CN108555297B - Method for eliminating primary β grain boundary of TC4 alloy by adding B induction heating during laser additive manufacturing - Google Patents
Method for eliminating primary β grain boundary of TC4 alloy by adding B induction heating during laser additive manufacturing Download PDFInfo
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- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
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- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
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- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
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- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
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- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001085205 Prenanthella exigua Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007123 defense Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
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Abstract
The invention discloses a method for eliminating primary β grain boundaries of a TC4 alloy by adding B induction heating, which comprises the following steps of S1, drying B powder and titanium alloy powder in a vacuum environment, wherein the mass ratio of the B powder is 0.01-0.2%, S2, uniformly mixing the dried B powder and the titanium alloy powder obtained in the S1 to obtain mixed powder, S3, heating a base material to 900-1100 ℃, and forming a sample on the base material through a laser additive manufacturing device, wherein the primary β grain boundaries of the TC4 alloy by laser additive manufacturing can be eliminated, so that crystal grains of the TC4 alloy are refined, and the microstructure of the TC4 alloy is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of structural control and mechanical property optimization research of laser additive manufacturing titanium alloy, and particularly relates to a method for eliminating primary β crystal boundary of TC4 alloy by adding B induction heating.
Background
The laser additive manufacturing titanium alloy is a new technology developed in recent years, the technology melts titanium alloy powder synchronously conveyed by high-power laser to stack and form parts point by point layer by layer, overcomes the defects of large processing difficulty, difficult complex part processing technology and the like caused by the characteristics of high melting point, high melting state activity and large deformation resistance of the titanium alloy, is increasingly researched and applied in the fields of aerospace and defense manufacturing, but because the characteristics of instant heating and cooling of the laser additive manufacturing are difficult to control, the macroscopic structure of the titanium alloy formed part is large β columnar crystals penetrating through a plurality of cladding layers in the forming direction, even if the columnar crystals are not obviously influenced by the effect of heat treatment, the structure is mostly typical martensite (as shown in figure 1, b is an enlarged image of a in figure 1), due to the characteristics, the deposited component of the laser additive manufacturing titanium alloy (LAM-TC4) shows the characteristics of high strength and low plasticity, the mechanical properties are difficult to reach the standard, the anisotropy of the performance is also more obvious, so that the application of the laser additive manufacturing titanium alloy (LAM-TC4) in the aerospace industry is restricted to be seriously improved and further, and the micro plasticity of the aerospace is necessarily improved.
According to the CET theory, β columnar crystals are much more than α equiaxial crystals, and a small amount of α equiaxial crystals exist only at the top of a molten pool in a laser melting pool, so that in the laser additive forming process, a first layer cladding structure mainly comprises a large amount of β columnar crystals and a small amount of α equiaxial crystals covering the first layer cladding structure, α equiaxial crystals of a previous layer are melted and solidified again to form β columnar crystals, so that in sequence, a solidification structure in an LAM-TC4 deposition state mainly comprises coarse β columnar crystals which are epitaxially grown through a plurality of cladding layers, the length is between a few millimeters and a few tens of millimeters, the width is between 0.1mm and 0.3mm, the main axes of the columnar crystals grow in the forming direction, and the microstructure forms typical martensite due to the fact that the laser forming process is an extremely cold and hot process, therefore, the coarse β columnar crystals + 4 form the typical high strength and large plasticity of the columnar crystals, and the large anisotropy of martensite necessarily occurs in the laser forming direction, namely, β.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a method for eliminating primary β crystal boundary of TC4 alloy by adding B induction heating, which can eliminate β crystal grains of large vinegar-like crystal in titanium alloy manufactured by laser additive manufacturing and improve microstructure of the titanium alloy.
The technical scheme includes that the method for eliminating primary β crystal boundary of the TC4 alloy through laser additive manufacturing by adding B induction heating comprises the following steps of S1, drying B powder and titanium alloy powder in a vacuum environment, wherein the mass ratio of the B powder is 0.01-0.2%, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 50-150 mu m, the granularity of the B powder is 10-20 mu m, S2, uniformly mixing the dried B powder and the titanium alloy powder obtained in the S1 to obtain mixed powder, S3, forming the mixed powder obtained in the S2 into a titanium alloy sample piece by using the laser additive manufacturing technology in a protective atmosphere environment, carrying out induction heating on a base material in the forming process, eliminating primary β crystal boundary in the sample piece, and wherein the induction heating temperature is 900-1100 ℃.
Furthermore, the invention is characterized in that:
wherein the laser power in step S3 is 180-240W, the scanning speed is 10mm/S, and the powder feeding amount is 2.5 g/min.
Wherein the sample obtained in step S3 has widmannstatten structure and flaky α grain boundaries.
