CN108481124B - Ultra-precise ball forming machine - Google Patents
Ultra-precise ball forming machine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108481124B CN108481124B CN201810601135.1A CN201810601135A CN108481124B CN 108481124 B CN108481124 B CN 108481124B CN 201810601135 A CN201810601135 A CN 201810601135A CN 108481124 B CN108481124 B CN 108481124B
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- Prior art keywords
- grinding disc
- die
- main grinding
- rod
- annular groove
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- 210000004907 gland Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 52
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001141 Ductile iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 claims 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000033001 locomotion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012423 maintenance Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B11/00—Machines or devices designed for grinding spherical surfaces or parts of spherical surfaces on work; Accessories therefor
- B24B11/02—Machines or devices designed for grinding spherical surfaces or parts of spherical surfaces on work; Accessories therefor for grinding balls
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B1/00—Processes of grinding or polishing; Use of auxiliary equipment in connection with such processes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P40/00—Technologies relating to the processing of minerals
- Y02P40/50—Glass production, e.g. reusing waste heat during processing or shaping
- Y02P40/57—Improving the yield, e-g- reduction of reject rates
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Grinding And Polishing Of Tertiary Curved Surfaces And Surfaces With Complex Shapes (AREA)
Abstract
The invention provides an ultra-precise ball forming machine and a processing technology thereof, wherein the ultra-precise ball forming machine comprises a driving mechanism, a main grinding disc, a driving shaft, a gland die and a centering rod; the driving mechanism is connected with the driving shaft, an annular groove with a rectangular cross section is formed in the top of the main grinding disc, the driving shaft is connected with the main grinding disc, the driving shaft is located at the center of the annular groove, the gland die is connected to the upper portion of the main grinding disc through a centering rod, the centering rod is fixedly connected with the gland die, the centering rod can rotate relative to the main grinding disc, and a liquid injection hole is formed in the gland die. The annular groove with the rectangular cross section is adopted for processing the glass beads, so that on one hand, the glass beads are more flexible in autorotation, the true sphericity of the processed glass beads is greatly improved, and on the other hand, only the main grinding disc is required to be processed when the grinding tool is processed, and the manufacturing cost of the grinding tool is greatly reduced.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a ball processing machine, in particular to an ultra-precise ball forming machine.
Background
The miniature glass bead is a high-precision sphere, is an important element in roundness measuring instruments, gyroscopes, bearings and precision measurement, is often used as a reference for precision measurement, and has very important roles in precision equipment and precision machining.
The conventional ball processing machine mainly adopts a structure that a main grinding disc and an upper grinding disc are provided with V-shaped grooves as shown in figure 1 to grind a workpiece, and the rotation axes of the main grinding disc and the upper grinding disc are collinear. This structure has several disadvantages:
(1) The processing difficulty of the V-shaped groove is high, the processing precision requirement on the grinding tool is high, the upper V-shaped groove and the lower V-shaped groove are required to be completely consistent, and the manufacturing cost is increased.
(2) The V-shaped groove is worn and deformed fast, the replacement frequency of the grinding tool is too high, once the V-shaped groove is worn, the workpiece is more difficult to rotate in the V-shaped groove, and the processed ball becomes elliptical.
(3) The adoption of the structure that the rotation shafts of the main millstone and the upper millstone are collinear requires additional structure and power to enable the angular speeds of the main millstone and the upper millstone to be inconsistent, so that workpieces can rotate in the V-shaped grooves, and the whole machine structure is more complex.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the technical problems that: in order to solve the problems of complex structure and high manufacturing and maintenance cost of the ultra-precise ball forming machine in the prior art, the invention provides the ultra-precise ball forming machine for solving the problems.
The technical scheme adopted for solving the technical problems is as follows: an ultra-precise ball forming machine comprises a driving mechanism, a main grinding disc, a driving shaft, a gland die and a centering rod; the driving mechanism is connected with the driving shaft, an annular groove with a rectangular cross section is formed in the top of the main grinding disc, the driving shaft is connected with the main grinding disc, the driving shaft is located at the center of the annular groove, the gland die is connected to the upper portion of the main grinding disc through a centering rod, the centering rod is fixedly connected with the gland die, the centering rod can rotate relative to the main grinding disc, and a liquid injection hole is formed in the gland die.
