CN108489547B - Raindrop parameter testing device - Google Patents
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- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 22
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002834 transmittance Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002835 absorbance Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000005357 flat glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004677 Nylon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001778 nylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004162 soil erosion Methods 0.000 description 1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01D—MEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract
The raindrop parameter testing device comprises a raindrop to be tested, a first linear array template, a second linear array template, a first sapphire glass, a cylindrical mirror, a laser, a light filter and a linear array CCD, wherein the raindrop to be tested is arranged between the first linear array template and the second linear array template; simultaneously, a laser, a lens, a cylindrical mirror, a first linear array template, first sapphire glass, second sapphire glass, a second linear array template, an optical filter and a linear array CCD are sequentially arranged from left to right, and the central lines are positioned on the same horizontal plane; when each raindrop to be measured passes through the linear array CCD, the incident light intensity is measured, the light intensity variation irradiated on the linear array CCD lattice is used for calculating the speed, diameter, kinetic energy and other parameters of the raindrop to be measured, the calculation error is small, and the device has the advantages of detachability, small volume, portability, simple data reading, convenience in outdoor operation and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of raindrop parameter testing, in particular to a raindrop parameter testing device.
Background
Parameters such as the diameter, the kinetic energy and the like of the raindrops are commonly used test indexes of the professions such as agriculture, hydrology, weather and the like, are closely related to soil erosion, water and soil loss and the like, however, the existing test technology and equipment are less, the existing method for testing the raindrops is mainly obtained indirectly according to a formula according to the size or the striking degree of the raindrops, and the error is larger; in addition, the indoor rainfall simulation test generally needs to measure the diameter and the kinetic energy of raindrops, and convenient and quick measuring equipment needs to be configured, and in the outdoor test, as rainfall is difficult to observe in the nature, the number of interference factors is large, and the practical requirement on the testing equipment is high.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem solved by the invention is to provide a raindrop parameter testing device which aims to solve the defects in the background technology.
The technical problems solved by the invention are realized by adopting the following technical scheme:
The raindrop parameter testing device comprises a laser used for emitting, a lens, a cylindrical mirror, a first linear array template, a second linear array template, an optical filter and a linear array CCD, wherein raindrops to be tested are arranged between the first linear array template and the second linear array template, a first piece of sapphire glass is arranged on one side of the raindrops to be tested, a second piece of sapphire glass is arranged on the other side of the raindrops to be tested, the cylindrical mirror is arranged between the lens and the first linear array template, the laser is arranged in front of the lens, and the optical filter is arranged between the second linear array template and the linear array CCD; meanwhile, the laser, the lens, the cylindrical mirror, the first linear array template, the first sapphire glass, the second linear array template, the optical filter and the linear array CCD are sequentially arranged from left to right, and the central lines are positioned on the same horizontal plane.
In the invention, the laser is a He-Ne laser with 633nm, the power is 0.5mw with 633nm of red visible light, the stability is good, the angular stability is 0.1urad, the single mode distribution is carried out, the light spot uniformity is almost free from space defects, and the stability can reach 10 -7.
In the invention, the optical filter is a narrow-band optical filter and is used for filtering out light within the measurement size rather than the measurement wavelength, and finally, the light participating in measurement is incident to the linear array CCD.
According to the invention, the first sapphire glass and the second sapphire glass are respectively plated with the conductive films, when the temperatures of the first sapphire glass and the second sapphire glass are lower than the ambient temperature, the first sapphire glass and the second sapphire glass are electrified and heated, so that the measurement of the first sapphire glass and the second sapphire glass cannot be influenced by condensed water drops, and the method is suitable for field test; and the sapphire window glass has high light transmittance and wear resistance, and scratches are not easy to leave so as to influence measurement.
In the invention, the linear array CCD adopts a Binsong S12551-2408CCD linear array sensor, each lattice is 14um multiplied by 14um, the reading speed can reach 40M, and the sensitivity can reach 13uV/S. Response range is 200 nm-1100 nm, maximum linear velocity is 19000line/S.
