CN108533371B - 具有排气设备的内燃机 - Google Patents
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/021—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters
- F01N3/033—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices
- F01N3/035—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of filters in combination with other devices with catalytic reactors, e.g. catalysed diesel particulate filters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/02—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust
- F01N3/05—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for cooling, or for removing solid constituents of, exhaust by means of air, e.g. by mixing exhaust with air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N3/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust
- F01N3/08—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous
- F01N3/10—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust
- F01N3/18—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control
- F01N3/20—Exhaust or silencing apparatus having means for purifying, rendering innocuous, or otherwise treating exhaust for rendering innocuous by thermal or catalytic conversion of noxious components of exhaust characterised by methods of operation; Control specially adapted for catalytic conversion ; Methods of operation or control of catalytic converters
- F01N3/2006—Periodically heating or cooling catalytic reactors, e.g. at cold starting or overheating
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- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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- F01N2230/00—Combination of silencers and other devices
- F01N2230/02—Exhaust filters
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- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种具有排气设备的内燃机,该排气设备用于导出内燃机的废气,在所述排气设备中布置有颗粒过滤器,并且设有次级空气入口,所述次级空气入口用于将次级空气经由封闭元件引入到排气设备中,所述次级空气入口在排气设备中沿废气的流动方向布置在颗粒过滤器下游,其中,该内燃机(1)具有带有涡轮机(6)和压缩机(7)的排气涡轮增压器,涡轮机在排气设备(2)中布置在内燃机与颗粒过滤器(3)之间,而压缩机布置在内燃机的新鲜空气线路(8)中,并且次级空气入口(4)能经由次级空气管路(9)与在压缩机和内燃机之间的新鲜空气线路引导空气地连接。通过按照本发明的构造,颗粒过滤器保持免受高放热的伤害,同时减少一氧化碳排放。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种具有排气设备的内燃机。