Further, the axis of the centering rod is parallel to and not collinear with the axis of the driving shaft, a horizontal gap b is formed between the outer edge of the annular groove and the outer edge of the gland die, and the distance a between the axis of the centering rod and the axis of the driving shaft is smaller than half of the horizontal gap b.
Further, the centering rod is in threaded connection with the gland die, an eccentric hole suitable for being inserted into the centering rod is formed in the top of the main grinding disc, a bearing is arranged in the eccentric hole, and the centering rod is arranged in the eccentric hole.
Preferably, the ratio of the height of the annular groove to the diameter of the glass bead to be processed is 0.5-0.8.
Further, a gravity die is further arranged above the gland die, and the gravity die is connected with the gland die through a connecting rod.
Further, the connecting rod is divided into an upper rod and a lower rod, the top of the upper rod is fixedly connected with the gravity die, the bottom of the lower rod is fixedly connected with the gland die, and the bottom of the upper rod is in threaded connection with the top of the lower rod.
Preferably, the driving shaft is located at the center of the main grinding disc, and the connecting rod and the centering rod are coaxially arranged.
Preferably, the main grinding disc is made of ductile iron.
Preferably, the pressure cover die and the gravity die are coaxially arranged.
The invention also provides a micro glass bead processing technology, which comprises the following steps:
(1) The proper main grinding disc and the gland die are selected according to the required glass bead size, the selection principle is that the required glass bead diameter is slightly smaller than the width of the annular groove, the glass bead is slightly smaller than the annular groove, and the glass bead can rotate and move between the inner side wall and the outer side wall of the annular groove when the processing machine works and is used for grinding the glass bead, and the distance from the bottom of the annular groove to the gland die is equal to the required glass bead diameter; under the friction action of the gland die and the main grinding disc, the glass beads to be processed do irregular motion in the annular groove, so that better true sphericity of the glass beads to be processed can be realized; the width of the specific annular groove is 0.1-10 mm larger than the diameter of the glass bead;
(2) Cutting an original workpiece into small workpieces with the size similar to that of a required glass bead, simultaneously placing a plurality of small workpieces to be processed into an annular groove, and then placing a gland die above a main millstone;
(3) Selecting a gravity die, and fixing the gravity die with the main millstone;
(4) And (3) injecting grinding liquid onto the main grinding disc, so that the grinding liquid covers the surface of the main grinding disc, and starting a driving mechanism to grind.
The ultra-precise ball forming machine provided by the invention can process glass beads with various materials and diameters of 0.4-15 mm.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
(1) According to the invention, the annular groove with the rectangular cross section is adopted for processing the glass bead, so that on one hand, the glass bead rotates more flexibly, the true sphericity of the processed glass bead is greatly improved, and on the other hand, only the main grinding disc is needed to be processed when the grinding tool is processed, and the manufacturing cost of the grinding tool is greatly reduced. In addition, the centering rod and the main grinding disc can move relatively, and the gland die and the centering rod are fixed, so that a speed difference exists between the gland die and the main grinding disc, and therefore glass beads are subjected to friction action of the main grinding disc and the gland die, and rotate in the rectangular annular groove, so that grinding is more uniform.
(2) According to the invention, the eccentric design of the centering rod enables the rotation angular speed of the glass beads driven by the gland die to be continuously changed, and meanwhile, the glass beads are subjected to the friction action of the main grinding disc and the gland die, so that the contact surfaces of the glass beads, the main grinding disc and the gland die are not simple circular rings, but are gradually unfolded, and the sphericity of a finished product is ensured. The whole machine only needs one driving shaft, does not need redundant transmission mechanisms, has simple structure and greatly prolongs the service life of the machine.
Drawings
The invention will be further described with reference to the drawings and examples.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a prior art ball processing machine;
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the structure of a preferred embodiment of the ultra-precise ball forming machine according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view of the ultra-precise ball forming machine of FIG. 2 after the centering rod has revolved 180;
fig. 4 is a schematic structural view of a preferred embodiment of a main grinding disc of the ultra-precise ball forming machine according to the invention.
