CN108429477A - A kind of MMC submodules optimization method for equalizing voltage based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel - Google Patents
A kind of MMC submodules optimization method for equalizing voltage based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108429477A CN108429477A CN201810104338.XA CN201810104338A CN108429477A CN 108429477 A CN108429477 A CN 108429477A CN 201810104338 A CN201810104338 A CN 201810104338A CN 108429477 A CN108429477 A CN 108429477A
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- pressure
- voltage
- bridge
- full
- bridges
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
- H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
- H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
- H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
- H02M7/4835—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels comprising two or more cells, each including a switchable capacitor, the capacitors having a nominal charge voltage which corresponds to a given fraction of the input voltage, and the capacitors being selectively connected in series to determine the instantaneous output voltage
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Inverter Devices (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of MMC submodules based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel to optimize method for equalizing voltage.The progress place of the present invention is, is combined together by traditional capacitance voltage sort algorithm and from pressure algorithm to adapt to the pressure strategy of double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing submodule in parallel, while optimizing the pressure strategy of two kinds of algorithms, the two is organically combined.The dependence that this method measures capacitance voltage and sorts significantly reduces, therefore its demand how many to capacitance voltage monitoring real-time and controller arithmetic speed and hardware resource substantially reduces, while retaining flexible operation characteristic, greatly simplify control logic, reduce the requirement to sensor and controller, there is preferable future in engineering applications, is expected to boosting and mixes MMC to higher voltage grade, more capacity development.Method proposed by the invention has important reference value to the researcher of the research directions such as the Pressure and Control of MMC submodules and half full mixing submodule topology.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to transmission ＆ distribution electro-technical fields, and in particular to a kind of MMC based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel
The optimization method for equalizing voltage of module.
Background technology
As a kind of topology of flexible DC power transmission, modularization multi-level converter D.C. high voltage transmission (Modular
Multilevel Converter HVDC, MMC-HVDC) compared to traditional line commutation direct current transportation with no commutation failure,
The advantages such as harmonic characterisitic is good, power is individually controllable are increasingly becoming the hot spot of direct current transportation research and application.
In direct current transportation common MMC submodule topologys have semi-bridge type submodule (Half-bridge Sub-module,
HBSM), bridge-type submodule (Full-bridge Sub-module, FBSM) and double Clamp submodule (Clamped
Double Sub-module, CDSM) etc..HBSM number of devices is less, but is a lack of DC Line Fault possessed by FBSM and CDSM
Ride-through capability；And handle DC Line Fault type submodule using FBSM, CDSM as representative, and there is device count is more, warp
Ji property differential loss consumes high feature.To seek the balance of performance and economy, in conjunction with the modularization feature of MMC, submodule mixed type
MMC (also known as mixing MMC) comes into being.Two seed modules are matched by certain amount and constitute mixing MMC, transverter is made to have both
DC Line Fault processing capacity and preferable economy, this is but also mixing MMC has broad application prospects in the fields MMC.
As voltage class, transmission capacity are constantly promoted, mixing MMC and tradition single type submodule MMC is faced with class
As difficult point, the pressure resistance of submodule device and the insufficient contradiction of through-current capability gradually highlight.On the one hand, it to solve the problems, such as pressure resistance, needs
Want a large amount of sub-module cascades, it means that in the controlling cycle of s grades of μ, system needs to complete thousands of submodule capacitances of often standing
The acquisition of voltage monitors and sequence is balanced, this constitutes huge challenge to electrical secondary system；On the other hand, switching device can continue
Flow through bridge arm total current, caused by current stress can not avoid.
For the method for equalizing voltage of traditional MMC, to reduce computation complexity, existing literature mostly from theory of scheduling, keep the factor,
Grouping-hierarchy, voltage prediction, modulation and harmonic wave are angularly improved design.But presently, there are pressure algorithm be applied to mixing
It will appear such as computation complexity raising, the negative effects such as voltage equalizing decline when MMC.
Therefore, it is the demand for adapting in real engineering, how realizes the Pressure and Control of mixing MMC, reduce computation complexity,
Improve voltage equalizing, while reducing the problem that requirement of the system to sensor and control system is urgent need to resolve.