In the present invention, when one line light of the cylindrical mirror irradiates the linear array CCD, each lattice on the linear array CCD is regarded as a single photodetector;
When the raindrops to be measured do not enter the area between the light source and the linear array CCD, each point on the linear array CCD receives a fixed light intensity I 0, and when the raindrops to be measured enter the area between the light source and the linear array CCD, the edge size of each raindrop to be measured increases exponentially to the center size of the raindrop because the raindrops to be measured are spherical, so the light intensity I attenuation of the raindrops to be measured entering the linear array CCD lattice is quite obvious, and the change rule accords with the lambert law:
A＝lg(1/T)＝Kbc (1)
in the formula (1), A is absorbance, T is transmittance, and the emergent light intensity I is higher than the incident light intensity I 0;
k is the molar absorption coefficient, which is related to the nature of the absorbing substance and the wavelength λ of the incident light;
c is the concentration of the light absorbing substance, b is the thickness of the absorbing layer;
because the measured objects are liquid water and the measuring light is monochromatic light with a certain value, c and K in the formula (1) are removed, and the method is simplified as follows:
A＝lg(1/T)＝b (2)
i.e. b=lg (I 0/I) (3)
Because the positions of one row of line light passing through the raindrops to be detected are different, the thickness value b of the section of the corresponding raindrops to be detected on the linear array CCD lattice is also different, and as known from the Nyquist law, the falling process of the raindrops to be detected is measured for 3 times or more than 3 times, and two measurements on one side of the sphere center of the raindrops can be obtained:
When two measurements are made on both sides of the center of the raindrop sphere,
And when the two measurements are on the same side of the center of the raindrop,
In the formulas (4-5), D 1 is a cutting line of the raindrops to be detected when light rays at the moment t 1 are emitted, and r 1 is half of the cutting line D 1;
D 2 is the cutting line of the raindrops to be detected when the light rays at the time t 2 are emitted, and r 2 is half of the cutting line D 2;
D is the diameter of the raindrops to be detected, and r 3 is half of the diameter D of the raindrops to be detected;
h 1 is the distance from cut line D 1 to cut line D 2;
h 2 is the distance from the cutting line D 2 to the diameter D of the raindrops to be detected;
t 1、t2 is the time of the laser irradiation of the laser for two times respectively;
L is the distance between t 1、t2; t d is the interval between t 1、t2;
v is the falling speed of the raindrops to be detected;
When the radius of the raindrops to be measured is calculated, whether the cutting line D 1、D2 shot through the raindrops to be measured passes through the center of the section or not is distinguished:
① The two cutting lines D 1、D2 pass through the center of the section,
② The two cutting lines D 1、D2 do not pass through the center of the section,
In the formulas (6 to 7), A is one half of the cutting line D 1, B is one half of the cutting line D 2, and the value B is measured by the lambert law;
c is the distance between two cutting lines D 1、D2 which is equal to the distance between two measuring points of the linear array CCD;
D is the diameter of the section of the rain drop to be detected;
r is the radius of the section of the raindrop to be measured;
h is the distance from the center of the cross section to the first cutting line close to the center of the cross section;
The value of two cutting lines parallel to the section diameter of the raindrops to be detected is obtained through the calculation of the light intensity of the raindrops to be detected, and the section diameter of the raindrops to be detected is calculated according to the following formula:
In the formula (8), r is the radius (mm) of the raindrops to be detected;
ρ Air flow is the atmospheric density ρ Air flow (kg/m3);
ρ Water and its preparation method is the density of the raindrop water to be measured = 1x10 3(kg/m3);
g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s 2);
W Dynamic movement is kinetic energy of raindrops to be detected;
And further calculating the raindrop parameters to be measured.
The beneficial effects are that: according to the invention, by measuring the light intensity change of the incident light intensity when each raindrop to be measured passes through the linear array CCD, the parameters such as the speed, the diameter, the kinetic energy and the like of the raindrop to be measured are calculated by a formula, the calculation error is small, and the raindrop detection device has the advantages of detachability, small volume, portability, simple data reading, convenience in outdoor operation and the like, and the application range is wide.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural view of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 2 is a graph showing the thickness of the cross section of the raindrops to be measured corresponding to the linear array CCD array in the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of two measurements on two sides of the center of a raindrop in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of two measurements on the same side of the center of a raindrop in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of a circle center of a cross section of a cutting line through which raindrops to be measured are shot in a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of a center of a section of a cutting line passing through a raindrop to be measured according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described with reference to the following detailed drawings in order to make the technical means, the creation characteristics, the achievement of the purpose and the effect of the implementation of the invention easy to understand.
