CN108395311B - Edible fungus culture material and method for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus by using same - Google Patents
Edible fungus culture material and method for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus by using same Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
- C05D3/00—Calcareous fertilisers
- C05D3/02—Calcareous fertilisers from limestone, calcium carbonate, calcium hydrate, slaked lime, calcium oxide, waste calcium products
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G18/00—Cultivation of mushrooms
- A01G18/20—Culture media, e.g. compost
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of edible fungus cultivation, and discloses a novel edible fungus culture material and a method for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus by using the same, wherein the novel edible fungus culture material comprises, by percentage, 20% of cottonseed hulls, 30% of mango branch scraps, 30% of pineapple lattice hard sawdust, 17% of wheat bran, 2% of lime and 1% of light calcium carbonate. According to the method, hard furniture edge material waste such as mango branches and pineapple lattices is changed into valuable, the waste is recycled, and the waste mango branch scraps and furniture edge material are comprehensively utilized as raw materials to cultivate the edible fungi, so that on one hand, environmental pollution caused by burning can be avoided, on the other hand, the waste is recycled, and the source approaches of the raw materials of the edible fungi are enriched. The invention solves the problems of raw material shortage and high cost, simultaneously promotes the combination of the edible fungus industry, the mango industry and the furniture industry, prolongs the mango planting industry chain and the furniture industry chain, and improves the additional value of the industry.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of edible fungus cultivation, and particularly relates to a novel edible fungus culture material and a method for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus by using the same.
Background
Currently, the current state of the art commonly used in the industry is such that: with the gradual development of the edible fungus industry in recent years, the edible fungus cultivation raw materials are more and more in demand and are in short supply to a certain extent. The raw materials for producing the pleurotus geesteranus are mainly cotton seed hulls and miscellaneous wood chips, but in recent years, the prices of the cotton seed hulls and the miscellaneous wood chips are greatly increased, the highest price of the cotton seed hulls reaches 2800 yuan/ton, and the miscellaneous wood chips also reach 650 yuan/ton and 700 yuan/ton, so that the cost of the pleurotus geesteranus is increased, and the profit is reduced. In addition, the plastic bag for the conventional cultivation of pleurotus geesteranus is basically a white polyethylene plastic bag or a polypropylene bag. In the cultivation process, dark conditions are needed during hypha cultivation and fungus cultivation, but because the hypha is a white plastic bag, the hypha is often influenced by light rays and matures prematurely, buds appear on the wall of the bag easily and mushroom grows out, nutrition is lost, and the later-period yield is reduced. If a black plastic bag is used, the influence of light on the hyphae during the culture period can be reduced. Guangxi is a town of mango, and after mango is harvested every year, pruning branches of mango trees and high-position grafting and pruning branches of long-age mango trees are required, so millions of tons of mango branches are generated every year. For years, mango branches are discarded and burned, so that the environment is polluted, diseases and insect pests are easy to breed when the mango branches are discarded at will, and the trimmed mango branches become burdensome for farmers. The solid wood furniture is popular in the market due to the characteristics of nature, environmental protection and durability, the market demand is very large, and the production per year is also very large. Solid wood furniture is basically made of hard wood with relatively high density, such as pineapple, red sandalwood, oak, wax wood and the like. When the furniture is processed, a lot of sapwood and sawdust are left, and 1 small and medium-sized furniture processing factory can generate dozens of tons of waste materials such as sapwood and sawdust every month. These scrap edge materials are essentially used for firing, causing significant waste.
In summary, the problems of the prior art are as follows:
(1) the traditional method for producing pleurotus geesteranus has the advantages of high raw material cost and low profit. The pleurotus geesteranus fruiting in summer has longer fruiting time of a hypha culture medium, so that the raw materials for cultivating the pleurotus geesteranus need rich nutrition and good water retention property, and the nutrition of the raw materials can be continuously released for a long time. Therefore, the cottonseed hulls and the sawdust are matched and produced to be ideal raw materials for cultivating Xiuzhen, and no better raw material ratio is available for replacing the cottonseed hulls and the sawdust at present. The transportation cost of the cottonseed hulls and the sawdust in Guangxi is increased mainly by the outside.
(2) White plastic bags for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus in a conventional mode are easily influenced by illumination during hypha cultivation, so that hypha mature prematurely and later-period yield is reduced;
(3) branches trimmed by mango trees are discarded and burned, so that not only is the environment polluted, but also diseases and insect pests are easy to breed. At present, few methods for cultivating edible fungi by using mango branch scraps are researched.