Invention content
The present invention provides a kind of optimization method for equalizing voltage of the MMC submodules based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel, this is flat
Weighing apparatus method includes following steps：
Step 1：Voltage modulated wave is generated by system-level control, is further processed to obtain bridge arm voltage reference wave, through nearest level
It forces modulation to obtain bridge arm level number command value, is set asn ON。
If mono- bridge arm of novel mixing MMC byN DA D-HBSM andN PA P-FBSM compositions, include altogether (N=2N D+N P) a electricity
Hold, for (N+1) level MMC systems.A capacitance voltage is chosen in each D-HBSMU Di (i=1~N D) participate in that valve is intersegmental presses；
In addition, choosing a capacitance voltage of P-FBSM valve sectionsU PRepresent all capacitance voltages of valve section.Electricity is generated by system-level control
Modulating wave is pressed, bridge arm voltage reference wave is further obtained, forces modulation to obtain bridge arm level number command value through nearest level, is set asn ON；
Step 2：The intersegmental Pressure and Control of valve are carried out first：In each sequence period, will ownU Di WithU PSequence obtains from small to large
One contact potential series, willU PPrecedence be set asP.It will at each momentn ONWithPAndN PIt is compared, obtains D-HBSM and P-
FBSM respectively needs the submodule number n openedDAnd nP。
When bridge arm current is more than 0, the small module of voltage should be preferentially put into.Whenn ON<2(P- 1) when, n is enabledD=n ON, nP=0；
When 2 (P-1)<n ON<2(P-1)+ N PWhen, enable nP= n ON-2(P-1), nD= 2(P-1)；Whenn ON>2(P-1)+ N PWhen, enable nP=N P, nD= n ON -N P。
When bridge arm current is less than 0, the big module of voltage should be preferentially put into.Whenn ON<2(N D+1- P) when, enable nD=n ON, nP
=0；When 2 (N D +1-P)<n ON<2(N D+1- P)+ N PWhen, enable nP= n ON-2(N D+1- P), nD=2(N D+1- P)；Whenn ON>2
(N D+1- P)+ N PWhen, enable nP=N P, nD= n ON- N P。
Step 3：In the submodule number n for obtaining D-HBSM and P-FBSM and respectively needing to openDAnd nPLater, valve section is carried out
Interior Pressure and Control determine and specifically need to open which submodule to export desired level number in each valve section.
For D-HBSM valve sections, carry out simplifying sequence, it willN DA capacitance voltage sequence.Whenn D≤N DWhen, enable each submodule
Two capacitance Parallel opertations+U CLevel, input voltage smaller capacitance when charging, input voltage larger capacitance when electric discharge；Whenn D>N DWhen, to meet level output, should make (n D-N D) a sub- block coupled in series output+2U CLevel, remaining for+U CLevel, when charging, answer
Make the submodule output+2 that voltage is smallerU CLevel, the submodule output+2 that when electric discharge should make voltage largerU CLevel.
For P-FBSM valve sections, dynamic allocation Pressure and Control, i.e. basis are takenn PMake capacitance sectional parallel to the maximum extent,
To optimize voltage equalizing.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the MMC topology diagrams of double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel；
Fig. 2 is double half-bridges（D-HBSM）MMC topology diagrams；
Fig. 3 is full-bridge in parallel（P-FBSM）MMC topology diagrams；
Fig. 4 is double half-bridges（D-HBSM）The current path schematic diagram of MMC topology submodule internal parallels；
Fig. 5 is the mixing intersegmental Pressure and Control flow chart of MMC valve；
Fig. 6 is Pressure and Control flow chart in mixing MMC valve section.
Specific implementation mode
For the principle that the present invention is further explained, double half-bridges that invention is related to are mixed with full-bridge in parallel below in conjunction with attached drawing
Submodule optimization pressure algorithm is described in detail.It is emphasized that following the description is only exemplary, rather than in order to
It limits the scope of the invention and its applies.
Fig. 1 is the MMC topology diagrams of double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel.A certain number of parallel connection full-bridge submodules and half
Bridge submodule bridge arm in series, these modules in operation can be according to the demands of system, under the instruction of Pressure and Control successively
It orderly input and cuts out, to the level of output needs while ensureing voltage equalizing.
