CN108396786A - A kind of isolation mounting - Google Patents
A kind of isolation mounting Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108396786A CN108396786A CN201810440102.3A CN201810440102A CN108396786A CN 108396786 A CN108396786 A CN 108396786A CN 201810440102 A CN201810440102 A CN 201810440102A CN 108396786 A CN108396786 A CN 108396786A
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- China
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- connecting plate
- support part
- cylindrical support
- upper junction
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Links
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 63
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008485 antagonism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003139 buffering effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009510 drug design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001821 foam rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N novaluron Chemical compound C1=C(Cl)C(OC(F)(F)C(OC(F)(F)F)F)=CC=C1NC(=O)NC(=O)C1=C(F)C=CC=C1F NJPPVKZQTLUDBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013618 particulate matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
- E02D31/08—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution against transmission of vibrations or movements in the foundation soil
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Paleontology (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Vibration Prevention Devices (AREA)
- Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of isolation mountings, including upper junction plate (1);Lower connecting plate (2);Subtract vibration isolation matable assembly (3), the vibration isolation matable assembly (3) that subtracts is arranged between upper junction plate (1) and lower connecting plate (2);The vibration isolation matable assembly (3) that subtracts includes middle connecting plate (31), and the middle connecting plate (31) is connected with upper junction plate (1) sealing and is formed with cavity (10) between upper junction plate (1);And the cylindrical support part (32) of inner hollow, the cylindrical support part (32) are vertically arranged to described subtract in vibration isolation matable assembly (3);Wherein, the open end of the cylindrical support part (32) is connected to cavity (10), to make the inside of cylindrical support part be penetrated through with cavity (10);The inside of the cavity (10) and cylindrical support part (32), which is filled, sets compressed gas.Compared with the existing technology, isolation mounting of the invention has good vibration isolating effect.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to building engineering field, more particularly to a kind of isolation mounting.
Background technology
Transport facility, such as subway, high ferro also bring a series of shake while being brought convenience to people's life
Dynamic problem.In the process of running such as subway, high ferro, it can make soil layer that multi-dimensional environment vibration, the Vibration propagation to adjacent tracks occur
After the buildings such as station, industrial premises, the civil buildings of traffic, the normal use of indoor comfort degree and precision instrument can be influenced, is made
It obtains building structure and fatigue damage occurs, influence the safety of building.
To solve the above-mentioned problems, a variety of vibration damping and vibration isolation measures are currently suggested, as floating plate novel track, barrier,
Building foundation vibration isolation etc..Wherein, floating plate novel track exists and involves great expense, and can influence asking for train normal operation when construction
Topic;Ground barrier need to occupy large amount of land resources, and be unfavorable for promoting in the numerous city of underground piping;Building foundation vibration isolation is arranged
It is minimum to apply cost, and after rational design, can also meet the shock insulation demand under geological process simultaneously, therefore the scope of application is most
Extensively, promotional value highest.
But existing basis isolation mounting in order to take into account vertical vibration isolation and horizontal direction shock insulation function simultaneously, usually by lead for retractable pencil rubber
Glue shock isolating pedestal does simple superposition with steel spring or bellows type air spring, and infrastructure is used for after assembling.Though this kind of simple superposition
Three-dimensional vibration isolation functional requirement can be met, but the rigidity for resisting rotational deformation is relatively low, not have limit function, bearing tensile capacity
It is insufficient, it means that the tilting moment of superstructure can make the security and stability outstanding problem of bearing when big shake.Meanwhile bearing
The depth-width ratio being significantly increased can make it be easy to rolling of toppling under big shake effect, in turn result in superstructure and integrally topple
Collapse.In addition, the vertical compression bearing capacity ratio of steel spring or bellows type air spring is weaker, wherein bellows type air spring is only up to number
Hundred kPas, it is difficult to meet vertical bearing capacity demand of China's overwhelming majority building to vibration isolating suspension.
Invention content
In view of the above problems, there are good isolation characteristics the purpose of the present invention is to provide one kind and can uniformly carries
The isolation mounting of building total weight.