Referring to fig. 1 to 6, a raindrop parameter testing device comprises a He-Ne laser 1, a lens 2, a cylindrical mirror 3, a first linear array template 4, a first sapphire glass 5, a second sapphire glass 6, a second linear array template 7, a narrow-band filter 8 and a linear array CCD9, wherein raindrops to be tested are arranged between the first sapphire glass 5 and the second sapphire glass 6, the first linear array template 4 is arranged in front of the first sapphire glass 5, the cylindrical mirror 3 is arranged between the lens 2 and the first linear array template 4, the He-Ne laser 1 is arranged in front of the lens 2, the second linear array template 7 is arranged behind the second sapphire glass 6, and the narrow-band filter 8 is arranged between the second linear array template 7 and the linear array CCD 9; meanwhile, the He-Ne laser 1, the lens 2, the cylindrical mirror 3, the first linear array template 4, the first sapphire glass 5, the second sapphire glass 6, the second linear array template 7, the narrow-band optical filter 8 and the linear array CCD9 are sequentially arranged from left to right, and the central lines are positioned on the same horizontal plane.
In the embodiment, the He-Ne laser 1 adopts a He-Ne laser with 633nm, red visible light with 633nm, power of 0.5mw, good stability, angle stability of 0.1urad, single mode distribution, light spot uniformity, almost no space defect and stability of 10 -7.
In the present embodiment, the lens 2 is used to diverge the laser light emitted from the he—ne laser 1 into a beam of parallel light.
In the present embodiment, the cylindrical mirror 3 is used to convert a beam of parallel light passing through the lens 2 into a row of light.
In the present embodiment, the first line pattern 4 is used to block scattered light and light not participating in measurement, while other light is transmitted.
In this embodiment, the first sapphire glass 5 and the second sapphire glass 6 are respectively plated with a conductive film, when the temperature of the first sapphire glass 5 and the second sapphire glass 6 is lower than the ambient temperature, the first sapphire glass 5 and the second sapphire glass 6 are electrified and heated, so that the first sapphire glass 5 and the second sapphire glass 6 can not influence measurement due to condensed water drops, and the method is suitable for field test; and the sapphire window glass has high light transmittance and wear resistance, and scratches are not easy to leave so as to influence measurement.
In the present embodiment, the second linear array template 7 is used to block light other than the measurement size and transmit other light.
In this embodiment, the narrowband filter 8 is used to filter out light within the measurement size rather than the measurement wavelength, and finally, the light involved in the measurement is incident on the linear array CCD9.
In the embodiment, the linear array CCD9 adopts a Binsong S12551-2408CCD linear array sensor, each lattice is 14um multiplied by 14um, the reading speed can reach 40M, and the sensitivity can reach 13uV/S. Response range is 200 nm-1100 nm, maximum linear velocity is 19000line/S. (at a raindrop falling speed of 7m/S, a minimum measurable 0.74mm raindrop.)