Fig. 2 is double half-bridges（D-HBSM）MMC topology diagrams, in figure it can be seen that, two in conventional half-bridge are adjacent
Submodule splits into two row fanout operations, while the switching device of same position being made to keep identical on off operating mode at any time, still may be used
Original two switching tubes are considered as, but through-current capability becomes for twice before, the durability of system greatly promotes.
Fig. 3 is full-bridge in parallel（P-FBSM）MMC topology diagrams, in figure it can be seen that, by a son in conventional full bridge
Module splits into two row fanout operations, while the switching device of same position being made to keep identical on off operating mode at any time, still visually
To be an original switching tube, but through-current capability becomes for twice before, and the durability of system greatly promotes.
As shown in Figure 4, double half-bridge topologies can realize the parallel connection of two neighboring capacitance with two different current paths, this
Sample can be while ensureing externally one capacitance voltage of output, and two modules can also realize local pressure；From another angle
From the point of view of degree, if double half-bridge modules are considered as original two submodules, it is ensured that ensure to press through while output voltage
Journey, this has been obviously improved the effect pressed.
The specific implementation step that algorithm is pressed in the optimization involved by this paper is illustrated herein：
IfN PIt is 10,N DIt is 5, and at a certain moment,U PCome the 3rd of contact potential series：
Bridge arm current is more than 0：
Whenn ON<When 4, inputn ONA D-HBSM modules put into 0 P-FBSM module；
When 4<n ON<When 14,4 D-HBSM modules, input are put inton ON- 4 P-FBSM modules；
Whenn ON>When 14, inputn ON- 10 D-HBSM modules put into 10 P-FBSM modules.
Bridge arm current is less than 0：
Whenn ON<When 6, inputn ONA D-HBSM modules put into 0 P-FBSM module；
When 6<n ON<When 16,6 D-HBSM modules, input are put inton ON- 6 P-FBSM modules；
Whenn ON>When 16, inputn ON- 10 D-HBSM modules put into 10 P-FBSM modules.
Above section, which is that valve is intersegmental, presses, and Fig. 5, which is that valve is intersegmental, presses flow chart.
For D-HBSM valve sections, carry out simplifying sequence, it willN DA capacitance voltage sequence.Whenn D≤N DWhen, enable each submodule
Two capacitance Parallel opertations+U CLevel, input voltage smaller capacitance when charging, input voltage larger capacitance when electric discharge；Whenn D>N DWhen, to meet level output, should make (n D-N D) a sub- block coupled in series output+2U CLevel, remaining for+U CLevel, when charging, answer
Make the submodule output+2 that voltage is smallerU CLevel, the submodule output+2 that when electric discharge should make voltage largerU CLevel.
For P-FBSM valve sections, dynamic allocation Pressure and Control, i.e. basis are takenn PMake capacitance sectional parallel to the maximum extent,
To optimize voltage equalizing.
It is to be pressed in valve section above, Fig. 6, which is that valve is intersegmental, presses flow chart.
Claims (5)
1. a kind of MMC submodules based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel optimize method for equalizing voltage, which is characterized in that according to novel
Mixed topology and tradition MMC topologys difference, traditional global formula sequence pressure is changed to sequence pressure and is mutually tied with from pressing
Close it is novel press mode, while the characteristics of according to mixed topology, pressure equalizing being decomposed into the intersegmental pressure of valve and valve section
Pressure；On the one hand this novel pressure strategy reduces the computation complexity of control system, on the other hand also as far as possible adequately
System is utilized presses characteristic certainly, while ensure that good voltage equalizing；This approach includes the following steps：
Step 1：Voltage modulated wave is generated by system-level control, is further processed to obtain bridge arm voltage reference wave, through nearest level
It forces modulation to obtain bridge arm level number command value, is set asn ON；
Step 2：The intersegmental Pressure and Control of valve are carried out first：In each sequence period, will ownU Di WithU PSequence obtains from small to large
One contact potential series, willU PPrecedence be set asP；It will at each momentn ONWithPAndN PIt is compared, obtains D-HBSM and P-
FBSM respectively needs the submodule number n openedDAnd nP；When distribution sub module number, it is considered as bridge arm current direction, electric current side
To low-voltage module is preferentially put into for canonical, current direction is negative then preferential input high-voltage module；
Step 3：In the submodule number n for obtaining D-HBSM and P-FBSM and respectively needing to openDAnd nPLater, it carries out in valve section
Voltage-controlled system determines and specifically needs to open which submodule to export desired level number in each valve section.