Wherein the mass ratio of the B powder in the step S1 is 0.025%, 0.05%, 0.1% or 0.2%.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
the method can eliminate β grains of coarse columnar crystals appearing in the titanium alloy manufactured by laser additive manufacturing, and improve the microstructure of the titanium alloy, and the method utilizes that B can generate composition supercooling in a titanium alloy solid solution to increase the nucleation rate, and simultaneously B and Ti can generate eutectic reaction to generate a small amount of TiB in the final solidification stage, so that the crystal boundary of the original β columnar crystals is cut off, and the β columnar crystals in LAM-TC4 disappear.
Furthermore, the induction heating auxiliary B is used for avoiding the problem of insufficient reaction caused by the ultra-cold pole heat band in the laser forming process, and the problem of martensite generation caused by the ultra-cold pole heat can be improved due to the participation of the induction heating.
According to the invention, by adding a proper amount of B into TC4 powder and utilizing induction heating for assistance, the primary β crystal boundary of TC4 manufactured by laser additive manufacturing can be effectively eliminated, the macroscopic structure is equiaxed flaky structure, and martensite is converted into Widmannstatten structure, so that the effect of improving the plasticity of LAM-TC4 in a deposition state is achieved.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a prior art structural morphology diagram of a laser additive manufacturing titanium alloy without B and induction heating;
FIG. 2 is a tissue morphology of LAM-TC4 at a B content of 0.01% in the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a tissue morphology of LAM-TC4 at a B content of 0.025% in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a tissue morphology of LAM-TC4 at a B content of 0.05% in the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a tissue morphology of LAM-TC4 at a B content of 0.1% in the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a tissue morphology of LAM-TC4 at a B content of 0.2% in the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a plot of as-deposited plasticity of LAM-TC4 for various B levels in the present invention.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further explained with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.
The invention also provides a method for eliminating primary β grain boundaries of the TC4 alloy by adding B induction heating, which specifically comprises the following steps:
step S1, drying the powder B and the titanium alloy powder in a vacuum environment, wherein the mass ratio of the powder B is 0.01-0.2%, the granularity of the powder B is 10-20 μm, and the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 50-150 μm; specifically, the B powder and the titanium alloy powder are dried for more than 2 hours at 120 ℃ in a vacuum environment, and drying treatment is carried out, so that the powder sticking phenomenon in the powder mixing process of the two powders is avoided.
Step S2, uniformly mixing the dried powder B and the titanium alloy powder obtained in the step S1 to obtain mixed powder; specifically, the B powder and the titanium alloy powder are put into a three-dimensional mixer for mixing, and then are put into a powder feeder for deep mixing.
Step S3, forming the mixed powder obtained in the step S2 into a TC4 sample by using a laser additive manufacturing technology, performing induction heating in the whole forming process, and preferably selecting argon as a protective atmosphere environment; specifically, the laser power is 180-240W, the preferred laser power is 200W or 220W, the scanning speed is 10mm/s, the powder feeding amount is 2.5g/min, the lifting amount delta Z along the Z axis is 0.06-0.10 mm, the preferred lifting amount is 0.07mm or 0.08mm, and the lapping interval is 0.2 mm; the induction coil for induction heating is in a single-ring shape, the inner diameter of the ring is 40mm, the inner diameter of the copper pipe is 6mm, the distances between the inner wall of the induction coil and each part of the sample piece are equal, the induction heating temperature is 900-1100 ℃, and the preferred induction heating temperature is 950 ℃ or 1000 ℃.
The forming process comprises the following steps: and obtaining a sample piece by using a laser additive manufacturing technology and before the sample piece is solidified.
The temperature of the sample piece is controlled by an infrared temperature control system in the process of laser additive manufacturing, real-time heating is carried out, and the induction coil is synchronously lifted along with the lifting amount delta Z of the Z axis until the sample piece is formed.
The specific embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
example 1
When the mass ratio of the B powder is 0.01%, the texture of the sample obtained by the above method is as shown in fig. 2, in which the original β grain boundaries are formed by the boundary lines of two rows of parallel arranged flakes α in opposite directions, wherein B in fig. 2 is an enlarged effect diagram of a.
Example 2
When the mass percentage of the B powder is 0.025%, the texture of the sample obtained by the above method is as shown in fig. 3, in which the parallel sheets α still exist, and the boundary line is formed by the first sheet α to form the original β grain boundary, wherein B in fig. 3 is an enlarged effect diagram of a.
Example 3
When the mass percentage of the B powder is 0.05%, the structure morphology of the sample obtained by the method is shown in FIG. 4, the grain boundary is mainly in a head-to-head flaky shape α, the number of the flaky shapes α arranged in parallel is very small, the macroscopic structure is no longer in β columnar crystals and is mainly in flaky crystal grains, and B in FIG. 4 is an enlarged effect diagram of a.