In the figure, 1, glass beads, 2, a driving mechanism, 3, a main grinding disc, 4, a driving shaft, 5, a gland die, 6, a centering rod, 7, an annular groove, 8, a liquid injection hole, 9, an eccentric hole, 10, a bearing, 11, a connecting rod, 11-1, an upper rod, 11-2, a lower rod, 12, a gravity die, 13 and a V-shaped groove.
Detailed Description
Embodiments of the present invention are described in detail below, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings, wherein like or similar reference numerals refer to like or similar elements or elements having like or similar functions throughout. The embodiments described below by referring to the drawings are illustrative only and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
In the description of the present invention, it should be noted that, unless explicitly stated and limited otherwise, the term "connected" should be interpreted broadly, and for example, it may be a fixed connection, a removable connection, or an integral connection; can be mechanically or electrically connected; can be directly connected or indirectly connected through an intermediate medium. The specific meaning of the above terms in the present invention will be understood in specific cases by those of ordinary skill in the art.
As shown in fig. 2 to 4, the invention provides an ultra-precise ball forming machine, which comprises a driving mechanism 2, a main grinding disc 3, a driving shaft 4, a gland die 5 and a centering rod 6; the driving mechanism 2 is connected with the driving shaft 4, the driving mechanism 2 drives the driving shaft 4 to rotate, the top of the main grinding disc 3 is provided with an annular groove 7 with a rectangular cross section for placing glass beads 1 to be processed, the driving shaft 4 is connected with the main grinding disc 3, the driving shaft 4 is positioned at the center of the annular groove 7, the driving shaft 4 drives the main grinding disc 3 to rotate, the gland die 5 is connected above the main grinding disc 3 through a centering rod 6, the centering rod 6 is fixedly connected with the gland die 5 and used for supporting the gland die 5, the centering rod 6 can rotate relative to the main grinding disc 3, and a liquid injection hole 8 is formed in the gland die 5.
The driving mechanism 2 is a motor, the driving shaft 4 drives the main grinding disc 3 to rotate, and because the centering rod 6 can rotate relative to the main grinding disc 3, when the main grinding disc 3 rotates, the gland die 5 cannot rotate at the same speed with the main grinding disc 3, so that the upper surface and the lower surface of the glass bead 1 have speed difference, the glass bead 1 is driven to rotate, and meanwhile, because the rectangular annular groove 7 with larger space is used, when the main grinding disc 3 rotates, the glass bead 1 rotates more freely and is ground more uniformly.
The centering rod 6 is eccentrically arranged, namely, the axis of the centering rod 6 is parallel to and is not collinear with the axis of the driving shaft 4, a horizontal gap is formed between the outer edge of the annular groove 7 and the outer edge of the gland die, the distance a between the axis of the centering rod 6 and the axis of the driving shaft 4 is smaller than half of the horizontal gap b, when the centering rod 6 moves from the position of fig. 2 to the position of fig. 3, the distance of the centering rod 6 is 2a, at the moment, the grinding surface of the gland die and the annular groove 7 have deviation of 2a, and when the horizontal gap b is larger than 2a, the glass beads 1 can still be positioned between the grinding surface and the annular groove 7. The eccentric centering rod 6 can enable the angular speed of the contact surface between the glass bead 1 and the pressing cover die to be continuously changed in the revolution process of the glass bead 1, so that the friction surface between the glass bead 1 and the main grinding disc 3 as well as between the glass bead 1 and the pressing cover die is not close to a circular ring surface, and the grinding uniformity is improved. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the diameter of the main grinding disc 3 is the same as that of the gland die 5, initially, the main grinding disc 3 is coaxial with the gland die 5, the horizontal clearance b between the outer edge of the annular groove 7 and the outer edge of the gland die 5 is 3mm, the distance a between the axis of the centering rod 6 and the axis of the driving shaft 4 is 1mm, when the centering rod 6 revolves 180 degrees, the minimum horizontal clearance between the outer edge of the gland die 5 and the outer edge of the annular groove 7 becomes 1mm, and the glass beads 1 are still positioned between the gland die 5 and the annular groove 7.