(4) The waste materials such as the boundary materials and the sawdust in the process of processing the furniture by the solid wood furniture are basically used for burning fire, thereby causing serious waste.
The difficulty and significance for solving the technical problems are as follows: the raw materials for producing the pleurotus geesteranus are mainly cotton seed hulls and miscellaneous wood chips in the prior art, and in recent years, the prices of the cotton seed hulls and miscellaneous wood chips are greatly increased; white plastic bags for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus conventionally can cause hyphae to be frequently influenced by light rays and mature too early, buds are easy to appear on the bag walls, nutrition is lost, and later-period yield is reduced; the waste mango branch scraps and furniture leftover materials are comprehensively utilized as raw materials to cultivate the edible fungi, so that on one hand, environmental pollution caused by burning can be avoided, on the other hand, wastes are recycled, the source approach of the raw materials of the edible fungi is enriched, the problems of raw material shortage and high cost are solved, meanwhile, the stable yield can be ensured, the combination of the edible fungi industry, the mango industry and the furniture industry is promoted, the mango planting industry chain and the furniture industry chain are prolonged, and the additional value and the economic benefit of the industry are improved.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a novel edible fungi culture material and a method for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus by using the same.
The novel edible fungi culture material is prepared from 20% of cottonseed hulls, 30% of mango branch scraps, 30% of pineapple lattice hard scraps, 17% of wheat bran, 2% of lime and 1% of light calcium carbonate.
Further, the preparation method of the novel edible fungus culture material comprises the following steps:
(1) collecting and treating mango branches: and (3) drying the pruned or cut mango branches, crushing and drying the mango branches for later use by using a crusher with a sieve mesh aperture of 10mm, and stacking and fermenting the crushed mango branches for 5-6 days to use if the mango branches are fresh mango branches which are just pruned.
(2) Collecting and treating sawdust of hard furniture edge materials such as pineapple lattices: leftover materials are not treated by an antiseptic or paint, and the leftover materials of furniture are crushed by a mushroom wood crusher with a sieve mesh aperture of 10-12 mm. As the wood of the furniture is dry wood and the wood is hard and difficult to wet, the raw material needs to be pre-wetted 2-3 days before use.
(4) Material mixing: weighing the raw materials according to a formula, pre-wetting three main materials including the cottonseed hulls, the mango branch chips and the hard pineapple-grid chips for 1-2 days in advance, adding other auxiliary materials during material mixing, and mixing the main materials and the auxiliary materials by using a machine, wherein the main materials and the auxiliary materials are fully mixed and stirred uniformly, the water content is about 65%, and the pH value is 8.
(5) Bagging and sterilizing: the materials are bagged by an automatic bagging machine, the tightness is determined by that the compost is tightly attached to the bag wall, the material surface is smooth, a plastic lantern ring is used for sealing, then a damp-proof plastic cover is sleeved on the plastic lantern ring, about 0.65kg of dry materials in each bag is used, the materials are sterilized in time after being bagged, the materials are sterilized at normal pressure, the temperature reaches 100 ℃ and is kept for 12-14 h, the sterilization time is properly prolonged when the packaging capacity is large, and the sterilized materials are moved to a clean inoculation chamber (tent) to be cooled for later use.
Furthermore, a black semitransparent high-density polyethylene edible fungus plastic bag with the specification of 17cm multiplied by 39cm multiplied by 0.05cm is selected when the edible fungus is bagged.
The invention also aims to provide a method for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus by using the novel edible fungi culture material, which comprises the following steps:
(1) inoculation: when the temperature of the culture material cultivation bag is cooled to be below 28 ℃, inoculation can be carried out, and the inoculation amount is that the strain can cover the material surface of the bag opening.
(2) Hypha culture: after inoculation, placing the seeds into a culture room, and stacking the culture bags in a wall type;
the culture room requires dry air with relative humidity of 60-65%, good ventilation, indoor temperature of 25-28 deg.C, and dark or weak scattered light.
(3) Fruiting preparation and fruiting: culturing the hyphae for 70-80 days, transferring the hyphae bags into a refrigeration storage, cooling and fruiting when the hyphae is changed from white to yellow and the hyphae are physiologically mature;
opening a cooling device to cool, controlling the temperature of the refrigerator at about 10 ℃, and maintaining for 12-14 h. And after the cooling is finished, closing the cooling equipment, and opening the bag to produce the mushrooms. During fruiting, the mushroom shed needs to maintain the temperature of 25-28 ℃, the relative humidity of air is 85-90%, the air is fresh, and scattered light exists.