Example 4
When the mass percentage of the B powder is 0.1%, the structure morphology of the sample piece obtained by the method is shown in FIG. 5, the macroscopic structure of the sample piece basically has no obvious grain boundary any more, and a small amount of TiB whiskers appear, and the TiB can influence the plasticity of the titanium alloy, wherein B in FIG. 5 is an enlarged effect diagram of a.
Example 5
When the mass percentage of the B powder is 0.2%, the texture of the sample obtained by the method is as shown in FIG. 6, the excessive content of B can be obviously seen, and observation under an SEM electron microscope can find that a plurality of bright white lines appear and are locally enriched, which is the enrichment effect of TiB whiskers, and TiB is a brittle phase and can seriously affect the plasticity of the titanium alloy, wherein B in FIG. 6 is an enlarged effect diagram of a.
Example 6
The mass ratio of the B powder is 0.03%, the granularity of the B powder is 10 microns, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 50 microns, the temperature for induction heating of the base material in the laser additive manufacturing process is 900 ℃, and the finally obtained sample piece has a Widmannstatten structure and a flaky α crystal boundary and has good deposition state plasticity.
Example 7
The mass ratio of the B powder is 0.06%, the granularity of the B powder is 15 mu m, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 70 mu m, the temperature for induction heating the base material in the laser additive manufacturing process is 940 ℃, and the finally obtained sample piece has a Widmannstatten structure and a flaky α crystal boundary and has good deposition state plasticity.
Example 8
The mass ratio of the B powder is 0.11%, the granularity of the B powder is 20 microns, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 100 microns, the temperature for induction heating of the base material in the laser additive manufacturing process is 1100 ℃, and the finally obtained sample piece has a Widmannstatten structure and a flaky α crystal boundary and has good deposition state plasticity.
Example 9
The mass ratio of the B powder is 0.13%, the granularity of the B powder is 18 mu m, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 80 mu m, the temperature for induction heating the base material in the laser additive manufacturing process is 1000 ℃, and the finally obtained sample piece has a Widmannstatten structure and a flaky α crystal boundary and has good deposition state plasticity.
Example 10
The mass ratio of the B powder is 0.08%, the granularity of the B powder is 12 microns, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 150 microns, the temperature for induction heating of the base material in the laser additive manufacturing process is 910 ℃, and the finally obtained sample piece has a Widmannstatten structure and a flaky α crystal boundary and has good deposition state plasticity.
Example 11
The mass ratio of the B powder is 0.06%, the granularity of the B powder is 13 mu m, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 120 mu m, the temperature for induction heating the base material in the laser additive manufacturing process is 1050 ℃, and the finally obtained sample piece has a Widmannstatten structure and a flaky α crystal boundary and has good deposition state plasticity.
Example 12
The mass ratio of the B powder is 0.09%, the granularity of the B powder is 20 microns, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 140 microns, the temperature for induction heating the base material in the laser additive manufacturing process is 990 ℃, and the finally obtained sample piece has a Widmannstatten structure and a flaky α crystal boundary and has good deposition state plasticity.
In conclusion, when the content of the B powder is lower than 0.1%, the plasticity of the sample piece can meet the standard required by the forging piece. As shown in FIG. 7, which is a graph showing the as-deposited plasticity of the LAM-TC4 samples with different B contents, it can be seen that the as-deposited plasticity is optimal when the B content is 0.05%.
Claims (2)
1. The method for eliminating primary β grain boundaries of TC4 alloy by adding B induction heating is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step S1, drying the powder B and the titanium alloy powder in a vacuum environment, wherein the mass ratio of the powder B is 0.03-0.05%, the granularity of the titanium alloy powder is 50-150 mu m, and the granularity of the powder B is 10-20 mu m;
step S2, uniformly mixing the dried powder B and the titanium alloy powder obtained in the step S1 to obtain mixed powder;
s3, forming the mixed powder obtained in the S2 into a titanium alloy sample piece by utilizing a laser additive manufacturing technology in a protective atmosphere environment, and performing induction heating on the base material in the forming process to eliminate primary β crystal boundaries in the sample piece, wherein the induction heating temperature is 900-1100 ℃;
the sample piece obtained in the step S3 has Widmannstatten structures and flaky α grain boundaries, and the protective atmosphere is argon;
in the step S3, the laser power is 180-240W, the scanning speed is 10mm/S, the powder feeding amount is 2.5g/min, and the lifting amount △ Z along the Z axis is 0.06-0.10 mm.
2. The method for eliminating the primary β grain boundaries of the TC4 alloy by the B-adding induction heating in the step S1, wherein the mass ratio of the B powder in the step S1 is 0.05%.
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