In this embodiment, when one line of the cylindrical mirror 3 irradiates the linear array CCD9, each dot matrix on the linear array CCD9 can be regarded as a single photodetector;
When the raindrops to be measured do not enter the area between the light source and the linear array CCD9, each point on the linear array CCD9 receives a fixed light intensity I 0, and when the raindrops to be measured enter the area between the light source and the linear array CCD9, the edge size of each raindrop to be measured increases exponentially towards the center size of the raindrop because the raindrops to be measured are spherical, so the light intensity I attenuation of the raindrops to be measured entering the linear array CCD9 lattice is quite obvious, and the change rule accords with the lambert law:
A＝lg(1/T)＝Kbc (1)
wherein A is absorbance, T is transmittance (transmittance), and the intensity of emergent light I is higher than the intensity of incident light I 0;
k is the molar absorption coefficient, which is related to the nature of the absorbing substance and the wavelength λ of the incident light;
c is the concentration of the light absorbing substance, b is the thickness of the absorbing layer;
Because the measured objects are liquid water and the measuring light is monochromatic light with a certain value, c and K in the formula (1) can be removed, and the method is simplified as follows:
A＝lg(1/T)＝b (2)
i.e. b=lg (I 0/I) (3)
Because the positions of the line light passing through the raindrops to be detected are different, the b values are also different, and as shown in fig. 2, b1, b2, b3, b4 and b5 are the corresponding thickness values of the section of the raindrops to be detected on the linear array CCD9 lattice; judging when two measurements are made on one side of the center of the raindrop, wherein the two measurements are made 3 times or more in the falling process of the raindrop to be measured, and then the cutting line D 1、D2 is on the same side of the center of the raindrop (known by the Nylon law);
when two measurements are on both sides of the center of the raindrop, as shown in fig. 3:
And when the two measurements are on the same side of the center of the raindrop, as shown in fig. 4:
In the formulas (4-5), D 1 is a cutting line of the raindrops to be detected when light rays at the moment t 1 are emitted, and r 1 is half of the cutting line D 1;
D 2 is the cutting line of the raindrops to be detected when the light rays at the time t 2 are emitted, and r 2 is half of the cutting line D 2;
D is the diameter of the raindrops to be detected, and r 3 is half of the diameter D of the raindrops to be detected;
t 1、t2 is the two laser irradiation times of the He-Ne laser 1 respectively;
L is the distance between t 1、t2; t d is the interval between t 1、t2;
h 1 is the distance from cut line D 1 to cut line D 2;
h 2 is the distance from the cutting line D 2 to the diameter D of the raindrops to be detected;
v is the falling speed of the raindrops to be detected;
when calculating the radius of the raindrops to be measured, distinguishing whether the cutting line D 1、D2 shot through the raindrops to be measured passes through the center of the section:
① Two cutting lines D 1、D2 pass through the center of the section, as shown in FIG. 5:
② The two cutting lines D 1、D2 do not pass through the center of the section, as shown in FIG. 6:
In the formulas (6 to 7), A is one half of the cutting line D 1, B is one half of the cutting line D 2, and the value B is measured by using the lambert law from the length of the cutting line;
C is the distance between two cutting lines D 1、D2 which is equal to the distance between two measuring points of the linear array CCD 9;
D is the diameter of the section of the rain drop to be detected;
h is the distance from the center of the cross section to the first cutting line close to the center of the cross section;
r is the radius of the section of the raindrop to be measured;
The value of two cutting lines parallel to the section diameter of the raindrop to be detected is obtained through the calculation of the light intensity of the raindrop to be detected, and the section diameter is calculated according to the following formula:
In the formula (8), r is the radius (mm) of the raindrops to be detected;
ρ Air flow is the atmospheric density ρ Air flow (kg/m3);
ρ Water and its preparation method is the density of the raindrop water to be measured = 1x10 3(kg/m3);
g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s 2);
W Dynamic movement is kinetic energy of raindrops to be detected;
the device calculates the parameters such as the speed, the diameter, the kinetic energy and the like of the raindrops to be measured by the formulas (1) to (8) through measuring the light intensity change of the incident light intensity when each raindrop to be measured passes through the linear array CCD9, and has the advantages of detachability, small volume, portability, simple data reading, convenience in outdoor operation and the like.