(4) Harvesting: harvesting timely when the diameter of the mushroom cap is about 3-5 cm and the edge of the mushroom cap rolls inwards; when picking, the mushroom stems on the material surface are cut off by scissors to keep the mushroom bodies clean, and the size is kept.
The invention also aims to provide pleurotus geesteranus cultivated by the novel edible fungi culture material.
In summary, the advantages and positive effects of the invention are:
through detection, the mango branch chips, the pineapple lattices and other furniture chips all contain rich nutrient substances such as crude fibers, crude proteins and other carbohydrates and are suitable for cultivating edible fungi. The mango branch scraps are trimmed every year, the texture is soft, the nutrition is released quickly and is easy to absorb, and the fast growth of the edible fungus hyphae is facilitated; hard sawdust of furniture side materials such as pineapple lattices and the like is hard in texture and long in nutrition release time, and the later-period yield of pleurotus geesteranus can be improved.
1. The method changes hard furniture edge waste materials such as mango branches and pineapple lattices into valuable materials, recycles the waste materials, prolongs mango planting industrial chain and furniture industrial chain, and increases economic benefit.
2. The mango branch chips and the scrap wood chips of local furniture yards are processed locally, so that the transportation distance is short, the raw material cost is low, the production cost is saved, the wood chips are saved by 150 yuan per ton, the dosage of the cottonseed hulls is reduced by 5%, and the cost per bag is reduced by 0.11 yuan per bag compared with the cost per bag of the original conventional formula.
3. The mango branch sawdust is rich in nutrition, soft in texture and good in air permeability, and growth of edible fungus hyphae is promoted; hard furniture edge wood chips such as pineapple lattice: the texture is hard, the time for releasing the nutrition is long, and the later-period yield of the pleurotus geesteranus can be improved; the cottonseed hull is rich in nutrition and good in moisturizing performance. The three raw materials of hard wood chips such as mango branch chips, pineapple lattices and the like and cottonseed hulls are reasonably combined and matched, the yield before, in and after fruiting is stable, the quality is good, the conversion rate is high, and the economic benefit is improved by 0.25 yuan/bag compared with the conventional formula.
4. By utilizing the black semitransparent edible fungus plastic bag, hypha can be effectively prevented from being cultured by light, fruiting on the bag wall is reduced, the nutrition loss is reduced, the water loss of the fungus bag is less, and the conversion rate is obviously improved by 4.56-14.26%.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of a method for preparing a novel edible fungi culture material provided by the embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a method for cultivating Pleurotus geesteranus by using a novel edible fungi culture material according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
The novel edible fungus culture material provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises, by percentage, 20% of cottonseed hulls, 30% of mango branch chips, 30% of pineapple lattice hard chips, 17% of wheat bran, 2% of lime and 1% of light calcium carbonate.
As shown in fig. 1, the method for preparing the novel edible fungi culture material provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s101: drying the pruned or cut mango branches in the sun, and crushing and drying the mango branches in the sun for later use by using a crusher with a sieve mesh aperture of 10 mm;
s102: crushing the furniture leftover materials by using a mushroom wood crusher with a sieve mesh aperture of 10-12 mm;
s103: weighing the raw materials according to a formula, pre-wetting three main materials of the cottonseed hulls, the mango branch chips and the hard pineapple-grid chips for 1-2 days in advance, adding other auxiliary materials during material mixing, and mixing the main materials and the auxiliary materials by using a machine, wherein the main materials and the auxiliary materials are fully mixed and stirred uniformly, the water content is about 65%, and the pH value is 8;
s104: the bag is packed by an automatic bagging machine, the tightness is determined by that the compost is tightly attached to the wall of the bag, the material surface is flat, a plastic lantern ring is used for sealing, then a damp-proof plastic cover is sleeved on the plastic lantern ring, each bag of dry material is about 0.65kg, the bag is sterilized under normal pressure, and the sterilized material bag is moved to a clean inoculation chamber to be cooled for later use.
As shown in fig. 2, the method for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus by using the novel edible fungi culture material provided by the embodiment of the invention comprises the following steps:
s201: when the temperature of the culture material cultivation bag is cooled to be below 28 ℃, inoculating is carried out according to aseptic operation;
s202: placing the cultivation bags in a cultivation room, and stacking the cultivation bags in a wall type;
s203: culturing the hyphae for 70-80 days, transferring the hyphae bags into a refrigeration storage, cooling and fruiting when the hyphae is changed from white to yellow and the hyphae are physiologically mature;
s204: when the diameter of the mushroom cap is about 3-5 cm, harvesting in time when the edge of the mushroom cap rolls inwards.
