CN108409059A - A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit - Google Patents

A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN108409059A
CN108409059A CN201810421828.2A CN201810421828A CN108409059A CN 108409059 A CN108409059 A CN 108409059A CN 201810421828 A CN201810421828 A CN 201810421828A CN 108409059 A CN108409059 A CN 108409059A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
reaction zone
processing unit
micro cell
pharmaceutical wastewater
wastewater processing
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
CN201810421828.2A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Inventor
王磊
徐琪程
吴智仁
徐畅
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ATK Holdings Group Co Ltd
Original Assignee
ATK Holdings Group Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ATK Holdings Group Co Ltd filed Critical ATK Holdings Group Co Ltd
Priority to CN201810421828.2A priority Critical patent/CN108409059A/en
Publication of CN108409059A publication Critical patent/CN108409059A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F9/00Multistage treatment of water, waste water or sewage
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/46Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
    • C02F1/461Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
    • C02F1/46104Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
    • C02F1/46176Galvanic cells
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/52Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by flocculation or precipitation of suspended impurities
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F2001/007Processes including a sedimentation step
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2103/00Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
    • C02F2103/34Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32
    • C02F2103/343Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from industrial activities not provided for in groups C02F2103/12 - C02F2103/32 from the pharmaceutical industry, e.g. containing antibiotics
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F2301/00General aspects of water treatment
    • C02F2301/08Multistage treatments, e.g. repetition of the same process step under different conditions
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/02Aerobic processes
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02FTREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F3/00Biological treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F3/28Anaerobic digestion processes

Landscapes

  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing units, including sequentially connected pretreatment sedimentation basin, micro cell, anaerobic pond, aerobic tank and sedimentation basin, wherein the aerobic tank includes:L-type buffers entrance, and the L-type buffering entrance includes vertically disposed firstth area and the secondth area;Reaction zone, the reaction zone are arranged the top in secondth area and are arranged side by side with firstth area, and the top in secondth area is connected to setting with the reaction zone bottom;Second aerator, setting is in secondth area bottom, for carrying out Air Exposure to the reaction zone;Sludge bogey is arranged in the reaction zone, for fixing granule sludge.Realize that waste water is reacted with the full contact of granule sludge, compared with traditional upper entrance, waste water is enabled to adequately to be reacted with granule sludge, and since granule sludge is fixed in fixing device, though it is not easy under waste water flows into together under huge pumping force in one of settling zone.