背景技术
对于技术领域例如参阅德国公开文献DE102012021573A1。由该公开文献已知一种用于运行燃烧器的方法以及一种具有可这样运行的燃烧器的排气设备。说明了一种用于运行排气设备的燃烧器的方法,该燃烧器利用空气和燃料运行,使该燃烧器的燃烧器废气与外源点火式内燃机中的内燃机废气汇合并且将这样获得的混合废气输送给至少一个具有三元催化功能的废气催化器,其中,测量所述混合废气的实际氧气含量(λ-实际)或与此相关的参量并且这样影响被输送给燃烧器的燃料量(mk),使得实际氧气含量(λ-实际)至少近似所述混合废气的期望氧气含量(λ-期望)。
此外,由德国公开文献DE102010044102A1已知一种用于具有颗粒过滤器的内燃机的排气设备,本发明从该公开文献出发。在该公开文献中说明了一种用于内燃机的排气设备,该排气设备具有能与内燃机的排气侧连接的排气线路,其中,在所述排气线路中沿下游方向布置有至少一个催化器并且在所述至少一个催化器下游连接有颗粒过滤器。此外,在排气线路中在颗粒过滤器上游设有次级空气入口,该次级空气入口用于将次级空气经由至少一个阀门引入到排气线路中,其中,所述次级空气是压缩的空气。
由现有技术已知的文献将次级空气输送至汽油颗粒过滤器上游(DE102010044102A1)或催化器上游(DE102012021573A1),其中,汽油颗粒过滤器典型地沿废气流动方向布置在催化器下游。这些现有的布置结构具有如下缺点:高放热可能导致汽油颗粒过滤器损坏或催化器损坏,或者缩短与排放相关的构件的使用寿命。释放的高放热(热能)由于一氧化碳直接在废气中的氧化、由于一氧化碳在被涂敷催化剂的表面上的氧化或由于在汽油颗粒过滤器中的炭黑氧化而发生。
发明内容
本发明的任务是阐明一种用于避免上述缺点的措施。
该任务通过如下所述的特征得以解决。在按照本发明的具有排气设备的内燃机中,该排气设备用于导出内燃机的废气,在所述排气设备中布置有颗粒过滤器,并且设有次级空气入口,所述次级空气入口用于将次级空气经由封闭元件引入到排气设备中,并且所述次级空气入口在排气设备中沿废气的流动方向布置在颗粒过滤器下游,所述内燃机的特征在于,该内燃机具有带有涡轮机和压缩机的排气涡轮增压器,其中,所述涡轮机在排气设备中布置在内燃机与颗粒过滤器之间,而所述压缩机布置在内燃机的新鲜空气线路中,并且所述次级空气入口能经由次级空气管路与在压缩机和内燃机之间的新鲜空气线路引导空气地连接。
本发明的优点是:通过在颗粒过滤器下游的次级空气吹入,所述颗粒过滤器以及可能布置在该颗粒过滤器上游的催化器保持免受高放热的伤害,同时减少一氧化碳排放。按照本发明的布置结构不仅适合于汽油燃烧方法,而且也适合于柴油燃烧方法。
通过本发明,按照本发明的布置结构也可以被用于具有排气涡轮增压的内燃机,并且在内燃机的每种运行状态下存在足够的空气用于次级空气引入。
根据本发明一种优选的实施变型方案,在该实施变型方案中使用电气的压缩机用于输送空气,但该压缩机必须符合要求地总是可接通的。
在一种优选的构造方案中,在排气设备中,沿废气的流动方向在颗粒过滤器下游设有至少两个次级空气入口。利用该构造方案能够实现在减少一氧化碳方面的效率提高。
本发明还包括针对废气净化设备的不同配置的优选实施变型方案,所述废气净化设备不仅用于汽油燃烧方法、而且用于柴油燃烧方法。在一种优选实施变型方案中,在排气设备中,在内燃机与颗粒过滤器之间布置有第一催化器。优选地,所述第一催化器是三元催化器或氮氧化物存储催化器或可加热的催化器。在另一种优选实施变型方案中,在排气设备中,沿废气的流动方向在次级空气入口下游布置有第二催化器。优选地,所述第二催化器是SCR(选择性催化还原)催化器。
附图说明
以下借助在十三个附图中示出的总***示意性结构以及十二种进一步实施变型方案更详细地说明本发明。
图1示出按照本发明的具有排气设备的内燃机的示意性结构。
图2示意性示出第一种实施变型方案。
图3示意性示出第二种实施变型方案。
图4示意性示出第三种实施变型方案。
图5示意性示出第四种实施变型方案。
图6示意性示出第五种实施变型方案。
图7示意性示出第六种实施变型方案。
图8示意性示出第七种实施变型方案。
图9示意性示出第八种实施变型方案。
图10示意性示出第九种实施变型方案。
图11示意性示出第十种实施变型方案。
图12示意性示出第十一种实施变型方案。
图13示意性示出第十二种实施变型方案。
具体实施方式
接着在图1至13中,相同的附图标记适用于相同的构件。
