure of 1.0-6.0 MPa, then curing, taking out of the furnace, transferring into a carbonization furnace for carbonization at the carbonization temperature of 800-1050 ℃, preserving heat for 2-5 h, repeating for a plurality of times until the density is more than or equal to 1.65g/cm3The next densification process is carried out.
Step six: transferring the carbon/carbon composite material blank compact in the step five into a high-temperature graphitization furnace for high-temperature graphitization treatment, raising the temperature to 1600-2500 ℃ under the condition that the temperature raising rate is 5-200 ℃/h, then preserving the heat for 2-4 h for high-temperature graphitization treatment, and naturally cooling.
Step seven: and (4) performing primary graphene and resin mixture impregnation, curing and carbonization treatment on the carbon/carbon composite material blank subjected to the high-temperature graphitization treatment in the step six, wherein the treatment process is the same as the step five.
Step eight: and machining the carbon/carbon composite material blank discharged from the seventh step to obtain the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive.
In the preparation method of the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive, the needle density of the pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body in the step one is 20 needles/cm2-80 needles/cm2。
According to the preparation method of the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive, the temperature of the pre-oxidized fiber felt carbonization treatment in the step two is 550-700 ℃, the temperature rise rate is 2-20 ℃/h, and the heat preservation time is 1-8 h.
The preparation method of the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph pan for the electric locomotive comprises the chemical vapor deposition densification process in the third step, wherein the heating rate is 5-100 ℃/h, the deposition temperature is 800-1050 ℃, and the deposition time is 50-300 h; the method adopts a methane and propane mixed gas as a carbon source gas, and the mixing volume ratio of the methane to the propane is 1: 0.5-6, gas flow rate is 0.5m3/h-6.0m3/h。
In the preparation method of the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph pan for the electric locomotive, the resin in the fourth step comprises phenolic resin, epoxy resin and furfuryl ketone resin, and the organic solvent comprises N-methyl pyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfate or a mixture of the N-methyl pyrrolidone and the sodium dodecyl sulfate in any ratio.
According to the preparation method of the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive, the curing temperature in the fifth step and the curing temperature in the seventh step are 120-200 ℃, and the carbonization temperature rise speed is 5-80 ℃/h.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
1. compared with the traditional preparation technology of the pantograph slide plate of the electric locomotive, the preparation method utilizes the characteristics of high strength, high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity of graphene to functionally modify the carbon/carbon composite material, mixes and dilutes the graphene with resin through an organic solvent, pressurizes and immerses the diluted graphene into a porous carbon/carbon composite material blank subjected to chemical vapor deposition treatment, and then adopts the curing, carbonization and graphitization processes to prepare the graphene modified carbon/carbon composite materialThe bending strength of the material-combined pantograph slide plate is more than or equal to 270MPa, the shearing strength is more than or equal to 120MPa, and the impact toughness is more than or equal to 2.7J/cm2The resistivity is less than or equal to 11.5 mu omega, the wear rate is less than or equal to 11.0mm/10000km, and the composite material has the advantages of excellent mechanical property, high mechanical strength, good impact toughness, low resistivity, good self-lubricating property, strong friction and wear resistance and the like.
2. According to the preparation method, a compact technology of mixing, impregnating, curing and carbonizing the graphene with the organic solvent and the resin is adopted, compared with the traditional graphene modification technology, the process is simple, the graphene is uniformly distributed in the sliding plate, and the resistivity of the sliding plate can be further reduced and the self-lubricating property of the sliding plate can be improved by adding the graphene.
3. The graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive prepared by the process technology has small abrasion loss to the contact wire, and can achieve the purpose of protecting the contact wire.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a process flow for preparing a graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for an electric locomotive according to the present invention.
Detailed Description
Example 1
The method comprises the following steps: adopting a pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body as a preform material, and controlling the density of the preform to be 0.12g/cm3The needle density of the pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body is 20 needles/cm2。
Step two: and (3) carbonizing the preform adopted in the step one, wherein the carbonizing treatment temperature is 550 ℃, the heating rate is 2 ℃/h, and the heat preservation time is 1 h.