The foregoing has shown and described the basic principles and main features of the present invention and the advantages of the present invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and that the above embodiments and descriptions are merely illustrative of the principles of the present invention, and various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, which is defined in the appended claims. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (6)
1. The raindrop parameter testing device comprises a laser used for emitting, a lens, a cylindrical mirror, a first linear array template, a second linear array template, an optical filter and a linear array CCD (charge coupled device), wherein raindrops to be tested are arranged between the first linear array template and the second linear array template, first sapphire glass is arranged on one side of each raindrop to be tested, second sapphire glass is arranged on the other side of each raindrop to be tested, the cylindrical mirror is arranged between the lens and the first linear array template, the laser is arranged behind the lens, and the optical filter is arranged between the second linear array template and the linear array CCD; meanwhile, the central lines of the laser, the lens, the cylindrical mirror, the first linear array template, the first sapphire glass, the second linear array template, the optical filter and the linear array CCD are positioned on the same horizontal plane, and the device is characterized in that when one linear light of the cylindrical mirror irradiates the linear array CCD, each lattice on the linear array CCD is regarded as a single light detector;
When the raindrops to be measured do not enter the area between the light source and the linear array CCD, each point on the linear array CCD receives a fixed light intensity I 0, and when the raindrops to be measured enter the area between the light source and the linear array CCD, the edge size of each raindrop to be measured increases exponentially to the center size of the raindrop because the raindrops to be measured are spherical, so the light intensity I attenuation of the raindrops to be measured entering the linear array CCD lattice is quite obvious, and the change rule accords with the lambert law:
A＝lg(1/T)＝Kbc (1)
in the formula (1), A is absorbance, T is transmittance, and the emergent light intensity I is higher than the incident light intensity I 0;
k is the molar absorption coefficient, which is related to the nature of the absorbing substance and the wavelength λ of the incident light;
c is the concentration of the light absorbing substance, b is the thickness of the absorbing layer;
because the measured objects are liquid water and the measuring light is monochromatic light with a certain value, c and K in the formula (1) are removed, and the method is simplified as follows:
A＝lg(1/ T)＝b (2)
i.e. b=lg (I 0/I) (3)
Because the positions of one row of line light passing through the raindrops to be detected are different, the thickness value b of the section of the corresponding raindrops to be detected on the linear array CCD lattice is also different, and as known from the Nyquist law, the falling process of the raindrops to be detected is measured for more than 3 times, and two measurements on one side of the sphere center of the raindrops can be obtained:
When two measurements are made on both sides of the center of the raindrop sphere,
And when the two measurements are on the same side of the center of the raindrop,
In the formulas (4-5), D 1 is a cutting line of the raindrops to be detected when light rays at the moment t 1 are emitted, and r 1 is half of the cutting line D 1;
D 2 is the cutting line of the raindrops to be detected when the light rays at the time t 2 are emitted, and r 2 is half of the cutting line D 2;
D is the diameter of the raindrops to be detected, and r 3 is half of the diameter D of the raindrops to be detected;
h 1 is the distance from cut line D 1 to cut line D 2;
h 2 is the distance from the cutting line D 2 to the diameter D of the raindrops to be detected;
t 1、t2 is the time of the laser irradiation of the laser for two times respectively;
L is the distance between t 1、t2; t d is the interval between t 1、t2;
v is the falling speed of the raindrops to be detected;
When the radius of the raindrops to be measured is calculated, whether the cutting line D 1、D2 shot through the raindrops to be measured passes through the center of the section or not is distinguished:
① The two cutting lines D 1、D2 pass through the center of the section,
② The two cutting lines D 1、D2 do not pass through the center of the section,
In the formulas (6 to 7), A is one half of the cutting line D 1, B is one half of the cutting line D 2, and the value B is measured by the lambert law;
c is the distance between two cutting lines D 1、D2 which is equal to the distance between two measuring points of the linear array CCD;
D is the diameter of the section of the rain drop to be detected;
r is the radius of the section of the raindrop to be measured;
h is the distance from the center of the cross section to the first cutting line close to the center of the cross section;
The value of two cutting lines parallel to the section diameter of the raindrops to be detected is obtained through the calculation of the light intensity of the raindrops to be detected, and the section diameter of the raindrops to be detected is calculated according to the following formula:
in the formula (8), r is the radius (mm) of the section of the raindrop to be detected;
ρ Air flow is the atmospheric density ρ Air flow (kg/m3);
ρ Water and its preparation method is the density of the raindrop water to be measured = 1x10 3(kg/m3);
g is the gravitational acceleration (m/s 2);
W Dynamic movement is kinetic energy of raindrops to be detected;
And further calculating the raindrop parameters to be measured.
2. A raindrop parameter testing device according to claim 1, wherein the laser is a 633nm He-Ne laser.
3. The raindrop parameter testing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the filter is a narrowband filter.
4. The raindrop parameter testing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first sapphire glass is coated with a conductive film.
5. The raindrop parameter testing apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second sapphire glass is coated with a conductive film.
6. The raindrop parameter testing device according to claim 1, wherein the linear array CCD is a binon S12551-2408CCD linear array sensor.
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