The first embodiment is as follows:
1. the test method comprises the following steps: the test variety is Taixiu 57, 5 different cultivation formulas (shown in table 1) of furniture sapwood chips such as mango branch chips, pineapple lattices and the like are designed, and each formula is subjected to bag making, sterilization, inoculation and hypha cultivation according to the method. After inoculation of the fungus bags, the fungus bags are placed in the same culture greenhouse to be cultured at the natural temperature, after the fungus bags are full of hyphae, 300 bags of fungus bags free of pollution and good in hyphae growth are picked out from each formula, 3 treatments are set for each formula, 100 bags of fungus bags are processed according to the method for fruiting, all the fungus bags are placed under the same condition for cold fruiting, the fruiting condition is observed and recorded, the thickness of fungus caps of fruiting bodies is measured, and the yield and the profit are calculated.
TABLE 1 composition of culture medium with different addition amounts of mango branch scraps and pineapple lattice wood scraps
2. Analysis of test results
As can be seen from Table 2, the addition amounts of different mango branch chips, hard wood chips such as pineapple lattices and the like have great influence on the conversion rate of pleurotus geesteranus, the formula A, B, D of mango branch soft wood chips and hard wood chips of pineapple lattices are mixed and matched, the yield of the mango branch soft wood chips and the hard wood chips of pineapple lattices before fruiting in the middle and later periods is relatively stable, the thickness of 5-tide fruiting bodies is more than 4.2mm, and the quality is good; according to the formula C, 70% of soft mango branch sawdust is quick in nutrition release in the early fruiting period, sufficient in nutrition and high in yield, but insufficient in late postfruiting body and low in yield, and the thickness of the fruiting body in the 5 th tide is obviously thinner than that of the formula with the hard sawdust such as pineapple lattices; formula E, 70% of hard wood chips such as pineapple and the like, the early yield is low due to slow nutrition release by absorption of hard wood hyphae, but the late strength is still sufficient, and the thickness of the fruiting body of the 5 th tide is 4.38 mm. In addition, the soft mango branch sawdust, the hard pineapple lattice sawdust and the cottonseed hulls in the formula A are reasonably matched, the yield before fruiting in the middle and later periods is stable, the fruiting late is sufficient, the thickness of the fruiting body of the 5 th tide is 4.61mm, the biotransformation rate is highest, and compared with a CK comparison formula, the difference of the fruiting body thickness in the level of 1% is not obvious, but all indexes are slightly better than those of the comparison formula.
TABLE 2 comparison of the conversion rates of different formulations at different stages during fruiting
As can be seen from Table 3, the cost is slightly high when 20% of cottonseed hulls are added into the formula A, CK, but the cottonseed hulls have good nutrition and water retention performance, high conversion rate and high profit; under the condition that the proportion of the cottonseed hulls is the same, the cost of the formula A is only 0.11 yuan/bag less than that of the control formula, but the conversion rate of the formula A is high, so the profit is 0.25 yuan/bag more than that of the control CK formula; the cost of the formulas B, C, D, E is not greatly different, but the fruiting conversion rate difference is large due to different proportions, so that the profit is large, and the B, D formula which integrates the mango branch chips and the pineapple lattice chips for use together in the formula has higher conversion rate and profit than the C, E formula which only uses one wood chip.
TABLE 3 economic benefit analysis of the respective media formulations
(Note: 1. calculating cost and benefit according to the average price of the local market in the last half of 2017. cottonseed hull 2.5 yuan/kg, mango branch scraps 0.5 yuan/kg, miscellaneous wood scraps 0.65 yuan/kg, furniture side materials 0.5 yuan/kg, bran 2.4 yuan/kg, lime 0.4 yuan/kg, light calcium carbonate 0.55 yuan/kg, 2. the average wholesale price of the pleurotus geesteranus market is 11 yuan/kg, and the other expenses are 1.5 yuan/bag (labor, water and electricity and the like).
The combination of the above can obtain: the formula A has reasonable matching of the soft mango branch sawdust, the hard pineapple lattice sawdust and the cottonseed hulls, stable yield in the middle and later periods before and after fruiting, high fruiting body thickness of 4.61mm in the 5 th tide, and highest biological conversion rate, and compared with the conventional formula (CK), the cost is reduced by 0.11 yuan per bag, the profit is improved by 0.25 yuan per bag, and the formula A is an ideal formula.
Example two: a test example of pleurotus geesteranus cultivated by using a conventional plastic bag and black semitransparent plastic is provided.