2. a kind of optimization side of pressure of MMC submodules based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel according to claim 1
Method, it is characterised in that：The pressure equalizing designed in the invention, which is divided into valve intersegmental pressure and valve section, presses, and is ensureing voltage equalizing
While be adequately utilized system from pressing characteristic, to reduce the operand of equal pressure sequence, it is complicated to reduce pressure algorithm
Degree.
3. a kind of optimization side of pressure of MMC submodules based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel according to claim 1
Method, it is characterised in that：Steps 1 and 2 and 3 be the present invention an entire content, three steps are all linked with one another, indivisible, and
Have and corresponding executes sequence.
4. a kind of optimization side of pressure of MMC submodules based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel according to claim 1
Method, it is characterised in that：Double half-bridge modules are while lifting system through-current capability, additionally it is possible to reduce switching device quantity, save
Production cost；Full-bridge modules in parallel by bridge arm current by by switching device parallel connection, distributing to multiple submodule so that system
Through-current capability is promoted, while bridge arm equivalent resistance can be made to reach minimum, thereby reduces the on-state loss of system.
5. a kind of capacitance voltage of MMC submodules based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel according to claim 1 is flat
Weighing apparatus method, it is characterised in that：The invention can not only directly apply to flexible DC power transmission neck by multi-level voltage source current converter
Domain can also pass through static synchronous compensator（STATCOM）, THE UPFC（UPFC）Equal devices are applied to flexible AC
Field of power transmission：Brief introduction is using the other application occasion of the inventive method and thought within interest field.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810104338.XA CN108429477B (en) | 2018-02-02 | 2018-02-02 | MMC submodule optimized voltage-sharing method based on mixing of double half bridges and parallel full bridges |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810104338.XA CN108429477B (en) | 2018-02-02 | 2018-02-02 | MMC submodule optimized voltage-sharing method based on mixing of double half bridges and parallel full bridges |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CN108429477A true CN108429477A (en) | 2018-08-21 |
| CN108429477B CN108429477B (en) | 2020-12-11 |
Family
ID=63156385
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN201810104338.XA Active CN108429477B (en) | 2018-02-02 | 2018-02-02 | MMC submodule optimized voltage-sharing method based on mixing of double half bridges and parallel full bridges |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CN (1) | CN108429477B (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109256964A (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-01-22 | 中国矿业大学 | A kind of MMC model predictive control method of half-bridge and the mixing of full-bridge submodule |
| CN113794393A (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-12-14 | 山东理工大学 | Hybrid MMC device loss optimization method based on module decoupling control |
| CN115864879A (en) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-03-28 | 山东大学 | Submodule grouping and sequencing method and system for hybrid MMC (Modular multilevel converter) |
| WO2024002978A1 (en) * | 2022-07-01 | 2024-01-04 | Hitachi Energy Ltd | A power converter system with a submodule including a hydrogen electrolyser unit or a fuel cell |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130272045A1 (en) * | 2011-11-04 | 2013-10-17 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Voltage source converter (vsc) with neutral-point-clamped (npc) topology and method for operating such voltage source converter |
| CN103633871A (en) * | 2013-11-20 | 2014-03-12 | 华南理工大学 | Full-bridge module and half-bridge module-based mixed multi-level converter and control method thereof |
| CN103956925A (en) * | 2014-04-28 | 2014-07-30 | 浙江大学 | Hybrid MMC capacitor voltage balance control method |
| CN105897019A (en) * | 2016-05-26 | 2016-08-24 | 华北电力大学 | Equality constraint based modular multilevel converter (MMC) automatic voltage sharing topology |
| CN106849696A (en) * | 2017-02-03 | 2017-06-13 | 许继集团有限公司 | One kind mixing Shuangzi module MMC pressure equalizing control methods and device |
-
2018
- 2018-02-02 CN CN201810104338.XA patent/CN108429477B/en active Active
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130272045A1 (en) * | 2011-11-04 | 2013-10-17 | Alstom Technology Ltd | Voltage source converter (vsc) with neutral-point-clamped (npc) topology and method for operating such voltage source converter |