The centering rod 6 and the gland die 5 can adopt a detachable threaded connection mode or a non-detachable welding mode, as shown in fig. 4, an eccentric hole 9 is formed in the top of the main grinding disc 3, a bearing 10 is arranged in the eccentric hole 9, the centering rod 6 is arranged in the eccentric hole 9, the relative movement of the centering rod 6 and the main grinding disc 3 is more flexible through the arrangement of the bearing 10, and the diameter of the eccentric hole 9 can be similar to that of the centering rod 6, so that the centering rod 6 is prevented from being skewed.
The ratio of the height of the annular groove 7 to the distance from the bottom of the annular groove 7 to the gland die 5 is 0.5-0.8, so that the glass beads 1 are prevented from being separated from the annular groove 7, and the side surface of the annular groove 7 can grind the glass beads 1.
As shown in fig. 2 and 3, a gravity die 12 is further arranged above the capping die 5, the acting force on the upper surface of the glass bead 1 is increased, the grinding speed is increased, and the gravity die 12 is connected with the capping die 5 through a connecting rod 11. The connecting rod 11 can be of a split structure, whether the gravity die 12 is added or the gravity die 12 with proper weight is selected according to the requirement, specifically, the connecting rod 11 is divided into an upper rod 11-1 and a lower rod 11-2, the top of the upper rod 11-1 is fixedly connected with the gravity die 12, the bottom of the lower rod 11-2 is fixedly connected with the gland die 5, and the bottom of the upper rod 11-1 is in threaded connection with the top of the lower rod 11-2.
In order to reduce energy loss, the driving shaft 4 is arranged at the center of the main grinding disc 3, the connecting rod 11 and the centering rod 6 are coaxially arranged, and meanwhile, in order to ensure attractive structure, the pressure cover die 5 and the gravity die 12 are coaxially arranged.
In the invention, the main grinding disc 3 is preferably made of cast iron, and because the main grinding disc 3 is a main working grinding disc, the abrasion of the glass beads 1 and the corrosion of grinding fluid are most serious, and the corrosion resistance and the wear resistance of the cast iron are better.
The processing technology of the miniature glass bead comprises the following processing steps:
(1) The proper main grinding disc 3 and the gland die 5 are selected according to the required size of the glass beads 1, the selection principle is that the required diameter of the glass beads 1 is slightly smaller than the width of the annular groove 7, the distance between the bottom of the annular groove 7 and the gland die 5 is equal to the required diameter of the glass beads 1, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the required diameter of the glass beads 1 is 5mm, the width of the annular groove 7 is 8mm, and the height of the annular groove 7 is 3mm;
(2) Cutting an original workpiece into small workpieces with the size similar to that of the required glass beads 1, simultaneously placing a plurality of small workpieces to be processed into the annular groove 7, and then placing the cover pressing die 5 above the main grinding disc 3;
(3) Selecting a gravity die 12, and fixing the gravity die 12 with the main grinding disc 3;
(4) And (3) injecting grinding fluid onto the main grinding disc 3, covering the surface of the main grinding disc 3 with the grinding fluid, and starting the driving mechanism 2 to grind.
In the description of the present specification, reference to the term "one particular embodiment," "another particular embodiment," etc., means that a particular feature, structure, material, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the invention. In this specification, a schematic representation of the terms does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, materials, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in any one or more embodiments.
The equipment greatly improves the processing efficiency, the rotating speed of the main grinding disc is improved from 50-60 rpm to 300-400 rpm, the fine grinding efficiency can reach 4-5 microns/min, the true sphericity precision of the processed glass beads is very high, the application fields of high precision requirements of communication, military industry, aerospace and the like can be met, and the working efficiency and the product quality are greatly improved.
With the above-described preferred embodiments according to the present invention as an illustration, the above-described descriptions can be used by persons skilled in the relevant art to make various changes and modifications without departing from the scope of the technical idea of the present invention. The technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the description, but must be determined according to the scope of claims.