To achieve the goals above, the technical solution adopted by the present invention is:A kind of isolation mounting, including:
Upper junction plate;
Lower connecting plate;
Subtract vibration isolation matable assembly, is arranged between upper junction plate and lower connecting plate;
It is characterized in that:
The vibration isolation matable assembly that subtracts includes middle connecting plate, the sealing of the middle connecting plate and upper junction plate be connected and with upper company
Cavity is formed between fishplate bar;And
The cylindrical support part of inner hollow, the cylindrical support part are vertically arranged to described subtract in vibration isolation matable assembly;
Wherein, the open end of the cylindrical support part is connected to cavity, to make the inside of cylindrical support part be passed through with cavity
It is logical;
The inside of the cavity and cylindrical support part, which is filled, sets compressed gas.
In order to reduce the pressure of compressed gas carrying, increases energy consumption damping when compressed gas circulation, single unit system is made to have
There is better buffer shock-absorbing effect, as an improvement, the inside of the cavity and cylindrical support part is filled with blown rubber plate or bullet
Property particulate matter.Blown rubber plate or elastic granule object have good vertical and lateral rigidity, in the cavity filling-foam rubber
Plate or elastic granule object, while it being filled with compressed gas, it can realize by the total weight of the two shared upper building, reduce pressure
The pressure that contracting gas is born, vertical rigidity discreteness is larger etc. no when overcoming blown rubber plate or the independent vibration isolation of elastic granule object
Foot, make isolation mounting have low vertical rigidity characteristic while, have higher vertical bearing capacity, it is ensured that isolation mounting it is vertical
Rigidity reaches careful design value;And blown rubber plate or elastic granule object can be cylindrical support part jointly with internal compressed gas
Lateral restriction is provided, prevents it from causing to damage because of adaptability to changes concentration.
For the ease of being filled with for compressed gas, the upper junction plate is equipped with high-pressure aerated hole;Shape is corresponded in the cavity
At the inflation buffer chamber being connected with high-pressure aerated hole.
Preferably, the cylindrical support part has multiple, is evenly spaced on and subtracts in vibration isolation matable assembly in described.Setting
Multiple tubulars can make blown rubber plate and compressed gas in cylinder uniformly carry the total weight of upper building, to avoid
Single cylindrical support part is kept away simultaneously because carrying the problem of damaging device due to overweight or more carrying is uneven to cause adaptability to changes to be concentrated
Exempt to lead to differential settlement because of discontinuity.
Preferably, cylindrical support part top passes through middle connecting plate, and the open end of cylindrical support part and middle connection
Plate upper side flushes, with high-intensity sealing glue connection.
Preferably, the vibration isolation matable assembly that subtracts further includes horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension;The cylindrical support part is set to institute
It states in horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension, the damping of the energy consumption needed for horizontal direction vibration damping is provided for it.
Preferably, the horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension includes the upper sealing plate being connected with middle connecting plate, is connected with lower connecting plate
Lower sealing plate, and the buffer board component between upper sealing plate and lower sealing plate;The buffer board component is by sheet rubber and steel of putting more energy into
Plate is stacked alternately to be formed successively, to improve the elastic property of elastic support.
Preferably, the blown rubber plate is an integral slab of inner void connection, and the elastic granule object is foaming
Rubber, the cylindrical support part are lead.
Sealing is slidably connected between the upper junction plate and middle connecting plate, to enable on the relatively middle connecting plate of upper junction plate
Lower movement, and then change cavity size;
The middle connecting plate is assembled with the connecting portion of upper junction plate using chimeric mode, and can be in upper junction plate and middle company
When fishplate bar is used towards opposite direction mutually, interaction force is formed between the two, is detached to prevent the two, whole device is made to have
Anti-pulling function.
Preferably, the upper junction plate is connected by bolt with building structure disposed thereon;The lower connecting plate with build
Object basic part is built to be connected.
Compared with the prior art, the advantages of the present invention are as follows:(1) existing lead for retractable pencil is substituted for and is uniformly distributed in bearing week
Side and hollow cylindrical support part, only vertical vibration isolation does not provide required space, and does not change needed for horizontal direction vibration damping
Energy consumption damping;(2) connecting plate in being arranged between being vertically connected with plate, middle connecting plate are connected to form cavity, chamber with upper junction plate sealing
It is connected to inside body and cylindrical support part, reduces the height needed for cavity, and then reduce the depth-width ratio of isolation mounting, contribute to
Keep stability;(3) inside of cavity and cylindrical support part, which is filled, sets compressed gas, since the rigidity of compressed gas hardens spy
Property, internal gas pressure can be adjusted flexibly, the vertical rigidity of bearing is made to increase with top-out construction weight and increase, contribute to
Reduce differential settlement deformation.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is a kind of example structure schematic diagram of isolation mounting of the present invention.