图1示出按照本发明的具有排气设备2的内燃机1的示意性结构。所述排气设备2用于导出内燃机1的废气,其中,在排气设备2中布置有颗粒过滤器3。另外,在排气设备2中设有次级空气入口4,该次级空气入口将次级空气经由封闭元件(Verschlusselement)5引入到排气设备2中。所述封闭元件5例如可以是阀门或气流调节器。按照本发明,次级空气入口4在排气设备2中沿废气的流动方向布置在颗粒过滤器3下游。
废气的流动方向在排气设备2中用箭头示出。次级空气的流动方向在次级空气入口4的区域中同样用箭头示出。
该上面提及的实施方案涉及具有自吸发动机式运行的内燃机。
在图1的第一种实施变型方案中,次级空气入口4能经由具有封闭元件5(例如阀门或气流调节器)的次级空气管路9与在压缩机7和内燃机1之间的新鲜空气线路8引导空气地连接。
在一种未示出的进一步实施例中,次级空气入口4也能经由次级空气管路与电气的压缩机引导空气地连接。
然而,该布置结构按照本发明也可以如在图1中示出的那样被用于具有排气涡轮增压器的内燃机。在此,所述内燃机1具有带有涡轮机6和压缩机7的排气涡轮增压器,其中,所述涡轮机6在排气设备2中布置在内燃机1与颗粒过滤器3之间,而所述压缩机7布置在内燃机1的新鲜空气线路8中。
在到新鲜空气线路8中的进入侧,新鲜空气的流动方向通过箭头示出。沿新鲜空气的流动方向,在新鲜空气管路8中首先布置空气过滤器16、然后布置压缩机7、进一步布置增压空气冷却器17和节气门18。此外,在图1的实施例中,在涡轮机6和颗粒过滤器3之间设有第一催化器10,所述颗粒过滤器优选是汽油颗粒过滤器、但也可以是柴油颗粒过滤器。另外在排气线路2中,在排气设备2中的次级空气入口4下游布置有消音器19。
在接着的图2至13中示出用于按照本发明的内燃机的十二种进一步实施变型方案。在每个图中,以局部放大图的形式示出沿废气的流动方向在涡轮机6下游的排气设备2以及沿次级空气的流动方向在封闭元件5下游的次级空气管路9。
图2示出第一种实施例,在该第一种实施例中,在排气设备2中沿废气的流动方向在颗粒过滤器3下游设有至少两个次级空气入口4(在当前实施例中是四个)。通过该措施明显更高效地减少一氧化碳。另外在图2中,沿废气的流动方向在次级空气入口4下游布置有消音器19。
图3示出第二种实施例,在该第二种实施例中,在排气设备2中在内燃机1和颗粒过滤器3之间布置有第一催化器10。在该第二种实施例中,第一催化器10是三元催化器11。另外在排气设备2中,沿废气的流动方向在次级空气入口4下游布置有消音器19。
图4示出第三种实施例,在该第三种实施例中,在排气设备2中沿废气的流动方向在次级空气入口4下游布置有第二催化器14。
图5示出第四种实施例,在该第四种实施例中,沿废气的流动方向在次级空气入口4下游设有第二催化器14并且取消第一催化器10。
图6示出第五种实施例,在该第五种实施例中,第一催化器10是氮氧化物存储催化器12并且取消第二催化器14。
图7示出第六种实施例,在该第六种实施例中,第一催化器10是氮氧化物存储催化器并且第二催化器14沿废气的流动方向布置在次级空气入口4下游。
图8示出第七种实施例,在该第七种实施例中,第一催化器10是可加热的催化器13并且在排气设备2中沿废气的流动方向在次级空气入口4下游设有第二催化器14。
图9示出第八种实施例,在该第八种实施例中,取消第一催化器10并且第二催化器14是可加热的催化器13。
图10示出第九种实施例,在该第九种实施例中,第一催化器10是三元催化器11并且第二催化器14是可加热的催化器13。
图11示出第十种实施例,在该第十种实施例中,第一催化器10是三元催化器11,其中,在排气设备2中在第一催化器10与颗粒过滤器3之间设有氮氧化物存储催化器12。第二催化器14在该实施例中被取消。
图12示出根据图11的第十一种实施例,其中,在该实施例中也设有第二催化器14。
图13示出第十二种实施例,在该第十二种实施例中,第一催化器10是三元催化器11并且第二催化器14是SCR(选择性催化还原)催化器15。
换句话表达,对于现有技术和本发明:
本发明涉及一种内燃机1,该内燃机在排气设备2中具有颗粒过滤器3用于减少颗粒排放。
现有技术是:颗粒过滤器3被用于减少内燃机1的颗粒排放。此外已知的是:给颗粒过滤器3(尤其是汽油颗粒过滤器亦或柴油颗粒过滤器)涂敷催化涂层以用于减少内燃机1中的废气排放,或者将颗粒过滤器3与三元催化器11组合。