Step three: and D, performing chemical vapor deposition densification on the preform treated in the step two, wherein a mixed gas of methane and propane is used as a carbon source gas, and the mixing volume ratio of the methane to the propane is 1: 0.5, gas flow 0.5m3The heating rate is 5 ℃/h, the deposition temperature is 800 ℃, and the deposition time is 300 h. When the density is more than or equal to 1.15g/cm3The next densification process is carried out.
Step four: mixing and diluting graphene with resin through an organic solvent, and then pressurizing and immersing the graphene into a porous carbon/carbon composite material blank body subjected to chemical vapor deposition treatment, wherein the content of the graphene is controlled to be 0.5 wt%, the graphene is uniformly stirred, the balance is a resin solution, the resin is phenolic resin, and the organic solvent is N-methylpyrrolidone.
Step five: curing and carbonizing the carbon/carbon composite material blank in the fourth step, soaking for 2h under the pressure of 1.0MPa, curing at the curing temperature of 120 ℃, transferring to a carbonization furnace for carbonizing after curing and discharging, wherein the carbonization temperature is 800 ℃, the carbonization temperature rise speed is 5 ℃/h, keeping the temperature for 2h, repeating for a plurality of times until the density is more than or equal to 1.65g/cm3The next densification process is carried out.
Step six: transferring the carbon/carbon composite material blank compact in the step five into a high-temperature graphitization furnace for high-temperature graphitization treatment, heating to 1600 ℃ under the condition that the heating rate is 5 ℃/h, then preserving heat for 2h for high-temperature graphitization treatment, and naturally cooling.
Step seven: and (3) carrying out impregnation curing/carbonization treatment on the carbon/carbon composite material blank subjected to the high-temperature graphitization treatment in the step six again on the graphene and resin mixture, carrying out impregnation for 2h under the pressure of 1.0MPa, and then carrying out curing treatment, wherein the curing temperature is 120 ℃, the carbon/carbon composite material blank is transferred to a carbonization furnace for carbonization treatment after being solidified out of the furnace, the carbonization temperature is 800 ℃, the carbonization temperature rise speed is 5 ℃/h, and the heat preservation is carried out for 2 h.
Step eight: and (4) machining the carbon/carbon composite material blank discharged from the seventh step to prepare the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive.
The prepared graphene modified carbon/carbon composite material pantograph pan has bending strength of 270MPa, shearing strength of 120MPa and impact toughness of 2.7J/cm2The resistivity was 11.5. mu. omega. m, and the wear rate was 11.0mm/10000 km.
Example 2
The method comprises the following steps: adopting a pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body as a preform material, and controlling the density of the preform to be 0.18g/cm3The needle density of the pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body is 40 needles/cm2。
Step two: and (3) carbonizing the preform adopted in the step one, wherein the carbonizing treatment temperature is 650 ℃, the heating rate is 10 ℃/h, and the heat preservation time is 2 h.
Step three: and D, performing chemical vapor deposition densification on the preform treated in the step two, wherein a mixed gas of methane and propane is used as a carbon source gas, and the mixing volume ratio of the methane to the propane is 1: 3, gas flow rate is 2.5m3The heating rate is 50 ℃/h, the deposition temperature is 900 ℃, and the deposition time is 150 h. When the density is more than or equal to 1.15g/cm3The next densification process is carried out.
Step four: mixing and diluting graphene with resin through an organic solvent, pressurizing and immersing the graphene into a porous carbon/carbon composite material blank body subjected to chemical vapor deposition treatment, controlling the content of the graphene to be 1.0 wt.%, and uniformly stirring the graphene and the resin solution, wherein the resin is epoxy resin, and the organic solvent is sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Step five: curing and carbonizing the carbon/carbon composite material blank in the fourth step, soaking for 6h under the pressure of 2.5MPa, curing at 170 ℃, transferring to a carbonization furnace for carbonizing after curing, wherein the carbonization temperature is 900 ℃, the carbonization temperature rise speed is 60 ℃/h, preserving heat for 3h, repeating for several times until the density is more than or equal to 1.65g/cm3The next densification process is carried out.