Specific implementation mode
The embodiment of the present invention is described below in detail, examples of the embodiments are shown in the accompanying drawings, wherein from beginning to end
Same or similar label indicates same or similar element or element with the same or similar functions.Below with reference to attached
The embodiment of figure description is exemplary, and is only used for explaining the present invention, and is not considered as limiting the invention.
Fig. 1 shows a kind of isolation mounting of the application, the isolation mounting include upper junction plate 1, lower connecting plate 2 and
Subtract vibration isolation matable assembly 3.
The vibration isolation matable assembly 3 that subtracts is between upper junction plate 1 and lower connecting plate 2, wherein described subtract vibration isolation matable assembly 3
Including middle connecting plate 31 and cylindrical support part, the middle connecting plate 31 is connected to form cavity 10, institute with the sealing of the upper junction plate 1
State cylindrical support part 32 be configured to be vertically arranged to it is described subtract in vibration isolation matable assembly 3, and the cylindrical support part 32
Open end is connected to middle connecting plate 31.
Specific to the present embodiment, the cylindrical support part 32 is lead, and the open end of lead passes through middle connecting plate 31, and with
The upper side of middle connecting plate 31 flushes, the cavity 10 and setting blown rubber plate 33 in lead 32, while filling and setting compressed gas
To provide vertical vibration damping and vibration isolation function, the quantity of lead 32 has multiple in the present embodiment, is uniformly distributed in and subtracts vibration isolation cooperation
In component 3.
Above-mentioned isolation mounting has vertical Low rigidity and high damping characteristic, and with the increased rigidity of upper building weight
Hardening characteristics, it means that when building structure weight disposed thereon increases, isolation mounting rigidity is consequently increased.Vibration isolation fills
It sets vertical Low rigidity characteristic and is well positioned to meet vertical vibration isolation demand needed for the traffic environment vibrations such as high ferro, subway, high pressure is empty
The rigidity hardening characteristics of gas contribute to reduce upper building distribution of weight it is uneven when, caused by uneven subsidence, and
These features are that steel spring does function not available when vertical vibration isolation.
Previous lead for retractable pencil is substituted for lead, and compressed gas is made to be filled in lead, pressure-air and cavity 10, lead can be made
Cylinder 32 cleverly merges, and provides damping for horizontal direction while lead being made to be uniformly distributed in vibration isolating suspension periphery so that lead
Interior pressure-air can uniformly carry the weight of upper building.
As the improvement of the application, as shown in Figure 1, cavity 10 is inner void with the blown rubber plate 33 inside lead 32
One integral slab of connection, the hole-opening foaming rubber slab 33 carry out vertical vibration isolation with compressed gas cooperation.
On the one hand, the air spring that cavity, the compressed gas inside lead are formed is that vibration isolation fills jointly with blown rubber plate
Offer vertical bearing capacity is provided.By carrying jointly, helps to reduce the pressure needed for compressed gas, improve the vertical carrying of bearing
Power.On the other hand, when compressed gas shuttles in the hole of blown rubber plate, friction energy-dissipating mechanism can be also generated, to increase
The damping of air spring promotes the vertical effectiveness in vibration suppression of isolation mounting.Meanwhile blown rubber plate and pressure-air collective effect energy
Sidewise restraint is provided for lead, contributing to when shaking greatly keeps the horizontal direction of lead shear-deformable homogenizes along short transverse, is unlikely to
Cause lead to be broken because of the stress concentration of individual sites, detracts isolation mounting vibration isolating effect.
Preferably, the upper junction plate 1 is equipped with high-pressure aerated hole 11, be correspondingly formed in the cavity 10 with it is high-pressure aerated
The inflation buffer chamber 101 that hole 11 is connected facilitates being filled with for compressed gas by high-pressure aerated hole 11.