颗粒过滤器3的催化涂层或者第一和/或第二催化器10、14的催化涂层仅从与涂层的老化状态有关的启动温度起才能实现其功能。涂层的催化能力在低于所述启动温度的情况下是极低的。另外,为了在涂层启动之前使废气排放保持低,现有技术是在被涂敷的颗粒过滤器3上游或在催化器10、14上游输送次级空气并且同时在空燃比小(浓λ(过量空气系数))的情况下运行内燃机1。在浓λ区域中产生更多一氧化碳和未燃烧的碳氢化合物。所述一氧化碳和未燃烧的碳氢化合物与在次级空气中包含的氧气氧化结合。在此涉及放热反应,其能量以热量的形式被用于加热催化器10、14。由此,能够明显减少直至达到催化器10、14的启动温度之前的时间。随着从内燃机1要求的负载升高,排气温度也升高。另外,为了保护内燃机1的构件(例如颗粒过滤器3或排气涡轮增压器)免受过高排气温度的影响,已知通过使空气燃油混合物变浓来降低排气温度。由于浓λ,在废气中氧气份额下降并且未燃烧的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳的份额升高。由于在废气中缺少氧气,催化涂层不能氧化未燃烧的碳氢化合物和一氧化碳。本发明致力于该事实。
本发明的技术方案是通过将次级空气输送到废气中来降低排放。在此按照本发明,沿流动方向在颗粒过滤器3下游输送次级空气。通过在次级空气中包含的氧气,由于浓λ借助三元涂层未被氧化的一氧化碳在汽油颗粒过滤器3下游被氧化并且浓运行的内燃机的废气排放因此降低。
次级空气供应***的可能实施方案的总结:
1.从压缩机7的压力侧(在新鲜空气侧沿流动方向在压缩机7下游)至颗粒过滤器3下游的次级空气输送部位4的次级空气管路9。封闭元件5(例如阀门或气流调节器)承担对次级空气质量流的控制并且同时防止废气回流到新鲜空气线路8中。然而,在内燃机1的一些运行点中,为了提高废气再循环率以及因此为了降低发动机内部的氮气排放,可能期望废气回流到新鲜空气线路8中。
2.通过电气运行的次级空气泵和通过次级空气阀门输送环境空气。替代电气的次级空气泵,电气驱动的压缩机也可以提供次级空气供应,所述压缩机的首要功能是辅助排气涡轮增压器。在此,封闭元件5(例如阀门或气流调节器)也承担对新鲜空气质量流的控制并且同时防止废气回流到新鲜空气线路8中。
3.为了在颗粒过滤器3下游保护引导废气的管路的材料免受局部过高的放热的影响或为了提高减少一氧化碳的效率,可以有意义的是,在颗粒过滤器3下游引入多个次级空气输送部位4、而不是仅一个次级空气输送部位。
附图标记列表
1 内燃机
2 排气设备
3 颗粒过滤器
4 次级空气入口
5 封闭元件
6 涡轮机
7 压缩机
8 新鲜空气线路
9 次级空气管路
10 第一催化器
11 三元催化器
12 氮氧化物存储催化器
13 可加热的催化器
14 第二催化器
15 SCR催化器
16 空气过滤器
17 增压空气冷却器
18 节气门
19 消音器
Claims (7)
1.具有排气设备(2)的内燃机(1),该排气设备用于导出内燃机(1)的废气,其中,在所述排气设备(2)中布置有颗粒过滤器(3),并且设有次级空气入口(4),所述次级空气入口用于将次级空气经由封闭元件(5)引入到排气设备(2)中,并且所述次级空气入口(4)在排气设备(2)中沿废气的流动方向布置在颗粒过滤器(3)下游,其特征在于,该内燃机(1)具有带有涡轮机(6)和压缩机(7)的排气涡轮增压器,其中,所述涡轮机(6)在排气设备(2)中布置在内燃机(1)与颗粒过滤器(3)之间,而所述压缩机(7)布置在内燃机(1)的新鲜空气线路(8)中,并且所述次级空气入口(4)能经由次级空气管路(9)与在压缩机(7)和内燃机(1)之间的新鲜空气线路(8)引导空气地连接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的具有排气设备的内燃机,其特征在于,所述次级空气入口(4)能经由次级空气管路与电气的压缩机引导空气地连接。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的具有排气设备的内燃机,其特征在于,在排气设备(2)中,沿废气的流动方向在颗粒过滤器(3)下游设有至少两个次级空气入口(4)。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的具有排气设备的内燃机,其特征在于,在排气设备(2)中,在内燃机(1)与颗粒过滤器(3)之间布置有第一催化器(10)。
5.根据权利要求4所述的具有排气设备的内燃机,其特征在于,所述第一催化器(10)是三元催化器(11)或氮氧化物存储催化器(12)或可加热的催化器(13)。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的具有排气设备的内燃机,其特征在于,在排气设备(2)中,沿废气的流动方向在次级空气入口(4)下游布置有第二催化器(14)。
7.根据权利要求6所述的具有排气设备的内燃机,其特征在于,所述第二催化器(14)是SCR催化器(15)。
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