Step six: transferring the carbon/carbon composite material blank compact in the step five into a high-temperature graphitization furnace for high-temperature graphitization treatment, raising the temperature to 2000 ℃ under the condition that the temperature raising rate is 100 ℃/h, then preserving the heat for 4h for high-temperature graphitization treatment, and naturally cooling.
Step seven: and (3) performing primary graphene and resin mixture impregnation curing/carbonization treatment on the carbon/carbon composite material blank subjected to the high-temperature graphitization treatment in the step six, impregnating for 6 hours under the pressure of 2.5MPa, and then performing curing treatment, wherein the curing temperature is 170 ℃, the carbon/carbon composite material blank is transferred to a carbonization furnace for carbonization treatment after being solidified out of the furnace, the carbonization temperature is 900 ℃, the carbonization temperature rise speed is 60 ℃/h, and the heat preservation is performed for 3 hours.
Step eight: and (4) machining the carbon/carbon composite material blank discharged from the seventh step to prepare the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive.
The prepared pantograph slide plate made of graphene modified carbon/carbon composite material has the bending strength of 280MPa, the shear strength of 125MPa and the impact toughness of 2.75J/cm2The resistivity was 11.0. mu. omega. m, and the wear rate was 10.5mm/10000 km.
Example 3
The method comprises the following steps: adopting a pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body as a preform material, and controlling the density of the preform to be 0.30g/cm3The needle density of the pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body is 80 needles/cm2。
Step two: and (3) carbonizing the preform adopted in the step one, wherein the carbonizing treatment temperature is 700 ℃, the heating rate is 20 ℃/h, and the heat preservation time is 8 h.
Step three: and D, performing chemical vapor deposition densification on the preform treated in the step two, wherein a mixed gas of methane and propane is used as a carbon source gas, and the mixing volume ratio of the methane to the propane is 1: 6, gas flow rate of 6.0m3The heating rate is 100 ℃/h, the deposition temperature is 1050 ℃, and the deposition time is 300 h. When the density is more than or equal to 1.15g/cm3The next densification process is carried out.
Step four: mixing and diluting graphene with resin through an organic solvent, and then pressurizing and immersing the diluted graphene into a porous carbon/carbon composite material blank body subjected to chemical vapor deposition treatment, wherein the content of the graphene is controlled to be 2.5 wt%, the graphene is uniformly stirred, the balance is a resin solution, the resin is furfuryl ketone resin, and the organic solvent is a mixture of N-methyl pyrrolidone and sodium dodecyl sulfate.
Step five: curing and carbonizing the carbon/carbon composite material blank in the fourth step, soaking for 10h under the pressure of 6.0MPa, curing at the curing temperature of 200 ℃, transferring to a carbonization furnace for carbonizing after curing and discharging, wherein the carbonization temperature is 1050 ℃, the carbonization temperature rise speed is 80 ℃/h, keeping the temperature for 5h, repeating for several times until the density is more than or equal to 1.65g/cm3The next densification process is carried out.
Step six: transferring the carbon/carbon composite material blank compact in the step five into a high-temperature graphitization furnace for high-temperature graphitization treatment, raising the temperature to 2500 ℃ under the condition that the temperature rise rate is 200 ℃/h, then preserving the heat for 3h for high-temperature graphitization treatment, and naturally cooling.
Step seven: and (3) carrying out impregnation curing/carbonization treatment on the carbon/carbon composite material blank subjected to the high-temperature graphitization treatment in the step six again on the graphene and resin mixture, carrying out impregnation for 10 hours under the pressure of 6.0MPa, and then carrying out curing treatment, wherein the curing temperature is 200 ℃, the carbon/carbon composite material blank is transferred to a carbonization furnace for carbonization treatment after being solidified out of the furnace, the carbonization temperature is 1050 ℃, the carbonization temperature rise speed is 80 ℃/h, and the heat preservation is 5 h.