In the present embodiment, the shock insulation matable assembly 3 that subtracts includes horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension 34, and the lead 32 is constructed
At being set in the horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension 34.Specifically, the horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension 34 has and 3 phase of middle connecting plate
Upper sealing plate 341 even, the lower sealing plate 342 being connected with lower connecting plate 2, and the buffering between upper sealing plate 341 and lower sealing plate 342
Board group part 343, as shown in Figure 1, the buffer board component 343 is configured to be handed over successively by sheet rubber 343A and stiffened steel plates 343B
It to be formed for stacking.Stiffened steel plates 343B and sheet rubber 343A provides the elasticity needed for shock insulation for device.
With continued reference to Fig. 1, in the present embodiment, the middle connecting plate 31 is close by sealing rubber ring 35 and upper junction plate 1
Envelope is connected, as shown, connecting plate 31 is horizontal cross plate in this, upper junction plate 1 is connected by horizontal connecting plate, with horizontal connecting plate
Vertical connecting plate and the level board of the vertical connecting plate of connection formed, the side of middle connecting plate 31 is nested in upper junction plate 1
In the region be enclosed by level board and vertical connecting plate, which is located at middle connecting plate 31 and upper junction plate 1
Connecting portion at, shape is consistent with the section of the connecting portion.Middle connecting plate is designed with upper junction plate using this kind of mode,
Can be when middle connecting plate and upper junction plate carry out opposite direction movement, level board can generate interaction force with middle connecting plate,
Antagonism is formed, and then middle connecting plate is prevented to be detached from upper junction plate, so that device has the function of anti-pulling.
It should be noted that middle connecting plate 31 can also use other connection types, sealing rubber ring with upper junction plate 1
35 can also use other shapes, and if upper junction plate 1 is in horizontal cross plate shape, middle connecting plate 31 is bending, sealing rubber ring 35
It is folded between upper junction plate 1 and the level board of middle connecting plate 31, is in simplest strip.Upper junction plate 1 is entrenched in middle connecting plate
In the region that 31 bending is enclosed, it is same in the bending part of connecting plate 31 upper junction plate 1 can be prevented from wherein falling off,
Anti-pulling function is provided for device.
The upper junction plate 1 is connected (not shown) by bolt with building structure disposed thereon, the lower connection
Plate 2 is configured to the (not shown) that is connected with building basic part.Certainly, can also be used other modes make isolation mounting with
Ground and building etc. are connected.
Above-mentioned blown rubber plate 33 can also be substituted by elastic granule object, i.e., by elastic granule object, such as blown rubber particle
It is uniformly filled in cavity 10, inside lead 32, can equally reach the object of the invention.
Present invention can apply to the vertical vibration isolation of the high speeds communications and transportation adjacent building such as subway, high ferro and horizontal direction vibration isolation fields
It closes.Other are to the higher place of damping requirements, it may have application prospect.
Other than above-mentioned improvement, other similar improvement are also contained in the improvement threshold of the present invention, are not just existed herein
It repeats.Although an embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that:The present invention is not being departed from
Principle and objective in the case of can to these embodiments carry out it is a variety of variation, modification, replace and deformation, the scope of the present invention
It is limited by claim and its equivalent.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of isolation mounting, including:
Upper junction plate (1);
Lower connecting plate (2);
Subtract vibration isolation matable assembly (3), is arranged between upper junction plate (1) and lower connecting plate (2);
It is characterized in that:
The vibration isolation matable assembly (3) that subtracts includes
Middle connecting plate (31), the middle connecting plate (31) are connected with upper junction plate (1) sealing and are formed between upper junction plate (1)
Cavity (10);And
The cylindrical support part (32) of inner hollow, the cylindrical support part (32) are vertically arranged to described subtract vibration isolation matable assembly
(3) in;
Wherein, the open end of the cylindrical support part (32) is connected to cavity (10), to make inside and the chamber of cylindrical support part
Body (10) penetrates through;The inside of the cavity (10) and cylindrical support part (32), which is filled, is equipped with compressed gas.
2. isolation mounting according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The inside of the cavity (10) and cylindrical support part (32) is also filled with hole-opening foaming rubber slab or elastic granule object (33).