(1) The test method comprises the following steps:
the test variety is Taixiu 57, the raw materials are prepared by using the formula A uniformly, 3 types of plastic bags (A, black semitransparent plastic bags; B, conventional polyethylene plastic bags; C, polypropylene plastic bags) are used for bagging, the specifications of the plastic bags are 17cm multiplied by 39cm multiplied by 0.05cm, each plastic bag is provided with 3 times, each time is 50 times, and bag making, sterilization, inoculation, hypha culture and fruiting are carried out according to the method. Observing budding on the bag wall of the fungus bag, water loss of the fungus bag, harvesting 7-tide mushrooms, and counting the biological conversion rate.
(2) And (4) analyzing results:
the results of the respective cultivation of Xiuzhen with three plastics can be seen in Table 4: black semitransparent plastic bag cultivation, materials on the upper part of the fungus bag are not separated from the bag wall, no (little) buds appear on the bag wall, the fungus bag is slightly dehydrated after 4 tides, and the biological conversion rate is up to 85.01%; in the conventional polyethylene plastic bag, the bud formation on the bag wall is less, the water loss in the fungus bag is moderate, and the conversion rate is 80.45 percent; the worst effect is the propylene plastic bag, the separation gap between the upper material of the fungus bag and the bag wall is obvious, more buds are generated on the bag wall, the fungus bag is seriously dehydrated after 4 tides, and the conversion rate is obviously reduced and is only 70.75 percent. Therefore, the black semitransparent plastic bag has the best effect on cultivating the pleurotus geesteranus, and the conversion rate can be obviously improved by 4.56-14.26%.
Table 4 comparison of the effect of Pleurotus geesteranus cultivated by plastic bags of three types
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. An edible fungi culture material is characterized by comprising, by percentage, 20% of cottonseed hulls, 30% of mango branch scraps, 30% of pineapple lattice hard sawdust, 17% of wheat bran, 2% of lime and 1% of light calcium carbonate;
the preparation method of the edible fungus culture material comprises the following steps:
(1) drying the pruned or cut mango branches in the sun, and crushing and drying the mango branches in the sun for later use by using a crusher with a sieve mesh aperture of 10 mm;
(2) crushing the furniture leftover materials by using a mushroom wood crusher with a sieve mesh aperture of 10-12 mm to obtain hard pineapple-lattice sawdust;
(3) weighing the raw materials according to a formula, pre-wetting three main materials of the cottonseed hulls, the mango branch chips and the hard pineapple-grid chips for 1-2 days in advance, adding other auxiliary materials during material mixing, and mixing the main materials and the auxiliary materials by using a machine, wherein the main materials and the auxiliary materials are fully mixed and stirred uniformly, the water content is 65%, and the pH value is 8;
(4) bagging by using an automatic bagging machine, wherein the tightness is determined by that the compost is tightly attached to the wall of the bag, the material surface is flat, a plastic lantern ring is used for sealing, then a damp-proof plastic cover is sleeved on the plastic lantern ring, each bag is 0.65kg of dry material, normal pressure sterilization is adopted, and the sterilized material bag is moved to a clean inoculation chamber to be cooled for later use;
keeping the sterilization temperature at 100 ℃ for 12-14 h;
selecting a black semitransparent high-density polyethylene edible fungus plastic bag when bagging;
the method for cultivating pleurotus geesteranus by using the edible fungus culture material comprises the following steps:
(1) when the temperature of the culture material cultivation bag is cooled to be below 28 ℃, inoculating is carried out according to aseptic operation;
(2) placing the cultivation bags in a cultivation room, and stacking the cultivation bags in a wall type;
(3) culturing the hyphae for 70-80 days, transferring the hyphae bags into a refrigeration storage, cooling and fruiting when the hyphae is changed from white to yellow and the hyphae are physiologically mature;
(4) when the diameter of the mushroom cap is 3-5 cm, harvesting in time when the edge of the mushroom cap rolls inwards.
2. The edible fungus culture medium of claim 1, wherein the culture chamber requires air drying, relative humidity of 60-65%, good ventilation, indoor temperature of 25-28 ℃, and dark or weak scattered light.
3. The edible mushroom culture medium according to claim 1, wherein the step of cooling and fruiting comprises opening a cooling device to cool, controlling the temperature of a cold storage at 10 ℃, maintaining the temperature for 12-14 h, closing the cooling device after cooling is finished, opening bags and fruiting, and maintaining the temperature of a mushroom shed at 25-28 ℃, the relative humidity of air at 85-90%, fresh air and scattered light during fruiting.
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