Claims (8)
1. An ultra-precise ball forming machine, which is characterized in that: comprises a driving mechanism (2), a main millstone (3), a driving shaft (4), a gland die (5) and a centering rod (6); the driving mechanism (2) is connected with the driving shaft (4), an annular groove (7) with a rectangular cross section is formed in the top of the main grinding disc (3), the driving shaft (4) is connected with the main grinding disc (3), the driving shaft (4) is positioned at the center of the annular groove (7), the gland die (5) is connected above the main grinding disc (3) through a centering rod (6), the centering rod (6) is fixedly connected with the gland die (5), the centering rod (6) can rotate relative to the main grinding disc (3), and a liquid injection hole (8) is formed in the gland die (5); the axis of the centering rod (6) is parallel to and is not collinear with the axis of the driving shaft (4), a horizontal gap b is formed between the outer edge of the annular groove (7) and the outer edge of the gland die (5), and the distance a between the axis of the centering rod (6) and the axis of the driving shaft (4) is smaller than half of the horizontal gap b; the ratio of the height of the annular groove (7) to the diameter of the glass bead to be processed is 0.5-0.8.
2. The ultra-precise ball molding machine of claim 1, wherein: the centering rod (6) is in threaded connection with the gland die (5), an eccentric hole (9) suitable for being inserted into the centering rod (6) is formed in the top of the main grinding disc (3), a bearing (10) is arranged in the eccentric hole (9), and the centering rod (6) is arranged in the eccentric hole (9).
3. The ultra-precise ball molding machine of claim 1, wherein: and a gravity die (12) is further arranged above the gland die (5), and the gravity die (12) is connected with the gland die (5) through a connecting rod (11).
4. The ultra-precise ball molding machine according to claim 3, wherein: the connecting rod (11) is divided into an upper rod (11-1) and a lower rod (11-2), the top of the upper rod (11-1) is fixedly connected with the gravity die (12), the bottom of the lower rod (11-2) is fixedly connected with the gland die (5), and the bottom of the upper rod (11-1) is in threaded connection with the top of the lower rod (11-2).
5. The ultra-precise ball molding machine according to claim 3, wherein: the driving shaft (4) is positioned at the center of the main grinding disc (3), and the connecting rod (11) and the centering rod (6) are coaxially arranged.
6. The ultra-precise ball molding machine of claim 1, wherein: the main grinding disc (3) is made of spheroidal graphite cast iron.
7. The ultra-precise ball molding machine according to claim 3, wherein: the gland die (5) and the gravity die (12) are coaxially arranged.
8. A processing technology of miniature glass beads is characterized in that: processing steps comprising the use of the ultra-precise ball molding machine according to claims 1-7 as follows:
(1) Selecting a proper main grinding disc (3) and a proper gland die (5) according to the required size of the glass bead (1), wherein the selection principle is that the diameter of the required glass bead (1) is slightly smaller than the width of an annular groove (7), and the distance between the bottom of the annular groove (7) and the gland die (5) is equal to the diameter of the required glass bead (1);
(2) Cutting an original workpiece into small workpieces with the size similar to that of a required glass bead (1), simultaneously placing a plurality of small workpieces to be processed into an annular groove (7), and then placing a gland die (5) above a main grinding disc (3);
(3) Selecting a gravity die (12), and fixing the gravity die (12) with the main millstone (3);
(4) And grinding fluid is injected into the main grinding disc (3) through the fluid injection hole (8), so that the grinding fluid covers the surface of the main grinding disc (3), and the driving mechanism (2) is started to grind.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810601135.1A CN108481124B (en) | 2018-06-12 | 2018-06-12 | Ultra-precise ball forming machine |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810601135.1A CN108481124B (en) | 2018-06-12 | 2018-06-12 | Ultra-precise ball forming machine |
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| CN108481124A CN108481124A (en) | 2018-09-04 |
| CN108481124B true CN108481124B (en) | 2023-12-26 |
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| CN201810601135.1A Active CN108481124B (en) | 2018-06-12 | 2018-06-12 | Ultra-precise ball forming machine |
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| CN (1) | CN108481124B (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN111230650B (en) * | 2018-11-27 | 2021-05-07 | 宜城市泳瑞玻璃科技有限公司 | Polishing equipment and polishing method for high-precision glass beads |
| CN111283549A (en) * | 2020-03-24 | 2020-06-16 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Planetary disk type ball mill |
| CN114074007B (en) * | 2021-10-21 | 2023-06-09 | 怀化鑫崀峰钙业有限公司 | Leather rolling machine for lime production |
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| SU664824A1 (en) * | 1978-01-13 | 1979-05-30 | Белорусский Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Политехнический Институт | Ball-finishing device |
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| CN108481124A (en) | 2018-09-04 |
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