Description

A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit
Technical field
The present invention relates to technical field of sewage, and in particular to a kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit.
Background technology
Pharmacy waste water has the characteristics that COD concentration is high, salinity is high, coloration is big, biodegradability is poor, and has certain biology Toxicity, intractability is very big, and the composite technology based on pretreatment+anaerobism+aerobic is generally used to handle it.In recent years Come, on the one hand being constantly progressive with Pharmaceutical Sciences technology, while a large amount of new drugs are developed production, generation has containing large amount of complex The ingredient of the pharmacy waste water of machine compound, pharmacy waste water is increasingly complicated, causes its intractability increasing;Another aspect people To preserving the ecological environment, the cry for reducing pollution is higher and higher, and country is also constantly promoting the work of industrial energy saving emission reduction, The emission request of pharmacy waste water is increasingly stringenter, and existing pharmacy wastewater treatment facility and its treatment process have been unable to meet industry Therefore emission reduction and the requirement of water pollutant control new standard, are strengthened and create pharmacy wastewater treatment system and to original pharmacy waste water The advanced treating of processing system water outlet is imperative.
When existing pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit carries out Aerobic Process for Treatment, there are sludge to accumulate in bottom, leads to the doctor on upper layer The bad problem of medicine water treatment effect, therefore be badly in need of finding a kind of device that can realize sewage uniform treatment.
In view of defect existing for above-mentioned existing pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit, the present inventor is based on being engaged in such product and setting Meter manufactures abundant for many years practical experience and professional knowledge, and coordinates the utilization of scientific principle, is actively subject to research and innovation, to found A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit makes it have more practicability.By constantly studying, designing, and through study repeatedly sample and After improvement, the present invention having practical value is created finally.
Invention content
It is a primary object of the present invention to, overcome defect existing for existing pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit, and provide a kind of Pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit can realize uniform treatment, thus more suitable for practicality, and with the utility value in industry.
The object of the invention to solve the technical problems is realized using following technical scheme.
A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit, including it is sequentially connected pretreatment sedimentation basin, micro cell, anaerobic pond, aerobic Pond and sedimentation basin, wherein the aerobic tank includes:
L-type buffers entrance, and the L-type buffering entrance includes vertically disposed firstth area and the secondth area;
Reaction zone, the reaction zone are arranged the top in secondth area and are arranged side by side with firstth area, secondth area Top be connected to setting with the reaction zone bottom;
Second aerator, setting is in secondth area bottom, for carrying out Air Exposure to the reaction zone;
Sludge bogey is arranged in the reaction zone, for fixing granule sludge.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, the sludge bogey includes that upper mounted plate, bottom plate and setting exist Hollow out cuboid fixing device between fixed plate, the bottom plate, the fixing device are internally provided with Grain sludge.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, the fixing device is arranged in parallel with multigroup.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, the reaction zone further include buffering upper layer, setting fixed plate with Between the top of the reaction zone.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, the pretreatment sedimentation basin is internally provided with activated carbon, described for adsorbing Solid impurity in pending pharmaceutical wastewater.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, the micro cell includes the first order micro cell and second being arranged in parallel Grade micro cell, wherein the first order micro cell respectively includes L-type entrance and light electrolysis with the second level micro cell Reaction zone, the overflow that the first order micro cell passes through first micro cell upper end with the second level micro cell Mouth is connected to the second level micro cell.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, the L-type entry bottom is provided with the first aerator.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, the microelectrolysis reaction zone is provided with micro-electrolysis material.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, the micro-electrolysis material is iron carbon alumina particles.
Using above-mentioned technical proposal, following technique effect can be realized:
1), aerobic tank using L-type buffering entrance and reaction zone setting, pending pharmaceutical wastewater can be directly drained to reaction zone Bottom, realize waste water react with the full contact of granule sludge, compared with traditional upper entrance, enable to waste water and Grain sludge adequately reacts, and since granule sludge is fixed in fixing device, is not easy under huge pumping force Though waste water flows into lower one of settling zone together;
2), two-stage micro cell setting, the micro-electrolysis reaction time can be effectively increased, in addition micro cell use deflector type, can It is effectively increased contact of the micro-electrolysis material with waste water, optimizes reaction process;
3), this is simple in structure, reasonable design, it can be achieved that pharmaceutical wastewater optimization processing.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is the structural schematic diagram of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit of the present invention;
Fig. 2 is the structural schematic diagram of aerobic tank in the present invention;
Wherein, 1- pre-processes sedimentation basin, 2- micro cells, 3- anaerobic ponds, 4- aerobic tanks, 41- L-types buffering entrance, 42- reactions Area, 43- sludge bogeys, 431- upper mounted plates, 432- bottom plates, 433- fixing devices, 44- buffer upper layer, 5- precipitations Pond, the second aerators of 6-, 7- micro-electrolysis materials, 8- granule sludges, 9- overflow ports.
Specific implementation mode
Further to illustrate the present invention to reach the technological means and effect that predetermined goal of the invention is taken, to foundation Its specific implementation mode of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit, feature and its effect proposed by the present invention are described in detail as after.
As shown in Figure 1, the invention discloses a kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit, including sequentially connected pretreatment sedimentation basin 1, micro cell 2, anaerobic pond 3, aerobic tank 4 and sedimentation basin 5, wherein as shown in Fig. 2, aerobic tank 4 includes:
L-type buffers entrance 41, and it includes vertically disposed firstth area and the secondth area that L-type, which buffers entrance 41, and the firstth area is for will be from entering The pending pharmaceutical wastewater that mouth flows into is drained to the bottom in the secondth area, compared with traditional directly remittance, when can prevent big flow, The huge impact force of waste water forms enormous impact to internal sludge, in addition can avoid the waste water of top entrance not in contact with internal particle Sludge 8, and preferable treatment effect is not achieved;