Step eight: and (4) machining the product discharged from the seventh step to prepare the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive.
The prepared pantograph slide plate made of graphene modified carbon/carbon composite material has the bending strength of 285MPa, the shearing strength of 130MPa and the impact toughness of 2.85J/cm2The resistivity is 10.0 mu omega, m, and the wear rate is 10.3mm/10000 km.
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and is not intended to limit the present invention, and all simple modifications, changes and equivalent structural changes made to the above embodiment according to the technical spirit of the present invention still fall within the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.
Claims (6)
1. A preparation method of a graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for an electric locomotive is characterized by comprising the following specific steps:
the method comprises the following steps: adopting a pre-oxidized fiber felt needling body as a preform material, and controlling the density of the preform to be 0.12g/cm3-0.30g/cm3；
Step two: carbonizing the preform adopted in the first step;
step three: performing chemical vapor deposition to densify the prefabricated body treated in the step two, wherein the density is more than or equal to 1.15g/cm3Then the next densification process is carried out;
step four: mixing and diluting graphene with resin according to a certain proportion through an organic solvent, controlling the content of the graphene to be 0.5-2.5 wt.%, and uniformly stirring to obtain an impregnation mixture;
step five: dipping, curing and carbonizing: pressurizing and immersing the impregnated mixture in the fourth step into a porous carbon/carbon composite material blank body subjected to chemical vapor deposition treatment, impregnating for 2-10 h under the pressure of 1.0-6.0 MPa, then curing, and transferring into a carbonization furnace for carbonization after dischargingTreating at 800-1050 deg.C for 2-5 h, repeating for several times until the density is not less than 1.65g/cm3Then the next densification process is carried out;
step six: transferring the carbon/carbon composite material blank compact in the step five into a high-temperature graphitization furnace for high-temperature graphitization treatment, heating to 1600-2500 ℃ under the condition that the heating rate is 5-200 ℃/h, then preserving heat for 2-4 h for high-temperature graphitization treatment, and naturally cooling;
step seven: performing primary graphene and resin mixture impregnation, curing and carbonization treatment on the carbon/carbon composite material blank subjected to the high-temperature graphitization treatment in the step six, wherein the treatment process is the same as the step five;
step eight: and machining the carbon/carbon composite material blank discharged from the seventh step to obtain the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph slide plate for the electric locomotive.
2. The method for preparing the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph pan for the electric locomotive according to claim 1, wherein the needle density of the needle punched body of the pre-oxidized fiber felt in the step one is 20 needles/cm2-80 needles/cm2。
3. The method for preparing the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph pan for the electric locomotive according to claim 1, wherein the temperature of the pre-oxidized fiber felt carbonization treatment in the step two is 550-700 ℃, the temperature rising rate is 2-20 ℃/h, and the heat preservation time is 1-8 h.
4. The method for preparing the graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph pan for the electric locomotive according to claim 1, wherein the chemical vapor deposition densification process in the third step has a temperature rise rate of 5 ℃/h to 100 ℃/h, a deposition temperature of 800 ℃ to 1050 ℃, and a deposition time of 50h to 300 h; the method adopts a methane and propane mixed gas as a carbon source gas, and the mixing volume ratio of the methane to the propane is 1: 0.5-6, gas flow rate is 0.5m3/h-6.0m3/h。
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the resin in step four comprises phenolic resin, epoxy resin and furfuryl ketone resin, and the organic solvent comprises N-methyl pyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfate or a mixture thereof in any ratio.
6. The method for preparing a graphene modified carbon/carbon pantograph pan for electric locomotives according to claim 1, wherein the curing temperature in the fifth step and the curing temperature in the seventh step are 120 ℃ to 200 ℃, and the carbonization temperature rise speed is 5 ℃/h to 80 ℃/h.
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