3. isolation mounting according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The upper junction plate (1) is equipped with high-pressure aerated hole (11);
It is correspondingly formed the inflation buffer chamber (101) being connected with high-pressure aerated hole (11) in the cavity (10).
4. isolation mounting according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:The cylindrical support part (32) have it is multiple, uniformly
It is spacedly distributed and subtracts in vibration isolation matable assembly (3) in described.
5. isolation mounting according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:Cylindrical support part (32) top passes through middle connection
Plate (31), and the open end of cylindrical support part (32) is flushed with middle connecting plate (31) upper side, and sealing glue connection is used in combination.
6. isolation mounting according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The vibration isolation matable assembly (3) that subtracts further includes horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension (34);
The cylindrical support part (32) is set in the horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension (34).
7. multidimensional vibration-isolating apparatus according to claim 6, it is characterised in that:
The horizontal direction vibration isolating suspension (34) includes the upper sealing plate (341) being connected with middle connecting plate (31) and lower connecting plate (2) phase
Lower sealing plate (342) even,
And the buffer board component (343) between upper sealing plate (341) and lower sealing plate (342);
The buffer board component (343) is stacked alternately by sheet rubber (343A) with stiffened steel plates (343B) successively to be formed;
The cylindrical support part (32), which extends vertically through, to be arranged in upper sealing plate (341), lower sealing plate (342) and buffer board component (343)
Between.
8. isolation mounting according to claim 2, it is characterised in that:
The blown rubber plate (33) is an integral slab of inner void connection or the elastic granule object is blown rubber,
The cylindrical support part (32) is lead.
9. isolation mounting according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:It seals and slides between the upper junction plate and middle connecting plate
Dynamic connection to enable the relatively middle connecting plate of upper junction plate to move up and down, and then changes the size of cavity (10);
The middle connecting plate is assembled with the connecting portion of upper junction plate by chimeric mode, and can be in upper junction plate and middle connecting plate
Interaction force is formed when the direction of motion is opposite between the two, with anti-detachment.
10. isolation mounting according to claim 1, it is characterised in that:
The upper junction plate (1) and the lower connecting plate (2) are arranged in parallel, and the upper junction plate (1) is by bolt and is located at it
On building structure be connected;The lower connecting plate (2) is connected by pre-embedded bolt with building basic part.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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CN201810440102.3A CN108396786B (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2018-05-09 | Vibration isolation device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201810440102.3A CN108396786B (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2018-05-09 | Vibration isolation device |
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Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN108396786A true CN108396786A (en) | 2018-08-14 |
CN108396786B CN108396786B (en) | 2023-12-12 |
Family
ID=63101908
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CN201810440102.3A Active CN108396786B (en) | 2018-05-09 | 2018-05-09 | Vibration isolation device |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN109392734A (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2019-03-01 | 寻乌县昇平农业发展有限公司 | A kind of closed rabbit box for breeding |
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CN1932180A (en) * | 2006-10-13 | 2007-03-21 | 北京工业大学 | Level shearing three-dimensional vibration isolating device |
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CN204531052U (en) * | 2015-04-16 | 2015-08-05 | 陕西永安减震科技有限公司 | Novel three-dimensional shock isolating pedestal |
JP2016080051A (en) * | 2014-10-15 | 2016-05-16 | オイレス工業株式会社 | Base isolation support device |
JP2017031723A (en) * | 2015-08-04 | 2017-02-09 | 住友金属鉱山シポレックス株式会社 | Base-isolating device |
CN208545777U (en) * | 2018-05-09 | 2019-02-26 | 宁波大学 | A kind of isolation mounting |
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---|---|---|---|---|
CN2310093Y (en) * | 1997-07-03 | 1999-03-10 | 赵斌 | Viscous damping laminated-layer rubber support base |
KR20050077563A (en) * | 2004-01-28 | 2005-08-03 | 배석동 | Air pocket type bridge support |
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JP2017031723A (en) * | 2015-08-04 | 2017-02-09 | 住友金属鉱山シポレックス株式会社 | Base-isolating device |
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Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN109392734A (en) * | 2018-11-05 | 2019-03-01 | 寻乌县昇平农业发展有限公司 | A kind of closed rabbit box for breeding |
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