Reaction zone 42, reaction zone 42 be arranged the secondth area top and with the firstth area be arranged side by side, the top in the secondth area with react The connection setting of 42 bottom of area;
Second aerator 6, setting is in the second area bottom, for carrying out Air Exposure to reaction zone 42;
Sludge bogey 43 is arranged in reaction zone 42, for fixing granule sludge 8, specifically, granule sludge 8 uses river Granule sludge 8 prepared by Co., Ltd of Su Aiteke Environmental Engineering Designs research institute, granule sludge 8 and pending pharmaceutical wastewater into Row reaction, to effectively reduce internal organic matter etc..
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, sludge bogey 43 includes upper mounted plate 431, bottom plate 432 and sets Set the hollow out cuboid fixing device 433 between upper mounted plate 431, bottom plate 432,433 inside setting of fixing device There is granule sludge 8, specifically, fixing device 433 is fixed on by upper mounted plate 431 and bottom plate 432 in reaction zone 42, uses It is hollow type in placing the fixing device 433 of granule sludge 8, the contact area of sludge and pending waste water can be increased, optimization is anti- Effect is answered, in addition can prevent granule sludge 8 from flowing into next road treatment process with waste water.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, fixing device 433 is arranged in parallel with multigroup, it is preferred that fixing device 433 Width is the 1/15-1/10 of its height, and width is larger, and internal particle sludge 8 can not come into full contact with waste water, and width is smaller, The adhesion amount of grain sludge 8 is small, cannot achieve preferable treatment effect.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, reaction zone 42 further includes buffering upper layer 44, and setting is in upper mounted plate 431 and instead Between the top for answering area 42, the setting on buffering upper layer 44 can be prevented when entering next process, and huge pumping force will react 42 endoparticle sludge 8 of area is adsorbed onto sedimentation basin 5.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, pretreatment sedimentation basin 1 is internally provided with activated carbon, for adsorbing pending doctor Solid impurity in medicine waste water.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, micro cell 2 includes the first order micro cell being arranged in parallel and the second level Micro cell, wherein first order micro cell and second level micro cell respectively include L-type entrance and microelectrolysis reaction zone, and first Grade micro cell is connected by the overflow port 9 of the first micro cell upper end with second level micro cell with second level micro cell Logical, specifically, L-type entrance includes vertically disposed firstth area and the secondth area, microelectrolysis reaction zone is arranged on the second region, and logical It crosses the second area top and is connected to connection with microelectrolysis reaction zone bottom junctions, the waste water that the entrance opened up from the firstth area top enters By the secondth area and microelectrolysis reaction zone is eventually entered under the drainage in the firstth area, from overflow port 9 at the top of the first collection micro cell The waste water of outflow enters the firstth area of second level micro cell, and then enters the microelectrolysis reaction zone of second level micro cell, from And realize micro-electrolysis reaction, the Full connected of waste water and micro-electrolysis material 7 can be achieved in deflector type design, realizes adequately reaction.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, L-type entry bottom is provided with the first aerator, the setting of the first aerator The second area bottom in the second area bottom of first order micro cell and second level micro cell.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, microelectrolysis reaction zone is provided with micro-electrolysis material 7.
As a kind of perferred technical scheme, micro-electrolysis material 7 is iron carbon alumina particles.
The above described is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, be not intended to limit the present invention in any form, though So the present invention has been disclosed as a preferred embodiment, and however, it is not intended to limit the invention, any technology people for being familiar with this profession Member, without departing from the scope of the present invention, when the technology contents using the disclosure above make a little change or modification For the equivalent embodiment of equivalent variations, as long as being the content without departing from technical solution of the present invention, according to the technical essence of the invention To any simple modification, equivalent change and modification made by above example, in the range of still falling within technical solution of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. a kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit, which is characterized in that including sequentially connected pretreatment sedimentation basin(1), micro cell (2), anaerobic pond(3), aerobic tank(4)And sedimentation basin(5), wherein the aerobic tank(4)Including:
L-type buffers entrance(41), the L-type buffering entrance(41)Including vertically disposed firstth area and the secondth area;
Reaction zone(42), the reaction zone(42)Top in secondth area is set and is arranged side by side with firstth area, institute State the top in the secondth area and the reaction zone(42)Bottom connection setting;
Second aerator(6), setting is in secondth area bottom, for the reaction zone(42)Carry out Air Exposure;
Sludge bogey(43), it is arranged in the reaction zone(42)It is interior, for fixing granule sludge(8).
2. pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the sludge bogey(43)Including Upper mounted plate(431), bottom plate(432)With setting in fixed plate(431), the bottom plate(432)Between Hollow out cuboid fixing device(433), the fixing device(433)It is internally provided with granule sludge(8).
3. pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the fixing device(433)It is parallel to set It is equipped with multigroup.
4. pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit according to claim 2, which is characterized in that the reaction zone(42)It further include buffering Upper layer(44), it is arranged in fixed plate(431)With the reaction zone(42)Top between.
5. pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the pretreatment sedimentation basin(1)It is internal It is provided with activated carbon, for adsorbing the solid impurity in pending pharmaceutical wastewater.
6. pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the micro cell(2)Including parallel connection The first order micro cell and second level micro cell of setting, wherein the first order micro cell and the second level light electrolysis Pond respectively includes L-type entrance and microelectrolysis reaction zone, and the first order micro cell passes through institute with the second level micro cell State the overflow port of the first micro cell upper end(9)It is connected to the second level micro cell.
7. pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the L-type entry bottom is provided with One aerator.
8. pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit according to claim 6, which is characterized in that the microelectrolysis reaction zone is provided with micro- Electrolysis material(7).
9. pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit according to claim 8, which is characterized in that the micro-electrolysis material(7)For iron carbon Alumina particles.
CN201810421828.2A 2018-05-04 2018-05-04 A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit Pending CN108409059A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810421828.2A CN108409059A (en) 2018-05-04 2018-05-04 A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201810421828.2A CN108409059A (en) 2018-05-04 2018-05-04 A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN108409059A true CN108409059A (en) 2018-08-17