| CN103633871A (en) * | 2013-11-20 | 2014-03-12 | 华南理工大学 | Full-bridge module and half-bridge module-based mixed multi-level converter and control method thereof |
| CN103956925A (en) * | 2014-04-28 | 2014-07-30 | 浙江大学 | Hybrid MMC capacitor voltage balance control method |
| CN105897019A (en) * | 2016-05-26 | 2016-08-24 | 华北电力大学 | Equality constraint based modular multilevel converter (MMC) automatic voltage sharing topology |
| CN106849696A (en) * | 2017-02-03 | 2017-06-13 | 许继集团有限公司 | One kind mixing Shuangzi module MMC pressure equalizing control methods and device |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109256964A (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2019-01-22 | 中国矿业大学 | A kind of MMC model predictive control method of half-bridge and the mixing of full-bridge submodule |
| CN109256964B (en) * | 2018-10-15 | 2020-05-15 | 中国矿业大学 | MMC model prediction control method for mixing half-bridge submodule and full-bridge submodule |
| CN113794393A (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2021-12-14 | 山东理工大学 | Hybrid MMC device loss optimization method based on module decoupling control |
| CN113794393B (en) * | 2021-09-08 | 2023-09-29 | 山东理工大学 | Hybrid MMC device loss optimization method based on module decoupling control |
| WO2024002978A1 (en) * | 2022-07-01 | 2024-01-04 | Hitachi Energy Ltd | A power converter system with a submodule including a hydrogen electrolyser unit or a fuel cell |
| CN115864879A (en) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-03-28 | 山东大学 | Submodule grouping and sequencing method and system for hybrid MMC (Modular multilevel converter) |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN108429477B (en) | 2020-12-11 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CN108429477A (en) | A kind of MMC submodules optimization method for equalizing voltage based on double half-bridges and full-bridge mixing in parallel | |
| CN102832841B (en) | Modularized multi-level converter with auxiliary diode | |
| CN101707443B (en) | Novel electric power electric transformer | |
| CN106787883B (en) | The pressure modulator approach approached based on nearest level and press modulating device | |
| CN107834868A (en) | A kind of capacitor voltage balance method of the MMC submodules mixed based on double half-bridges and full-bridge in parallel | |
| CN1910809A (en) | Power conversion apparatus and methods using DC bus shifting | |
| CN102739100A (en) | Three-level three-phase four-bridge arm converter | |
| CN102005957A (en) | Single-power supply cascade multi-level converter | |
| CN105576982A (en) | Non-isolated DC transformer | |
| CN108566108A (en) | A kind of nine electrical level inverter of two-stage type based on bridge type multi-electrical level switching capacity module | |
| CN103178730B (en) | A kind of high-power paralleling switch power circuit realizing being in harmonious proportion current-sharing | |
| CN105958856A (en) | Novel hybrid MMC topology with capabilities of direct current fault removing and partial automatic voltage sharing | |
| CN104852601A (en) | Cascaded multi-level power electronic transformer based on DSP (Digital Signal Processor)/FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) cooperative control | |
| CN103715930A (en) | Method for increasing capacity of flexible direct-current power transmission system and apparatus thereof | |
| CN107800298A (en) | Modular solid-state transformer and its control method based on distributed high frequency conversion | |
| CN110048629A (en) | A kind of single input switching capacity multi-electrical level inverter and its modulator approach | |
| CN101534062B (en) | Improved dual voltage control method and device thereof for matrix converters | |
| CN108631628B (en) | Capacitor voltage balance control method for H-bridge cascade rectifier | |
| CN107565841A (en) | A kind of clamper cascade frequency multiplication multi-level power converter and its control method | |
| CN104935175B (en) | The Level modulation scheme of improvement two of isolated form modular multilevel DC converter | |
| CN201403050Y (en) | Matrix converter control device based on improved dual-voltage control | |
| CN107276442A (en) | Suitable for the modulator approach of active neutral point clamp Five-level converter | |
| CN108631633A (en) | A kind of mixing capacitance voltage type Shuangzi block coupled in series topological structure based on MMC | |
| CN106208396B (en) | A kind of distributing hybrid energy-storing based on MMC topology and electric power compensation system | |
| Amankwah et al. | Cell capacitor voltage control in a parallel hybrid modular multilevel voltage source converter for HVDC applications |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| PB01 | Publication | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant | ||
| GR01 | Patent grant |