Family

ID=63137736

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201810421828.2A Pending CN108409059A (en) 2018-05-04 2018-05-04 A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN108409059A (en)

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102775027A (en) * 2012-08-15 2012-11-14 北京城市排水集团有限责任公司 Granular sludge integrated autotrophic nitrogen removal device and operating method thereof
KR20150044301A (en) * 2013-10-16 2015-04-24 명지대학교 산학협력단 Apparatus for treating landfill leachate using aerobic granular sludge and treatment method using thereof
CN104876330A (en) * 2015-05-15 2015-09-02 中国科学院城市环境研究所 Aerobic granular sludge system construction and operation method for treating culture biogas slurry
CN105129975A (en) * 2015-09-09 2015-12-09 浙江省城乡规划设计研究院 Built-in screen type aerobic granular sludge reactor and sewage treatment method thereof
CN105541054A (en) * 2016-02-26 2016-05-04 北京中科国益环保工程有限公司 Dealcoholized Fischer-Tropsch synthesis water treatment system and method for treating wastewater by using same
CN107010699A (en) * 2017-05-27 2017-08-04 江苏艾特克环境工程设计研究院有限公司 The pre-micro-electrolysis disposal technique and its device of a kind of dyeing waste water
CN208454745U (en) * 2018-05-04 2019-02-01 艾特克控股集团股份有限公司 A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN102775027A (en) * 2012-08-15 2012-11-14 北京城市排水集团有限责任公司 Granular sludge integrated autotrophic nitrogen removal device and operating method thereof
KR20150044301A (en) * 2013-10-16 2015-04-24 명지대학교 산학협력단 Apparatus for treating landfill leachate using aerobic granular sludge and treatment method using thereof
CN104876330A (en) * 2015-05-15 2015-09-02 中国科学院城市环境研究所 Aerobic granular sludge system construction and operation method for treating culture biogas slurry
CN105129975A (en) * 2015-09-09 2015-12-09 浙江省城乡规划设计研究院 Built-in screen type aerobic granular sludge reactor and sewage treatment method thereof
CN105541054A (en) * 2016-02-26 2016-05-04 北京中科国益环保工程有限公司 Dealcoholized Fischer-Tropsch synthesis water treatment system and method for treating wastewater by using same
CN107010699A (en) * 2017-05-27 2017-08-04 江苏艾特克环境工程设计研究院有限公司 The pre-micro-electrolysis disposal technique and its device of a kind of dyeing waste water
CN208454745U (en) * 2018-05-04 2019-02-01 艾特克控股集团股份有限公司 A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
李旭东等, 机械工业出版社 *

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN101591123A (en) A kind of printing and dyeing wastewater treatment system
CN102101742A (en) Method for treating organic wastewater containing high-concentration ammonia nitrogen
CN203866098U (en) High-efficiency anaerobic and aerobic integrated reactor
CN101318735A (en) Sewage water denitrification processing method of artificial rapid infiltration system and application thereof
CN106630150B (en) Drop oxygen-enriched oxygen sludge bed process and its wastewater treatment method of declining
CN105948381A (en) Environment-friendly sewage treatment equipment
CN103936230B (en) The sewage water treatment method that a kind of activated sludge process and biological contact oxidation process combine
CN102180560A (en) Device and method for continuously and biologically treating urban sewage
CN108249691B (en) Integrated low-energy-consumption distributed village and town domestic sewage treatment system
CN109399870A (en) A kind of integration Short-range efficient sewage-treatment plant and method for treating water
CN204022621U (en) Municipal wastewater treatment system
CN203200074U (en) Sludge self-circulation dispersion sewage treatment device applicable to sewage reuse and direct discharge water body
CN203112655U (en) Dispersive MBR (Membrane Bioreactor) water neutralizer
CN103951143A (en) Constant water level membrane biological reaction system and method for removing pollutants in sewage by utilizing same
CN203976581U (en) The former enhanced water pretreatment unit in a kind of micro-polluted drinking water water source
CN103193321A (en) Sludge self-circulation dispersed sewage treatment device applicable to directly-discharged water body and method thereof
CN208649042U (en) Sewage treatment unit
CN208454745U (en) A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit
CN205011585U (en) Novel municipal sewage treatment system
CN218931874U (en) Full-quantity treatment equipment for leachate of garbage transfer station
CN108409059A (en) A kind of pharmaceutical wastewater processing unit
CN207760198U (en) A kind of sewage disposal system
CN103193314B (en) Sludge self-circulation dispersed sewage treatment device applicable to sewage reuse and method thereof
CN105819617A (en) Biological thickening treatment method and biological thickening device for high-salt organic chemical waste water
CN211813678U (en) Mud-water separator

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication

Application publication date: 20180817

RJ01 Rejection of invention patent application after publication